basic gad concepts.pptx

SESSION 2: BASIC GAD CONCEPTSPresented by: DR. JHAMIE TETZ I. MATEO, Member, PCW-NGRP

Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)


2

SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW THEY DIFFER

• SEX refers to:

7/22/2014

The biological characteristics that categorize someone as having either a female or male bodyThe act of mating between two organisms (COITUS)

This categorization is made according to reproductive functiono the female produces the egg cell, or ovum o the male provides the sperm that fertilizes itoa rare category exists - the INTERSEXED: people born

with both male and female, or incomplete genitalia – but these form a very small proportion of the human population


3

SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW THEY DIFFER

• Gender refers to:

7/22/2014

The socially determined ideas and practices of what it is to be female or male, how a person’s biology is culturally valued and interpreted into locally accepted ideas of what it is to be a woman or manA term that implies the cultural roles expected of a person


4

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER AND SEX

7/22/2014

SEX GENDER

Biologically determined Constructed by society

Universal for all human beings

Multi-faceted differs within and between

cultures

Unchanging Dynamic, changes over

time

Inborn Acquired


5

ATTRIBUTES OF SEX AND GENDER

7/22/2014

SEX GENDER

Maleness Masculinity

Femaleness Femininity


6

SEX & GENDER… AND MORE

7/22/2014

SEX


7


7/22/2014

ORIENTATION


8

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Refers to each person’s capacity for profound emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with, individuals of a different gender or the same gender or more than one gender

Heterosexual—towards members of the opposite sex.Bisexual—towards members of both sexes.Homosexual—towards members of the same sex.

7/22/2014


9


7/22/2014

IDENTITY


10

GENDER IDENTITY

Defined by the INDIVIDUALRefers to each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, including the personal sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender, including dress, speech and mannerisms.

7/22/2014


11


7/22/2014

EXPRESSION


12

IS GENDER ROLE INBORN???

7/22/2014


13

7/22/2014

GENDER ROLE IS LEARNED“Gender role is the behaviors,

attitudes values, beliefs and so on that a particular cultural group

considers appropriate for males and females on the basis of their

biological sex. Gender ROLES and EXPECTATIONS

are learned.”


14

THE PROCESS OF LEARNING AND INTERNALIZING

CULTURALLY APPROVED WAYS OF:

7/22/2014

Thinking Feeling andBehaving

according to one’s gender is...

Gender Role Socialization


15

GENDER ROLES

7/22/2014

Productive Reproductive

Community Managing

Community Politics

Activities needed to ensure the reproduction of society’s labor force, mostly done by women

Activities carried out by M/W in order to produce goods & services to meet the subsistence needs of the family

Activities primarily undertaken by women as an extension of their reproductive role; voluntary unpaid work in “free” time

Activities primarily undertaken by men at the community level; usually may be paid directly or result in increased power & status


16

7/22/2014

Feminine Masculine

perception

roles

expectations

Weak, emotional,secondary, can’tthink

Strong, rational,primary, can’tfeel

No hard work,no leadership, not a boss, no decision-making

Hard work,leader, boss,no care-giving

Stay at home, justobey, don’t assert,don’t participatein deciding

Don’t make women do hard work, always be smart, get the best, don’t cry


17

THUS GENDER ROLES, EXPECTATIONS & PERCEPTIONS BOX MEN & WOMEN INTO SITUATIONS THAT CONSTRAINTS THEIR

7/22/2014

Capacity TO DO : ability or power to do productive and satisfying workto have control over one’s income and benefit from itto enjoy nature and the natural environment

Capacity TO BE : a right and opportunityto be knowledgeable and skillful, confident of own

abilities & comfortable with achievements, independence and power

well-nourished


18

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCES

SOCIAL – Different perceptions of women’s and men’s social roles

The man seen as head of the household and chief bread-winner who deals with the public sphereThe woman seen as nurturer and care-giver who deals with the private sphere

7/22/2014


19

SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCESPOLITICAL – Differences in the

ways in which women and men assume/share power and authority

Men more involved in national/higher level; Women involved at the local level linked to their domestic rolesMen use violence and weapons as tools to further their own power; Women do not have access to such tools & are often the victims

7/22/2014


20


EDUCATIONAL – Differences in educational opportunities & expectations of girls and boys

Family resources directed to boy’s rather than girl’s educationGirls streamed to less-challenging academic tracks

7/22/2014


21


ECONOMIC – Differences in women’s and men’s access to:

Lucrative careers & control of financial and other productive resourcesCredit and LoansLand Ownership

7/22/2014


22

7/22/2014

Learning of Gender Roles

Begin in the Early Stages of Childhood

Male and Female Gender Roles


23

MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENActs of instilling fear and inflicting pain with the aim to injure or abuse a person, usually women. It may be verbal, psychological or physical in nature.

7/22/2014

Jokes, wolf-whistlesPeeking, 'chancing' or making sexual passesSexual harassment Domestic violenceRapeProstitutionCommodification- the act of treating women as a commodity or object, not as a person


24MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIASMARGINALIZATION (ECONOMIC)

The process which forces women out into the periphery of economic and social lifeon the periphery of decision-making processas well as diminishing the value of the activities in which they engage and through which they contribute to the national development processUnder or non-valuation/recognition of women's workWomen have less access to and control over resources and benefitsUnequal pay for work of equal value

last to be hired, first to be firedlimited opportunitiesexacting sexual favors

7/22/2014


25MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

SUBORDINATION One sex is inferior to the other; gender subordination is the institutionalized domination by men of women

Position - very few women in politics and top positionsStatus - weaker sexDecision-making - women are not included in planning and decision-making processesProcess of socialization

7/22/2014


26

7/22/2014

WOMEN MEN

Weak Strong

Oppressed Dominating

Followers Leaders

Second Class Always on Top

Owned Owner


27MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

GENDER STEREOTYPING

7/22/2014

The process of attributing a set of characteristics, roles and traits, favorable or unfavorable to all members of a social group based on sex.

Child rearing ReligionOccupationEducationLanguageBehaviorGov't programsMediaPopular culture


28

MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

MULTIPLE BURDEN Involvement in the three spheres of work: reproductive, productive and community work

ParentingHouseworkCommunity WorkWork in the public sphere/informal sector

7/22/2014


29

WHO PERPETUATES GENDER BIASES???

7/22/2014

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

In the family, throughout

childhood and adolescence, parents orient their children

about acceptable gender roles and

standards

Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster) 7/22/2014

30

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

The school further widens the

differentiation between boys and

girls


31

7/22/2014

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

The use of sexist term – no matter how subtle, is the most pervasive

institution of socialization


32

7/22/2014

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

Religious teachings that

depict women as Martyrs, Self – Sacrificing and reinforcing the

belief that women’s place is in the home & to be a good mother

and wife


33

7/22/2014

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

The Tri- Media do not usually

portray women in all her diverse

roles, thus their images tend to emphasize her

physical appearance rather

than her ability


34

7/22/2014

FAMILY

SCHOOL

LANGUAGE

CHURCH

MEDIAWORKPLAC

E

Women are few and far between managerial and policy-making

positions. Majority of them are in the

informal sector where the

minimum wage law rarely applies and there is hardly any social security

protection


35

WHAT SHOULD WE DO???

7/22/2014


36

PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY

7/22/2014

Freedom from violenceFreedom from harassmentEffects on personhoodPersonhood development/self-esteemControl over one's body

• VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN


37

7/22/2014

Equal pay for work of equal valueEconomic independenceEconomic Opportunities

• MARGINALIZATION


38

7/22/2014

Quality participation in decision-makingRecognition of capabilities

• SUBORDINATION


39

7/22/2014

Liberation from stereotyped imagesNon-sexist child-rearingNon-sexist language

• GENDER STEREOTYPING


40

7/22/2014

Gender Division of Labor: the assignment of tasks and roles to men and women on account sex

shared parentingshared houseworkshared breadwinning

• MULTIPLE BURDEN


41

VIOLENCE• Physical

Using coercion and threatsUsing economic abuseUsing male privilegeUsing children

• SexualUsing intimidationUsing emotional abuseUsing isolationMinimizing, Denying and Blaming

NON-VIOLENCE

Negotiation and FairnessEconomic PartnershipShared ResponsibilityResponsible ParentingNon-Threatening BehaviorRespectTrust and SupportHonesty and Accountability

7/22/2014


42

7/22/2014

basic gad concepts.pptx

Documents