basic data of electrical discharges
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUIENT ROOM,MENT ROOM 36-412
- RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICSMASSACHUSETiS INSITI-UTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BASIC DATA OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGESi
SANBORN C. BROWN
W. P. ALLIS
TECHNICAL REPORT 283
JUNE 9, 1958
FOURTH EDITION
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RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICSMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
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The Research Laboratory of Electronics is an interdepartmentallaboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering and theDepartment of Physics.
The research reported in this document was made possible in partby support extended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Research Laboratory of Electronics, jointly by the U. S. Army (Sig-nal Corps), the U. S. Navy (Office of Naval Research), and the U. S.Air Force (Office of Scientific Research, Air Research and Develop-ment Command), under Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-64637,Department of the Army Task 3-99-06-108 and Project 3-99-00-100.
- I I I
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS
Technical Report 283 June 9, 1958
BASIC DATA OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES
Sanborn C. Brown
W. P. Allis
Fourth Edition
I_ I _ �
�
Table of Contents
I. Potential Energies: Vx,
a. Excitation and ionizat
b. Excitation and ionizat
c. Electron affinities .
1Ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . 1
ion potentials of atoms ............. . 1
tion potentials of molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
II. Collision Probabilities ..........
a. Elastic collisions by electrons, Pc
1. H2 and He ............
2. H, H and D ..........
3. Na, Rb, K, Cs .........
4. Hg, Zn, Cd ...........
5. Th ...............
6. Ne, A, Kr, Xe .........
7. 02, N2 , CO ...........8. CO 2 , NO.
9. NH3, H20, HC1 . . .
10. CH4 , C 2 H6 ' C 3H 8 . .
11. HCN, CzH Z .H ' ......12. CC14 .
13. C 6 H 6 C 2 H 4 .
14. CH4, CH6 C3H C4H10 ...
15. CHC1 3, CH 2 C1 2, CH 3C1 .
16. CH 3 OH, CH 3 F, CH 3 NH 2 . . .
17. n- C3H7OH, CH5OH, CH3OH, H20
18. (CH 3 ) 3 CH, (CH3 )3 N . . . . . .
19. C 2 H5 OH, (CH 3 )2 0 .
20. (CH 3 )2 0, (CH 3 )2 NH, (CH3 )2 CH 2 .
21. Butane, isobutane . . . . . . . .
22. n-Pentane, tetramethyl methane .
b. Potential energy curves
1. Hydrogen ............
2. Oxygen .............
c. Inelastic collisions by electrons
1. Qx for Hg ............
2. Pi and Px for He, H2, Ne, A . .
3. He ...............
4. Ne ...............
5. A................
6. Kr ...............
7. Xe ...............
· . . . . . .· . . . .. . . . 6
. . .· ·.· ·. .· . ..·.· · .· · 7
.·· ·. · ·. · ·. ·.· ·.· .. .· ·. 7
·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· 8
.· ·. · ·. · ·. · ·... .· ·.· .· · 8
·. . . . . . . . .· . . . . .· 9
.· . .· ·· . . . . . . . . 9
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
..... .... . . .10
. .... . . . . . . . ......11
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
................ 12
................ 12
................ 13
................ 13
................ 14
................ 14
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
................ 15
................ 16
................ 17
................ 18
... . . . . . . .......19
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
................ 2 3
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
......... ....... 2 7
. .. ........ .. 7...
. ........ ....... 8
... . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9
... . . . . ... . ... ... 30
iii
_ I I__
Table of Contents
·. . . . .
CO, N. . . . Ne.
CO, NO, C NeCO, NO, C2H2
14. CzH Z ............15. NO .............
16. C 2 N2 . . . . . . . . . . .
17. H O . . . . . . . . .
18. HS . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. CH 4 .. ........
20. Benzene, Xe ........
21. Propylene . . . . . . . . . .
22. Ethylene, acetylene, water, me
krypton, nitrogen, argon
d. Electron attachment
1. Qa for H ..........2. P for CO. .........a3. NO .............
4. O Z .....
5. F..............
6. SF 6 . ............
e. Electron detachment
1. H in He, Ne, A, Kr and Xe
2. O in He and A ......
3. O in Ne . . . . . . . . . .
4. O in Kr and Xe .......
5. HinH, O in O 2 andN Z .
6. F in Ne, Kr, Xe . . . . . .
7. Cl in Ne ..........
8. Cl in He, A, Xe . . . .
9. C1 in Kr ..........
10. C1 in ClOin; O in HzO
11. S, Br, I in Ne . . . . . .
12. C, P, Li in Ne ......
f. Elastic collisions by ions, P
1. Cs+, K+, Li+ in He
2. Cs+, K+, Li+ in Ne
· ·
* ·
· ·
zthane
. ..
. . . .
* .
* . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
, carbon
. . . .
........ 31
· · · · ·........ .. 31
· ,,,........ . .32
· ,,,........ .. 34
........ .35
........ ......... 38
........ 38
,·,,........ .. 39
........ .39
· · · · · · ·........ .40
· · · · · ·........ .40
· · · · ·........ . .41
........ 42
........ . 43
· ,·,,........ 44
. .
. . . .
* .
* . . .
* . . .
. ..
* . . .
. ..
* . .
* ..
* ..
. .
dioxide,* . .
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
. ....... . . . . . . . . . 50
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 53
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
... . . . . . . . . ... 55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 56
iv
8. Zn . .
9. Cd . .
10. Hg . .
11. H2 . .
12. NO, 2
13. N2, O,
___ L __ �
. . . . .
. . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
Table of Contents
3. Cs + , Rb + , K+ , Na + , Li+ in
4. H+, H, H3 in H
5. H in H 2 .........
6. K+ inN 2 , 02, H2 .....
g. Inelastic collisions by ions
1. K+ in Ne, A, Kr, Xe . .
h. Charge transfer, Pt, Qt
1. H+ in H2 .........+
2. A+ in A; He+ in He ....
3. Hg+ in Hg. ........
4. Inelastic ion-atom collisions
5. H+ in Kr; H + in Xe; H + in A;
6. O+ in A; N+ in A; O+ in He.
7. O+ inN 2 .........
8. A1 and Li ions in H ....
9. Si and Be ions in H ....
10. C2+ in A, Ne, He .....
11. N2 + in A, Ne, He .....
12. A+ in A, Ne, He .....
13. O+ , CO N2 in A . . .
14. H+ in A; D+ in A, Kr, Xe.
15. O+ in Kr, Br+ , C+ in Xe .
16. N+ in Kr . . ......
17. O+ inHO, H 0+ in A
18. Summary . . . . . . .
A. ... . . . . 56
... . . . . 57
... . . . . 57
... . . . . 58
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
. . *
. . . . .
* . . . .
* * * * . *
C+ in Xe; Ne+ in
* . . . .
* . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.. . . .
. . * . .
. .. . .
* * . . .
* * * * .
. . . . .
. * . * .
.. . . .
A; Ne+ in He.
. * .
*
. . .
. . . .
. * .
* * . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
* . .
..... ..59
..... ..59
..... 60
..... ...61
..... .62
..... ..62
..... .63
..... ..63
..... 64
..... ..65
..... ..65
..... 66
..... ...66
..... ..67
..... ..67
..... 68
..... ..68
..... 69
i. Photoabsorption
1. A, Ne and He.
2. K .
3. H Z
4. N 2
5. 02.
6. 03.
7. CO.
8. CO2.
9. NO.
10. N .0 .
11. C 2 H2 . . .
12. HO . . . .
13. CH 4 . . .
.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 71
· . . ............ ......... 71
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 72
. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .o.. . ... . . . . . . 73
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 75
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
.. . . . ..................... 77
... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 78
..... ...... . . . . . . . . . .... 79
V
_ _
. . . . . .
. .. . . . . .
. . . . .
. .. . . . . .
Table of Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..80
15. CH 4 .............................. 81
III. Surface Phenomena .......................... . 82
a. Secondary emission, yi
1. Li+, K+, Rb+ onA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2. He+ , Ne+ , A+ on Ni. ...................... 83
3. Angle of incidence He+ on Ni .................. . 84
4. K + on Al, Ni, Mo .................... . 84
5. He He++, He 2 on Mo ... 85
6. He++, Ne++ A++ Kr, Xe++ on Mo ............. 86
7. He He ,He on Ta .................... 86
8. A+ on H N, 0-treated Ta . 87
9. N2 NonN2 -covered Ta; O, 0+ on 0 2 -covered Ta 87
10. He Ne A Kr Xe on W.88
11. A+ on H2, N2 , O-treated Pt 90+ +2 2 +
12. H2 H+ on H -covered Pt; N2+ N' on NZ-covered Pt;
°2' 0+ on O0-covered Pt.9113. H + + + on A13. H +, Na on Cu; K onAl; Li onAl; Rb onAl;
H+ on Cu, Al, Au; H+ on Ni. . . .
14. A + on Cs-Ag -O .
b. Effective secondary emission, y
1. Ne + , A+ in Ne, A+ , Kr+ , Xe+ onCu.
2. A+ on Na, Ba, Mg, Ni, Pt, Cu, Fe
3. Ne+ , A, Kr + on Mo and A+ on BaO .
4. Hg on Fe .............
5. H2 on Al .............
6. H2 on Ni .............
7. N2 on Pt, Na, Hg .........
8. Benzene, toluene, cyclohexane on Al
c. Ion conversions
1. H+ to H- on Ni .........
2. N+ to N- on Ni ..........
3. 0+ to O, O0+ to 02 on Ni . . . .
............... 91
............... 92
......... 92
. . . . . . . . . 93
......... .94
......... 94
......... .94
......... .95
. ...... 95
......... 96
............... 96
............... 96
............... 97
4. Positive carbon dioxide ions to negative carbon dioxide
ions on Ni ...................
d. Electron emission from electron bombardment
1. From Cu, Ag, Mg, Ba. ..............
e. Photoelectric emission
1. Work Functions ..................
....... 97
....... 98
....... .99
vi
14. NH3 .............
--- -- - I
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
Table of Contents
2. Yields from Al, Cd, Zn. . .
3. Yields from Ta, Mo, W, Pd.
IV. Motions of Electrons and Ions ....
a. Drift velocity of electrons
1. He ............
2. Ne ............
3. A.............
4. A in N z.
5. H Z.
6. D2 .
7. N 2 .
8. 0 2 .
9. Air ............
10. C12, Br 2 , I2 .
11. N 0. . . . . . . . . . . .
12. NH 3 . ...........
13. NH3, H20, HC1, C5H12 .
14. NO, CO, NO, CO . . .
b. Mean energies of electrons
1. He ............
2. A, Ne ...........
3. H2 ............
4. H and D 2 . . . . .
5. Br 2 , C12, I .
6. N2, 02, Air ........
7. CO 2 , NO, NO, CO. ....
8. NH 3 , H2O, HC1, C 5H1 . .
c. Drift velocities of ions
1. He+ in He; Ne + in Ne; A+ in A
2. He+ and He+ in He.23. Ne+ and Ne+ in Ne .....24. A+ and A+ in A.......
5. Kr+ in Kr; Xe+ in Xe ....
6. Kr 2 , Kr + in Kr.......
7. Xe2 , Xe + in Xe. . . . ..
8. Hg+ in He .........
9. Hg+ in Ne .........
10. Hg + in A .
11. N, NinN 2 . . . . . . .
. . . . . ......... 102
... . . . . . . . . . . . 103
... . . . . . . . . . . . 104
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
.. 108
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 0 9
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
................. 1 20
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
.................. 122
... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 2 3
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
. . . . . . . . ..... .. .125
vii
_ __
. . .
.
L
Table of Contents
+ 312. O2inO2 ...........13. ° 3 . . .0 0 .14. CO+ in CO .......................
15. Ions in He, H, Ne, A, Kr, Xe .............
16. All ions in N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Na+ in He, Ce+ in He, N in N as a function of temperature2 18. Water vapor clustering ............
d. Diffusion coefficients
1. Ambipolar . .................
V. Production and Decay of Ionization ...........
a. Electron ionization
1. Constants A and B..............
2. VO in i = i exp[h(V - V) ] . . . . .
3. Ionization per centimeter for He, Ne, A, Kr, Xe
4. Ionization per centimeter for N2 . . . . . . . .
5. Ionization per centimeter for 02 ........
6. Ionization per centimeter for Air, N, H2....
7. Ionization per centimeter for H, D Z ......
8. Ionization per centimeter for Hg ........
9. Ionization per centimeter for CO2 .... . .
10. Ionization per centimeter for H2 O, C H5OH.
11. Ionization per centimeter for HC1, CO2 .
12. Ionization per centimeter for SF 6 .
13. Ionization per centimeter for CC1zF2, CF3CF 5 .
... . 126
.... 126
... . 127
.... 127
... . 128
. . . 129
......... ...130
......... ........131
......... 132
......... .133
......... ........134
......... 135
......... 137
........ 137
......... 138
......... ........139
......... ........139
......... ........140
........ 141
......... ........142
......... ........143
........ 143
14. Ionization per centimeter for Air, C2H5C1, C5H12, C2H5Br,
SF6 , CHC1 3 , CC14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15. Ethyl alcohol. .....................
16. Ionization per centimeter for cyclohexane, toluene, benzene
17. Ionization per volt for Ne, A, He, Kr, Xe, Air ......
18. Ionization per volt for A-Ne mixtures .........
19. Ionization per volt for H2 .. . . . . . . .
b. Electron attachment
1. NO..........................
2. O2 .............
3. Air ..........................
4. Freon, CF3SF 5 ....................
5. HC1..........................
6. C12, Br2,12. .....................
7. HZO .. .
.... 144
.... 145
.... 145
... . 146
... . 147
... . 148
... . 149
... . 149
... . 150
... . 150
... . 151
... . 151
... . 153
viii
_ �
Table of Contents
8. H z S. .........
9. NO. .........
10. SO2 . . . . . . . . . .
11. NH 3 ..........
1Z. N2O in A, N 2 , and N20.
13. A+NH3; He + NH3; NH3;
c. Electron-ion recombination
1. Radiative ......
2. Dissociative . . . . .
3. Three-body ......
d. Ion recombination
1. Air ..........
2. O0 ..........
VI. Breakdown. ..........
a. Direct current
1. SO 2 , NO, CO 2 , Air, H2 .
2. A...........
3. H2 ..........
4. N2 ..........
5. Air ..........
b. Alternating current
1. R-F, Ne........
Z. R-F, H2 ........
3. R-F, N2 . .......
4. Low-pressure, R-F, H2
5. U.H.F., A, H2 , He, Ne,
c. Time lags
1. Low overvoltage ....
2. High overvoltage ....
VII. Electron Energies .......
a. Atoms
1. Ne ..........
2. A...........
3. He ..........
4. H 2 ..........
b. Temperature
. . . .
N + NH3.
... . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
............... 154
............... .. 154
... . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
............... 155
... . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 0
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 1
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 2
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 3
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 4
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6
* . .
* . .
* . .
* . .
Air .
1. Electron temperature in Hg arc
VIII. Cathode Phenomena. .........
a. Cathode fall
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
................ .172
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 173
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... 173
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
ix
- _T1
Table of Contents
1. Voltage (various cathodes and gases) . .
2. Thickness (various cathodes and gases).
... . . . . . . . . . . 176
............. 177
3. Thickness against voltage ................... 177
4. Current density ...................... . 178
b. Back diffusion
1. Inert gases .......................... 179
2. Molecular gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 179
c. Sputtering
Cu, Fe
Ge, C.
Ni, Hf.
Ag, Ti
Cr, Si.
Au, Al
Ir, Nb.
Th, Mo
Re, W.
Pd, Co
Pt, V.
W. . .
Rh, Zr
U, Ta.
I
. . . ........................... 180
............................ . 180
............................ . 182
............................ . 182
............................ . 183
............................ . 184
............................ . 184
............................ . 185
............................ . 185
............................ . 186
............................ . 186
............................ . 187
............................ . 187
............................ . 188
x
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
'1 I
_ I ____ __ ___ __ ___ ·
__I� __ _____I
I. POTENTIAL ENERGIES
I(a). Table of excitation and ionization energies of atoms in electron volts obtained from
spectra by means of the conversion factor, VX = hc/e = 1.2398 X 10 - 4 volt-cm.
R
Element
HHeLiBeBCNOFNe
Vm
19.80
1.262.381.97
16.62
Na
Mg
AlSiPSC1AKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAs
SeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMo
2. 709
0.780.91
11.55
1.8801.430.810.260.942.110.850.430.421.384.00
0.881.31
9.91
1.775
0.52
1.34
Vres
10. 19821.21
1.855. 284.967.48
10.39.15
12.716.85
2.1
2.712
3. 144.936.956. 528.92
11.611.611.8861.981.972. 032.892.282.402.923.313.784.033.074.656.28
6. 107.86
10. 021.561.7981.3051.832.973.18
Vil
13. 59524. 580
5. 3909. 3208. 296
11.26414.5413. 61417.41821. 559
Vi 2
54.40075. 6218.2125. 1524.37629. 6035. 1534.9841.07
5. 138 47.29
7. 644 15.03
5. 9848. 149
10.5510. 35713.0115. 755
4. 3396. 1116. 566. 836.746. 7647.4327.907.867. 6337. 7249.3916. 007.889.81
9.7511.8413. 996
4. 1765. 6926.386. 8356.887. 131
18.8216.3419. 6523.423.8027.631.8111.8712.8913.5714.216.4915. 6416. 1817.0518. 1520. 2917.9620.5115.9318. 7+0. 121.521. 624.5627.5611.02612.2312.9213.9015.72
Vi3
122.42153.8537.9247.8647. 42654.9362. 6563.5±0. 171.8+0. 178.2+0. 128.4433.4630. 1634.839.940. 9045. 951.2124. 7528. 1429. 73133. 6930. 6433.4936. 1636.8339.7030. 7034.2128. 3
32. 035.936. 94043. 620. 524.828. 129.6
(continued on next page)
1
AtomicNumber
12345678910
11
12
131415161718192021222324252627282930313233
343536373839404142
Vm
0.810.410.81
3. 73
1.071.05
1.31
8.32
1.13
0.37
0.37
Vres
3.163.364.483.573.803.024.335.35
5.49
8.451.39
1.57
1.84
2.19
2.3
2.35
0.102 3.741.14 4.634.667 4.886
3.282.66 4.381.42 4.04
Vil
7.237.367.468.337. 5748.9915. 7857.3328.64
9.01
10.4412. 1273.893
Vi 2
14.8716. 6015.9219.4221.4816. 90418.8614.616.7+0. 518.8+0.519.021.225. 1
5.810 10.00
5.61(6.91)(5. 76)(6.31)
5.65.676.16
(6.74)(6.82)
6.26. 155.57.7
7.98
7.87
8.7
9.2
8.969.223
10.4346. 1067.4157.2878.2
+0.49.2
±0.4
11.4312.3
(11.2)11.24
(12)
12. 1014.714.916.2+0. 517.7+0. 516. 6+0.517+117.0±0.318.5420.518. 75120.4215.0319.319.4+1.720. 1+1.7
(continued on next page)
2
AtomicNumber
434445464748495051
52
535455
56
Element
TcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSb
Te
IXeCs
Ba
5758596061626364656667686970717273
74
75
LaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTa
W
Vi3
31.930.332.8
36. 1044.528.030.724.8
31
3332.134.6±0. 737+119.1719.5
34. 229.831.9325.627.3+0.829.3±0.9
Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78798081828384
PtAuHgT1PbBiPo
85 At
____I _I
Atomic Element V m V Vi Viz Vi3Number
86 Rn 6. 77 8.41 10. 745 21.4 29.4+1. 8 +1.0
87 Fr 3.98 22. 5 33.5+0. 10 +1. 8 +1. 5
88 Ra 5. 277 10. 14489 Ac 6.89 11. 5
+0. 6 +0.490 Th 11. 5 20.0
+1.091 Pa92 U 4
The resonant level V r is the lowest excited level from which electric dipole radia-
tion can take place. If there is an excited level, not part of the ground state multiplet,
which is lower than V r, it is a metastable level Vm .
[The data from columns 5, 6, and 7 are taken from W. Finkelnburg, W. Humbach,
Naturwiss. 42, hft. 2, 36-37 (1955).]
3
__
I(b). Excitation and Ionization for Molecules
Molecule
Br 2
BrCl
CH20
CH 3 Br
CH 3 C1
CH 3 I
CH 4
CN
CO
CO2
CSCs
CS2
C 2 H2
C 2 H4
C 2 H 6
C 6 H 6
C7H8
CH3I
C 2 H 5 Br
C2 H 5 N
C 2H5OH
CH 3 COCH 3
Vr Vil
12.8
12.9
11.3
10. 0
10. 7
9. 1
14. 5
14
6.0 14.1
10.0 14.4
10. 6
10.4
11.6
12. 2
12. 8
9. 6
8. 5
10. 1
10.2
9. 8
11.3
10. 1
Molecule
C12
F 2
H2
HBr
HCN
HC1
HF
HI
H20
H2S
I2
IBr
IC1
N2
NH 3
NO
NO 2
N20
02
S2
SO2
V r Vi
13.2
17.8
11.5 15.6
13.2
14. 8
13.8
17.7
12. 8
7.6 12.6
10.4
2.3 9.7
11.6
11.9
6.1 15.5
11.2
5.4 9.5
11.0
12.9
7.9 12.5
10. 7
13.1
4
___I_ __ __ _ __ __
I(c). Electron Affinities
Atom Electron Volts
H 0.76
He -0.53
Li 0.34
C 1.37
N 0.04
0 3.80
F 3.94
Ne -1.20
Na 0.08
Mg -0.87
Al -0. 16
S 2.06
C1 3.70
A -1.0
Br 3. 54
I 3.22
Hg 1.79
From L. B. Loeb, "Fundamental Processes of Electrical Dischargesin Gases" (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1939), p. 297.
5
II. COLLISION PROBABILITIES
The probability of collision Pc is defined as the fraction of particles scattered out of
a collimated beam per centimeter path per millimeter pressure at 0°C. Similarly the
"probability" of any event occurring on collision, such as excitation Px or ionization Pi,
is the fraction of particles suffering that event per centimeter path and millimeter pres-
sure. The probability P is related to the cross section q by
P = Lq/760 cm- (mm Hg)
where L is Loschmidt's number, or
P = 3. 5357 q
where q is in square angstrom units. The mean free path I is given by
= /po P cm
and the mean free time T by
1/T = v/ = 5.93107 X 107 u 1 /2 p P sec-1
Here u = mv /2e is the energy in electron volts, and p = 273. 16 p/T is the "reduced"
pressure in millimeters of mercury. p does not express a pressure, but a concentra-
tion
N/V = 3.5357 X 1016 Po molecules/cm 3
2 2Cross sections are sometimes given in units of r a 0. 87981 A , and energies in
Hartree units, k= V/13.605.
If q(0) is the differential cross section for elastic scattering into unit solid angle at
an angle to the incident direction,
qc = f q(0) r sin 0 dO
A more important quantity is the cross section for momentum transfer.
qm = f q(0) (1 - cos 0) 2 sin 0 dO
In general, qm < qc; experimental values of Pc should be "corrected" to Pm in all gas
discharge applications.
6
60
50
4030
20
10
IOTS
II al. "Probability" of collision in Hz , He.
B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)V. Phelps, O. T. Fundingsland, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 84, 559 (1951)J. Varnerin, Jr., Phys. Rev. 84, 563 (1951)Gould, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 897 (1954)
P.
DU
25
03 4 5 6 7
VOLTS
II aZ. "Probability" of collision in atomic hydrogen.
A. A. Kruithof, L. S. Ornstein, PhysicaZ, 611 (1935)
VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
20
II aZ. Collision cross section for electrons indeuterium and hydrogen.
*All references under figures indicate the sources of the experimental data.
7
R.A.L.L.
- --- - -- --- L'
or
PC
A AUU
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,RVOLTS
II a3. "Probability" of collision in the alkali metals.R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
P
II a4. "Probability" of collision in Hg, Zn, Cd.R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)H. Margenau, F. P. Adler, Phys. Rev. 79, 970 (1950)
8
__
O Oe
P
I/V-VOLTS
II a5. "Probability" of collision in thallium.
R. B. Brode, Phys. Rev. 37, 570 (1931)
) 2 34 5
1/voLTs6 7 8 9 10
II a6. "Probability" of collision in Ne, A, Kr, Xe.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
9
150
140
130
120
110
I00
90
80
Pc 70
60
50
40
30
20
I0
0
A
I \
- ..
0
13C
12C
IC
10C
9C
8C
7C
6C
PC 5
4C
3C
2C
I0
O 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I
/VOLTS
II a7. "Probability" of collision in 0 2 , N2 , CO.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
PC
90
80
70
60 1 ; : ; 50 '
40 30 "
20
10
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I(
VOLTS
0
II a8. "Probability" of collision in CO 2 , N 2 0.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
10
'" - I---
3o
PC
40
20
00
80
40
20
n"0 I 2 4 5 6 73
VOTS
II a9. "Probability" of collision in NH 3 , H20, HC1.
E. Briiche, Ann. Physik 1, 93 (1929); 83, 1065 (1927)
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
Pc 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
u I Z 6 4 5 6 71356
8 10
II alO. "Probability" of collision in CH 4, CzH 6, C3H8 .
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
11
OH
0H6
OH4 _Q/L\
- --
I
9
P
-0 LTRq
II all. "Probability" of collision in HCN, CH 2 .
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
P,
VOLTS
II a2. "Probability" of collision in CC14.
W. Holst, J. Holtsmark, Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
12
·I
MbU- _ _
240
220
200
180 - I
CH 6160
140 -/ _
120
100 C2H4
80
60 _6H
40 -
20-
n0 1 2 3 4 5
v VOLTS
II a13. "Probability"
W. Hoist, J.
of collisions in C 6 H 6 , C 2 H 4 .
Holtsmark, Kgl. Norske Videnskab.
pI
Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
II a14. "Probability" of collision in CH4 , CZH 6 , C 3 H8 , C 4 H10.
E. Briiche, Ann. Physik 4, 387 (1930)
13
P
- -- ----------
oan-LUU
180
160
140
120
PC100
VU
r
0 2 3 4 5
/VOLTS
II a15. "Probability" of collision in CHC13, CH2Cl, CH3C1.
W. Holst, J. Holtsmark, Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
Pc
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
,/VOLTsS
II a16 . "Probability" of collision in CH3 OH, CH 3 F, CH 3 NH 2 .
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
14
CH C13 -3
CH2C12
CHCI\3
/
1-1
� 1- -
I I-
- - -
Ij
/7\,A-t I 1-111'�
-I I'
N,
=roU \ _
CRf1
_fl f T'-t
\ _J .J)
^^
180
160
140
120
PC
100
80
60
40
20
nA I 7
JVOLTS
II a17. "Probability" of collision in n - C 3 H 7OH,
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700
220
200
,-f
160
140
p120
100
80
60
20
Vo a
VOLTS
C2 H5OH, CH 3OH, H0.
(1930)
7
II a18. "Probability" of collision in (CH 3 ) 3CH, (CH 3) 3 N.
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
15
n-C3H70OH
OH/
/~CH30H
H20
X:
i \IIIIIIII
,,,
rUn \ 3 I '
/(CH 3 ) 3CH
I l -- -- --
I
I
I
I--
so I ;L .... V
� _� � � II
·_ I_
0nofl *vv
I r \C2H§I \- -I
\J r 1 1I
I
I.-3) 13"U
I --
/
.
2 IOF
ICoD 6
I
I
Pc
VO"ProbabiLTsion in CH5OH, (CH3)O.
II a19. "Probability" of collision in CH5700H, (C19H3 )2 0F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
16
I
I
180
160
140
120
PC
100
80
60
40
20
r
) 1 2 3 5 6 7
/VOLTS
II aZO. "Probability" of collision in (CH 3 )2 0, (CH 3 )2 NH, (CH 3 )2 CH 2 .
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
17
In\
XII
/;
- (CH 3 ) 2 0
---- (CH 3) 2 NH
(CH3) 2 CH 2
.r . .
. �CI C---- --- .-
. .. _ _
I
I "I N-1 "Z,
1-1I--
. I
_%-/ IIJl
220
200
180
160
140C
120 ' _
100
80 - - BUTANEx x x ISOBUTANE
60
40 7
20
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
./V OLTS
II a2 1. "Probability" of collision in butane,
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36,
isobutane.
700 (1930)
18
P
2
.CAV
180
160
40 _ I
11 \120 - f
100
/I80 t_
n- PENTANE60
--- x--- TETRAMETHYLMETHANE
40
20
n1 2 3 4 5 6 7
II a22Z. "Probability" of collision in n-pentane, tetramethyl methane.
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
19
o)nC-
vO0
it"2
I13~ H + HI 2 H+H 4
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (ANGSTROMS)211
I I~u H+H2 3 4
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (ANGSTROMS)
II bl. Potential energy curves for electronic stateswithin 20 ev of the ground state.
of H and H lying
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 230
1 50
zo 40
00
WLu 30CDW )z
20z0I-0
Ir 10W
z
01 2 3 4
NUCLEAR SEPARATIONS (ANGSTROMS)
II bl. Potential energy curves for higher energy states of H2 .
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 231
20
20
tr
o> 16zo
w 12
0CDzU
z0
0
I-z
8
4
0
--- --·- --- -- --
()
o-J0z0rr
oC)LLJ
I
>-
_J
I-zLLI
0a_
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (A)
II bZ. Potential energy curves for the 02 molecule.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 257
21
_ _
I
I-0
z0
IJ-LK
zo0
LlJ
LLI--Q)
- , 1. ' 2 I 1.5 2 2.5NUCLEAR SEPARATION (A)
II bZ. Two possible sets of potential energy curves for 02.H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 263
22
II_ _
I
0
C-
(AU)o13
VOLTS
II cl. Q12 - cross section for electron collision exciting 63P Z from 6 3 P 1
in mercury; Q 2 1-- cross section for collision of second kind with
electrons returning 63P 2 to 6 3 P 1 in mercury.
C. Kenty, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1309 (1950)
5x
6 7 8
VOLTS
9
II cl. Calculated cross sections for excitations of 73S from 61Slevel in mercury. 0
C. Kenty, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1309 (1950)
23
I _ _ I
5 x
II cl. Excitation
C. Kenty,
VOLTS
function for 63 P states of mercury.
J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1309 (1950)
P,I
/
Ne/
/ -
/ / - - --i
/ I
/ / - Px P./
3 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2~VOLTS
_/ / HN~~~~e/
//
8 10 12 14 16 18VOLTS
20 22 24 26 28
II c2. "Probability" of excitation
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M
and ionization in He, H2 , Ne, A.
Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12,
24
z0o
00
0
J
zLLO
F-J
a030Q_
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.21.0
0.80.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
87 (1940)
I --
6
iQ I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
14
I12
Il~~~ 0 ~
8
6
4
223S 2S 23P
19.5 20.0 205 21.0 21.5 22.0ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II cZ. Excitation of metastable levels in He.
G. J. Schulz, R. E. Fox, Phys. Rev. 106, 1179 (1957)
25
H-
z
n
H-zLJ
C-)
____
Ilo-
P
O10
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c2. "Probability" of ionization in He, Ne.
P. T. Smith, Phys. Rev. 36, 1293 (1930)
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c2. "Probability" of ionization in neon.
W. Bleakney, Phys. Rev. 36, 1303 (1930)
26
A,
)O
I I
10.0 x
a
9.0 /He +
8.0 /
7.0
6.0 /
5.0 -__ /.
4.0__
3D
2.0 24'58_
C' _____ _____ _____ _____ _____~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0
ELECTRON ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c3. Ionization cross section in He by electron impact.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2, WestinghouseElectric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
16.0x I1
j-
N05
I'.U
120
10.0
8.0
6.0
40
2.0
020.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
ELECTRON ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c4. Ionization cross section for neon.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-RZ,Electric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
Westinghouse
27
NEON
21.56
AF
I-OAf"
S I
f1
L
7-
-IA
18.0,
0
(j
ELECTRON ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c5. Ionization cross section for argon.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-RZ, WestinghouseElectric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
2waa
2C
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c5. "Probability" of ionization in argon.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, D. J. Grove,Phys. Rev. 84, 859 (1951)
28
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c5. "Probability" of ionization in argon.
W. Bleakney, Phys. Rev. 36, 1303 (1930)
T § /
14 A. 4
KRYPTON
I0
8
6
4
2
14.00 14.10 14.20 14.30 14.40
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c6. Relative ionization probability for ionization to the 2P 3 /2 state in krypton.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
29
-I - --
An
Mo
ZWI-
0
Zo
II c6, Relative ionization
R. E. Fox, W. M.
I-zw
ozo
14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
probability for ionization to the 2P1/ state in krypton.
Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
14.5
II c7. Relative ionization probability for ionization by electron impact in xenon.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
30
U)
Zcc
t-z4I-4Z
i-WD
0z
0
4I.ELECTRON ACCELERATING 11. I. IVOLTAGE .
ELECTRON ACCELERATING VOLTAGE
II c8. "Probability" of ionization in zinc.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819, Westinghouse ResearchLaboratory, March 31, 1954
ciZZ)z
E44-0
z
Z
9XM
0Z2
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5ELECTRON ACCELERATING VOLTAGE
13.0 13.5 14.0
II c9. "Probability" of ionization in cadmium.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819, Westinghouse ResearchLaboratory, March 31, 1954
31
. .. ,,_____._
8
7 -
A6 Z/qR In- Pn6 i 11 1
C
Z - 0 v I I/ I
B
7
Cd P
5
11~~
5.- SO9.0 .4 .8 IQZ
7
10.5 11.0 11.5
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c10. "Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham, Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
a'-
9-
8 -7
6!
I
o I/I 'L
2
10 11 12ELECTRON
13 14 15
ENERGY (VOLTS)
16
II c10. "Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham, Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
32
ii
2018I I 20 -- - - -
6-
10 - -
o~~~, II --86 {j-I 4
2
2- - - -0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
100
II c lO. "Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham, Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
z
It2S
0McoZZWC,xZ)0
10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6ELECTRON ACCELERATING VOLTAGE
11.8 12.0 12.2
II clO. "Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819,Laboratory, March 31, 1954
Westinghouse Research
33
HgD
3 /
E1 I I _ o_ _ /~~~~~~O
_ ---------
a0
80 90
'0
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II cO. "Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. Bleakney, Phys. Rev. 35, 139 (1930)
aW
0(O
00(a0U
iO
ELECTRON ENERGY (E V)
II c 1 . Ionization cross sections of hydrogen on electron impact.
34
I
aL
D
>.-6nzrrcr
Fr
I-zw0:frZ
rC-)z0
4ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c1Z. "Probability" of ionization for electrons in NO, 02.
H. D. Hagstrum, Revs. Modern Phys. 23, 185 (1951)
35
_ _
25 x 10
2
a I
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ELECTRON ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c12. Ionization cross section for nitrogen.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2, WestinghouseElectric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
36
1
-- -l
50x 10'
4(
5(
O
C0._
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22ELECTRON ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c12. Ionization cross section for carbon monoxide.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2, WestinghouseElectric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
37
8
CO+ B2 +19 . 67
3/
/A2=I6.533
'X2 =+14.0 I
0 _ __ _
- -- I L
2(
IK
I
150 300 450 600 750
ENERGY OF ELECTRONS (VOLTS)
II c13. "Probability" of ionization in N,
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, Phys.
coz
5-Z
I-zxDU0z0
0 z,Rev.
CO,
39,NO, CH2z270 (1932)
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c14. "Probability" of ionization in acetylene.
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan, Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
38
TPi
o
I
IrS
)0
jiZ
-
m
zw
DCL
zo29
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c15. "Probability" of ionization in nitric oxide, NO.
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan,
F-'Hn
Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c16. "Probability" of ionization in cyanogen, CN 2 .
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan, Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
39
)O
en
D
-r
z
coI-)z0
Q
3
2
n11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c17. Ionization potentials of water.
W. C. Price, T. M. Sugden, Trans.
U)-zD
I-CC
x0Q~p-ZWcrrWoC)Z
17.0 18.0 19.0
Faraday Soc. 44, 108 (1948)
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c18. Ionization potentials of hydrogen sulphide.
W. C. Price, T. M. Sugden, Trans. Faraday Soc.
.0
44, 108 (1948)
40
·a
U14 16 18 20 22 24 26
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c19. "Probability" of ionization for CH 4 from methane.
C. A. McDowell, J. W. Warren, Faraday Soc. Discussions 10, 53 (1951)
ci-z
r4
m
z
0r
z
oZW
4
OH 4 OH 34 H2
I _
II 12 13 14 15 16 17
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c19. "Probability" of ionization for CH4, CH3, and CH2 from methane.
C. A. McDowell, J. W. Warren, Faraday Soc. Discussions 10, 53 (1951)
41
on
()F-z
>-
ctor_
ZL.rr
Z)
00
Y 1u 11U I 1 1 13 Ito I I
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c20. Ionization probability of benzene and xenon.
R. E. Fox, W. M Hickam, J. Chem. Phys. 2Z, 2059 (1954)
4Z
I
0)I-z
I-
>-
zW
rnCI--zZLUJWMMZ0
9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c21. Ionization probability of propylene.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, J. Chem. Phys. 22, Z059 (1954)
43
I-
zZ
)-
a
zCnI-bi
0
UI-10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c22. Ionization efficiency of ethylene, acetylene, water, methane,carbon dioxide, krypton, nitrogen, and argon.
F. P. Lossing, A. W. Tickner, W. A. Bryce, J. Chem. Phys. 19,1254 (1951)
44
I
on.. ,- 24
0
o
"Du
120
80
40
O.1I 0.2 0.4 0.7 2 4 7 10
ELECTRON ENERGY (ev)
II dl. Cross sections for
H. S. W. Massey,(Clarendon Press,
radiative attachment of electrons
E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic andOxford, 1952), p. 335
20 40 70 100
by neutral hydrogen atoms.
Ionic Impact Phenomena
ELECTRON ENERGY IN VOLTS
II d2. "Probability" of formation of O- ions from carbon monoxideas a function of the energy of the impacting electrons.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59, 354 (1941)
45
/
1
"I
I - -
't..l 1(1 -LVV A
AN
.1 I -'YL-ant
---'" "y()(
I
I-zwaI-
zoz
w
4
zw
ELECTRON ENERGY IN VOLTS
II d3. "Probability" of formation of O ions from nitric oxide asa function of the energy of the impacting electrons.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59, 354 (1941)
2
2itCZ
C
zC
I.
2
0O
ELECTRON ENERGY IN VOLTS
II d4. "Probability of formation of O ions from oxygen.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59, 354 (1941)
46
()
Z Z
o r
Zm
4
ELECTRON ENERGY IN ELECTRON VOLTS
II d5. F ion current as a function of electron energy.
A. J. Ahearn, N. B. Hannay, J. Chem. Phys. 21,
5500 _
I-n I-
zw
r4
-m4CD
za-Z
za:
a:w0
oz0
' 1
o)
22
2
2500 -
.000
1500
1000
1n _1 _
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4'
ELECTRON ENERGY IN ELECTRON VOLTS
II d6. SF 6 ion current as a function of electron energy.
A. J. Ahearn, N. B. Hannay, J. Chem. Phys. 21,
50
119 (1953)
47
119 (1953)
XII/
X 2500
X 250
X 2500
C
///
- -- -- --- - - - --- I -- --- ---
1 ,J I
----I
Il
I j Ilr __
/I
ii - - IJVV
n_V5
0
a:-
0 20 40
JVOLTS
60
II el. Atomic collision detachment cross sections of H in He,Ne, A, Kr, and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
40
O
3-
20
10
100 e'UU 300 +UU
VOLTS
II el. "Probabilities" of collision for H in He.
T. L. Bailey,1446 (1957)
C. J. May, E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 26,
48
'I
TOTALi-,r-~-L-.l, L LtU I UII UL I AU MM Vl I
ELASTIC
·nrrl I··r�lT
, , _ _ . .
A
I
cr\
o0a
VOLTS
II e 1. "Probabilities" of collision for H in Ne.
T. L. Bailey, C. J. May, E. E. Muschlitz,1446 (1957)
0
Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 26,
VOLTS
II el. "Probabilities" of collision for H in A.
T. L. Bailey, C. J. May, E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. Z6,1446 (1957)
49
F
I
)o
)O
40
, 2020
0r
0 20 40
II e2. Atom collision detachment cross sections of O
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A2 12,
o-
WIv
60
in He and A.
235 (1952)
1-V-OLTS
II e3. Atom collision detachment cross section of O in Ne.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
50
I
0o
+U
lo
_-
CL-
2
0 20 40 60
VO LTS
II e4. Atomic collision detachment cross sections of O in Kr and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
25 x I(
0
VOLTS
II e5. Detachment cross sections in oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 349 (1956)
51
0- IN Kr
O- IN Xe
l_i�i
-------- .-- - -------
--
.,\4
.v
40
20
0 201VOLTS
40 60
II e6. Atom collision detachment cross sections of F- in Ne, Kr, and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
40r
0
a-2C
U 20 40 bU
/VOLTS
II e7. Atom collision detachment cross sections of C1 in Ne.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
52
_-- ~ F IN Xe
......_. ..... F - IN Kr
F IN Ne
CI- FROM:HCI
C12
.
J
�---
.
GI IN Ne
-O
-
VO LTS
II e8. Atomic collision detachment cross sections of C1 in He, A, and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
v
/VOLTS
II e9. Atomic collision detachment cross sections of C1 in Kr.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
53
_ _
0o
25x
cE
C-a
xlO '
JVOLTS
II elO. Detachment cross sections in chlorine, oxygen, and water.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 349 (1956)
A
0
0W-
VOLTS
II el . Atomic collision detachment cross sections of S-, Br-, and I- in neon.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
54
_�__1 ___
-w-
0 20 40
VOLTS
Cs-
60
II el2. Atom collision detachment cross sections of Li , C , and P in Ne.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
IHELIUM
K
Li+
3 4 5
/v~OLTS
II fl. "Probability" of collision for positive ions
C. Ramsauer, O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87,
of Li, K, Cs in helium.
1 (1928)
55
180
160
140
120
P+ 100
80
60
40
20
0
1\��
-
NEON
---.--.-- Cs+I
Ki +===-Li +
1 2 3 4 5 6
I.Fs
II f2. "Probability"
C. Ramsauer,
P+
of collision for positive ions of Li, K,
, O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87, 1 (1928)
Cs in neon.
VOLTS
II f3. "Probability" of collision for positive ions
C. Ramsauer, O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87,
of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs in argon.
1 (1928)
56
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
P+
20
0
3
140
120
80
60
40
20
0
II f4. Elastic scattering of low-velocity hydrogen ions in hydrogen.
J. H. Simons, C. M. Fontana, E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., S. R. Jackson,J. Chem. Phys. 11, 307 and 316 (1943)
_-
A/r
20
0 100 200 300 400
ENERGY (VOLTS)
II f5. Scattering cross sections of H in H2 .
E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., T. L. Bailey, J. H. Simons, J.1202 (1956)
Chem. Phys. 24,
57
N
TOTAL
ELASTIC
I NELASTIC
j
1·; 1-1', H.' '
Ir
�11�� ZZ::Z--7-
I I . :_ #s " " 4_ A A ..~~~~~~~~
---------
t--
I
CL
if a 1+ U 'YI lv
"'v II1
P+
I Z j 4
II f6. "Probability" of collision for positive ions of K in H z , 02, N2.
C. Ramsauer, O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87, 1 (1928)
50 75 100 125
A/ x__x0_Kr
Xe(x 1)
N eCx00)
150 175 200 225 250
ION ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II gl. Ionization cross sections of inert gases by K+ ions as a function ofion energy.
D. E. Moe, Phys. Rev. 104, 694 (1956)
58
3
2
r-0o
cf
0
---
5000 10,000
ENERGY (VOLTS)
II h. Charge-transfer cross section of H+
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop,(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p.
20
0a
in H2 .
Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena526
VOLTS
II hZ. Charge-transfer cross sections of A+ in A, He + in He as a function of energy.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ05, 421 (1951)
59
C)I-
z
z
0
H' in H2
16
14 (n_
SMITH I ARTELS12
______________KEEN -10
I~~~~~
GOLDMANN
6
MEYER4 _ _ _
WOLF
2
500 1000 50,000
-
150
100
50
0O 5 10
VOLTS
15 20
II h2. "Probability" of collisions of He ions in He.
W. H. Cramer, J. H. Simone, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 1272 (1957)
M 40(o
30
o
0
r,10 20
I/ _BYT
30 40
II h3. Charge-transfer cross
B. M. Palyukh, L. A.
sections of ions and atoms of mercury.
Sena, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. (U. S. S. R.) 20, 481 (1950)
60
\~ ~~~~TOTAL
CHARGE TRANSFER
ELASTIC
/i"c,---- ---- ----
?j
1,
I,\
to 020f
o a)
~0 _a a ao
- -, 4 ,
C 0
a) a) a)
0 :0 :0 :a v 3 o 0 0 0
Cd - 0 0 0 0L"-O :0 :0 :0
t _ o'o-o oWd > o m > > _ _{ a
a)
av
a a
o -- 0
W m
S x= mm
000000O 0 0
0 0
-l - d
00Lr
Ns
0 0 0 0o000
'-- 0 0
0 10 N-4 N4
o - 3 oo L Ln * n L 0
0) 0; _ ~ ; -0 . -4 0 . . . .N .-I N N - N C,] 1 N - N N N
a) Q)
0 , ,.,-I, C) C)
- a) a,) 0C) a) aL) 4-m b. b. c
Cd Cd C)IC. ; ;l *H
V V W
+a)
+
0 a.,-/
Cd ta) a)
+
+
v
+ +a)+
t t
+ +
+ +
Q C)
.,.* -4 -4 - -* . ,-I ., -I -4
*' .6 r .X *4 N N N N Nt
0 0 00
+ +
~ a + + a ++ + ) +
+ + a) +
+ + + + + ++
t + t tt W
+ + + + +A +
m + ) )+ + + a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ina(-
C-
ol
Cr)o ,'
10
0
CYa).
0 c
Cd
Ena)
Ced
4,
C)
c,a)04a)
a)
4,b:
da)*_q
4-a)
W=
0 N
C· ll
I I W
-d -N r
4 -4
0
v
ONYLo1
-- r
U U -· l
0
o0 0I ! EZN
0 0 C-
61
0
0
0
0:Us-IC)bS.0o-a)
-40-4
r)a;U)
o-0
-
a)
c-Cd
E0.-I1-
C13
r oN
C-c
9C (\]
'd O ONO0· c1 -4 -4
-4__ - -
Cd
-4·rq
10;
N
a
Xa0H
0O0
Qa-Pc0
C)U)aI
0
'0a,CdU
Cda)
0a)
C
r,ud04
-
00
oLIar:0
a
o* -
U)1
0LI
� I
~r_ v25
I VOLT S
II h5. Normal charge-transfer cross sections.J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A205, 421 (1951)
E
aa-
20 30
II h6. Abnormal charge-transfer cross sections with metastable ions present.J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A205, 421 (1951)
a.
L
30
eh
gV
*W
Irv-OLTSi~
9
13.
0 I0 30
*IVOLTS
II h7. Charge-transfer cross section of O+ in N as aDotted line is extrapolated.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ05,
function of energy.
421 (1951)
LOG , [IMPACT ENERGY (ev)]
II h8. Cross sections for the reactions (H, A13+; H+, Al +), (H, Li +; H + Li+),
(H, A12+; H+ + Al+) as a function of the impact energy of the colliding ion.
A. Dalgarno, Proc. Phys. Soc. 67A, 1010 (1954)
63
30
10I
/ III
I
--
Ore
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
LOG [IMPACT ENERGY OF DOUBLY CHARGED ION (ev)]
II h9. Charge -transfer cross sections for the reactions (H, Si2 + H+, Si+ ) and
(H, Be 2 +; H+ Be +).
D. R. Bates, B. L. Moiseiwitsch, Proc. Phys. Soc. 67A, 805 (1954)
64
I
24 x 10
II
<.D
30
,/VOLTS
II hlO. Charge-transfer cross sections of C 2 + in argon, neon, and helium.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 354 (1956)
25 x 10
2
CM4E
CY
A VOLTS
II hll. Charge-transfer cross sections of N2 + in argon, neon and helium.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 354 (1956)
65
-18
Cz+ IN A
16 /
12
_ Cz+
IN He
4 - - I--_
0 . . A . ..
_T
I -
10 20 40 50 60
1 I
I
U)cn
0
3
15x 10-'
N
c.)
0
0 20 40
WQ30 x
30 x 10 16
20
10
60
VOLTS
II h12. Charge-transfer cross sections of A + in A, Ne, and He.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 354 (1956)
40
OLv~20
0 20-/VOLTS
O+INA
C0O+INA
N INA
40 60
II h13. Charge-transfer cross sections of O+ , CO, and N2 in A.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
66
J
6
A2+ IN A
A2 + I N 5NeA A2+IN He
- I
I(
b0A
10 30
_-
0
0:L.
VOLT S
II h14. Charge-transfer cross sections of H+ in A; D+ in A, Kr, Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
i-
0 40 60
I/VOLTS
II h15. Charge-transfer cross sections of O in Kr, and Br + and C+ in Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
67
+U
+IN Kr
Br+
IN Xe
20
+ IN Xe
I -
.
)_
A f~I
20
0
a-
4(
/OLTS
II h16. Charge-transfer cross section of N+ in Kr.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212,
7-av-
20 40
235 (1952)
60
. / VOLTS
II h17. Charge-transfer cross sections
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc.
of O+ in HO0; 0+ and H+ in A.
(London) A212, 235 (1952)
68
3o
0 2 4
AE /'
II h18. Maximum voltages of charge-transfer cross sections.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
69
_ _ �� __
aIE
hv (VOLTS)15.5 17.7 20.7 24.8
800 600- X (A)
31.0 41.3 62.0
400 200
II il. Photoabsorption cross section in A, Ne, and He.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
70
50xlO- '8
40
c-
0
cQ 30
20
10
0
, I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ARGON
Ne
He
--- --- -- --
hv(VOLTS)4.1 4.8 5.6
II iZ. Photoabsorption cross sections in K.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der PhysikVol. 21, p. 304
20x10 - '8
-15;2
a
10
5
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
hv (VOLTS)15.5
800
17.7
700- x (4)
20.7 24.8
600 500
II i3. Photoabsorption
G. L. Weissler,Vol. 21, p. 304
cross sections in Hz .
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
71
6.9
0.24 x10 ' 18
0.20
0, 16
o 0.12
0.08
0.04
0O0
'P
I -
X ()
hV (VOLTS)10.3 12.4 15 5
1200 1000 800
-- x (A)
20 7 31.0 620
600 400 200
II i4. Photoabsorption
G. L. Weissler,Vol. 21, p. 304
cross sections in N2 .
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
hv (VOLTS)
6.9 7.7 8.9 10 3 12.4 15.5 20 7 31.0 62.0
1400 1000 600X (A)
II i5. Photoabsorption cross sections in 02.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag,Vol. 21, p. 304
Berlin, 1956),
72
50xl0-1 8
40
;- 30
020
0
0
50xlO- 18
40
' 30
20
10
0 1800 200
1
hv (VOLTS)6.9 7.7 8.9 10.3
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000
II i6. Photoabsorption cross section
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch derVol. 21, p. 304
Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
25x10 °
2
a0
10.3 12 4hV(VOLTS)
15.5 207
1200 1000 800--- X ()
31 0
600 400 200
II i7. Photoabsorption cross sections in CO.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch derVol. 21, p. 304
Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
73
12.4
25x 10- 8
20
Nc 15
a10
5
0
.18 1P2 - P3
5
5
¢1
1956),
--
v
50x IC
0
Q.
6.9 7.7h (VOLTS)
8.9 10 3 12 4 15.5 20.7 31.0
- X (A)
II i8. Photoabsorption cross sections in CO z.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
74
I
Z
)O
hv (VOLTS)7.7 8.9 10.3 12.4 15 5 20.7 31.0
50 x 10-18
40
c-
30C2
20
10
01800 1600 1400 1200 1000
-- X(A)
II i9. Photoabsorption cross section in NO.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der PhysikVol. 21, p. 304
800 600 400 200
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
75
6.9 7.7h v (VOLTS)
8.9 10.3
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
II i10. Photoabsorption cross sections in N20.G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
76
bUXI(
CJ
0
1__ �_ I ___
.IC 19 Id I r r O -
hv (VOLTS)6.9 7.7 8.9 10.3 12.4 15.5 20.7 31.0
70x 10-18
60
50
:5
c0a
40
30
20
10
01800 1600 1400 1200 10(
ill. (A)in C
II il l. Photoabsorption cross sections in C2H2.
)0 800 600 400 200
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
77
�
0
77 8.9hv (VOLTS)
10.3 12.4 15.5 20.7 31.0 62.0
1800 1600 1400 1200o
--- X (A)
II i12. Photoabsorption cross section in H20.
G. L. Weissler,Vol. 21, p. 304
1000 800 600 400 200
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
78
6.9.- . IRFoU X -
25
vr% JlAJ(.U
cJ
a
I10
IP
N
/ 22000
I
IC
'CI �
ncIg �
i
w
I
-·
I15
5
r
II
60 x 0-18
50
c- 40
C
c¢30
20
I0
hV (VOLTS)7.7 8.9 10 3 12.4 15,5 20.7 31.0
J D IIbUI 14UU I IUUU
-- X (A)
U0 bOUU 4UU
II i3. , Photoabsorption cross sections in CH 4 .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
79
- · � ---
IzUU
h v (VOLTS)
50x
cu
o0C
0
2000 1600 1200 o 800 400
II i14. Photoabsorption cross sections in NH 3 .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
80
6.9 7.7 8.9hv (VOLTS)
10.3 12.4 15.5 20.7 31.0
a- X (A)
II i15. Photoabsorption cross sections in C2H 4 .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
81
70x10-18
60
50
: 400
a30
20
10
0
_ _ _ �
III. SURFACE PHENOMENA
(a) Secondary Emission yi
The secondary emission coefficient i is the number of free electrons released froma surface by the impact of a positive ion, over and above any electrons taken from thesurface to neutralize the ion. If is the work function of the surface, and V. is the
1ionization potential of the ion, secondary emission requires that Vi > 2.
The secondary emission coefficient is in general greatly altered by the presence ofadsorbed gas on the surface.
(b) Effective Secondary Emission y
The second Townsend coefficient y is defined as the number of secondaryelectrons escaping from the cathode per positive ion produced in the gas. It is afunction of E/p in the gas and is, in general, the resultant effect of photons, ions, andmetastables reaching the cathode, and of back diffusion.
0.3
0.2
zo
0
-JLU
0200 400
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
600
IIIal. Ejected electron yield of Li+ , K+ , and Rb+ on aluminum.H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 549
82
1.4
1.2z0
zo
o 0.8w-J
0.6
0.4
0.2
0ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa2. Ejected electron yield of He +, Ne +, and A+ on nickel.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 549
1.2
1.0
z 0.8o
u')zo 0.6
-J
LUJ
>0.4
0.2
0 200 400 600
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
800 1000
IIIa2. Electron yield of helium ions on hot and cold molybdenum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,1956), Vol. 21, p. 574
83
He+ - Ni
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0COS. 8
III a3. Electron yield as function of the angle of incidence for helium ions on nickel.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 574
0.06
z0
z( 0.040o
I-0LuI-J
> 0.02
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a4. Ejected electron yield of K on Al, Ni, and Mo.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 549
84
1.25
zo
I-z0
I-Jv
1.00
0.755
0.5
I .C
1.0
0.8z0
z0 0.60
LU 0.4
'-
0.2
0ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa5. Total electron yield on atomically clean molybdenum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 89, 244 (1953)
400 600 800 1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a5. y for doubly charged ions of noble gases incident on atomicallyclean molybdenum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 672 (1956)
85
z
a:wCLU)
(nz0COC)
OwLU-jLU
MMOLYBDENUM
Ne++
-A ++-
Kr++
Xe++
U. t
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 Zuu
� __ -
i�c
---
I 9
nI,.
c,
0.36
0.28
0.24
0.20
zo
' 0.16zo
Lw 0.12_1.J
ii
0.08
0.04
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a6. y data for atomically clean tungsten.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 672 (1956)
1I .0
0.8z0
0.6z0
- 0.40
_J
0.2
0 600 800 1000
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a7. Total electron yield for He+ , He + + , and He2 for gas-covered tantalum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 91, 543 (1953)
86
To
++ - ~(GAS -COVERED)
He+
--cc~--- He+
A -A
200 400
10O-
10-2
Z
-0
UJ-I
10-3
6
4
2
10-5U 20 40 bu 80 100 120 140
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa8. Ejected electron yield of A+ ions on outgassed tantalum, Hz, N andu -treatea tantulum.
J. A. Parker, Jr., Phys.
2 X10-2
z0
U-,z0
cr0-J
uJ
K
10-3
8
5
3
2
10-4
8
5X 10- 5
Rev. 93, 1148 (1954)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a9. Electron yield on gas-covered tantalum from molecular gas ions.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 574
87
- A -
- H2
2T
02
____
e- Ta
I
--- --- --- .
10- 4
0.
O.
zo
0 O.r 0.wa
O.
wz0.
>;
O.
0.
32
TUNGSTEN
28
24 -He+
20
16
12Ar+
08
Kr+
.04= Xe+
_ _ _ X e _ _
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY IN ev
III a1O. Total electron yield for singly charged ions on atomically clean tungsten.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 96 325 (1954)
O.
zo
c-wa_cEz0aI-
-J_JZ
O.
HELIUM32
28
2 _w24
N2/W
20
.16 A -U dUU 4UU bUU bU IL)00
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III alO. i in helium for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (N 2/W).
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
88
--
O.
O
zo
00
(Iz
-JLI-
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10. yi in neon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (N 2 /W)
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104,
ARGON
1516 (1956)
0 200
W
N2 /W
_ ~ I I400 600 800 1000
III alO. yi
H.
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
in argon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a N2 monolayer (N 2 /W).
D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
89
zo
wn 0.0()zo0rr
.W 0.0-I
>;.-
b
)4
0
�
1__j-i-
I
I i I I
O0
10
r.,
, II I I
z
W
U)z0I-
-JLU
KRYPTON
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10. i in krypton for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (Nz/W).
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
rra-
.)
IONz XENONI 0.04
N2 /WLU W
;- 00 200 400 600 800 1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10. yi in xenon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (Nz/W)
H. D. Hagstrum,
10-1
zo 10-2
(Iz0or
0LU-J
t 10_k 8
4
216-4i
Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III all. Electron yield on gas-covered platinum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 514
90
9x
zCo
zC
f-CLL
%
ION ENERGY(VOLTS)
III alZ. Electron yield as a function of ion energy for hydrogen, nitrogen,and oxygen ions on platinum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 574
7 -
5
3
a
7 - - - - -
373
3- I A iI-7 d5 //1 d5//
·2~~~
5 --
102 3 5 7 103 3 5 7 104ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
3 5
IIIal 3. Ejected electron(b) K ions on Al;(e) H ions on Cu,
yields of (a) H and Na ions on Cu;(c) Li ions on Al; (d) Rb ions on Al;Al, and Au; (f) H ions on Ni.
A. von Engel, M. Steenbeck, Elektrische Gasentladungen(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1932), Vol. 1, p. 116
91
IC¶
10
10,
0-1
z0
uJ(nz0
Iu-J
E (VOLTS/CM)
III a14. Second Townsend coefficient of argon ions on Cs-Ag-O surface.
W. S. Huxford, Phys. Rev. 55, 754 (1939)
10E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIbl. Second Townsend coefficient for copper in the rare gases.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
92
0.
l
O.C
r rrnl
N-
A(IN Ne)L_ -=<Kr
Xe
100 1000
'I
l1I/
a��_ __ _ __
I
,I
vvl
C
rv.vvl
10 30 100 300E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb2. Second Townsend coefficient for argon with different cathode materials.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)R. Schfer, Z. Physik 110, 21 (1938)
93
-- _I _____I
z0
U)
0
-)
z0
0LuJ-j
z
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg
IIIb3. Second Townsend coefficient of Ne + ,
molybdenum cathode, and of A + on a
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 93, 1156
A+, and Kr + incident on a clean
partially activated coated cathode.
(1954)
-4
065 - -(~5
10 200 400 600 800
E/p
IIIb4. Values of y as a function of E/p for
E. Badareu, G. G. Bratescu, Bull.
1000 1200 1400
mercury gas with iron electrodes.
Soc. Roumaine Phys. 45, 9 (1944)
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb5. Values of y as a function of E/p for H2 gas with Al electrodes.
D. H. Hale, Phys. Rev. 56, 1199 (1939)
94
r
A)
I (
I
1,
I1I0.3 I
020 2 _1___
0 .l I_ __ __II
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
1600 1800
IIIb6. Values of y as a function of
D. H. Hale, Phys. Rev. 56,
E/p for H2 gas
1199 (1939)
with Ni electrodes.
200 400 600 800
E/p ( VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
1000 1200
IIIb7. Values of y as a function of E/p in nitrogen.
W. E. Bowls, Phys. Rev. 53, 293 (1938)
95
- - ' -
10-5
10~5
10-6
10'8._-P
IU
0 500 1000 1500 2000E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb8. Second Townsend coefficients for aluminumtoluene, and cyclohexane.
in benzene,
M. Valeriu-Petrescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 44, 3 (1943)
0.12 x 10' 4
z0
I-a:0oLI
IL
M
4
0ma.0D
0.08
004
0 40 80 120 160 200
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
III c 1. Probability of conversion of positive hydrogen ionsinto negative hydrogen ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
1.5 x 10
Z0
a:0LI-LL0
I-
02a
0.6
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
IIIc2. Probability of conversion of positive nitrogen ionsinto negative nitrogen ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
96
BENZENE-
EXTOLUENE
CYCLOHEXANE
2500 3000
3I
----'-A
I/
I I
i
I
1.6x 104
1.2
z0
0o
LLo
I-
-
o_1
0.8
0.4
0 40 80 120 160 200
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
IIIc3. Probability of conversion of positive oxygen ionsinto negative oxygen ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
4.0
20
1-2a:0ILU.0
I--0mA
0a:a-
0 40 80 120 160ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
200
IIIc4. Probability of conversion of positive carbon dioxideions into negative carbon dioxide ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
97
0/
I----- Z-/02
L ---
. . . -45.0x
CO
PRIMARY ENERGY ( ELECTRON VOLTS)
IIIdl. The ratio of the number of secondary electrons emitted from a surface tothe number of primary electrons incident as a function of incident energy.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 306
98
I I
III(el). Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
Work Function (volts) Reference
4.74
4.36
4.79
4.92
2.49
3.92
4.26
4.81
2.42
3.68
4.55
3.76
1.38
4.8
4.7
4.12
4.73
4.50
2.20
2.42
2.74
3.76
4.15
Z.29
5.06
3.97
4.97
6.35
2.09
4.57
4.56
5.11
3.62
2.24
4.12
4.76
3.47
4.17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
99
Element
Ag
Al
As
Au
Ba
Be
Bi
C
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hg
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Ni
Pb
Pd
Pt
Rb
Rh
Sb
Se
Sn
Sr
Ta
Te
Th
Ti
------C--·�-----·-·l1�--···11111111 -
II(el). Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
Element
U
V
W
Zn
Zr
Work Function (volts)
3.63
3.77
4.49
4. 307
3.73
Reference
39
40
41
42
43
References
R. P. Winch, Phys. Rev. 37, 1269 (1931)
E. Gaviola and J. Strong, Phys. Rev. 49, 441 (1936)
L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
R. H. Fowler, Phys. Rev. 38, 45 (1931)
R. J. Cashman and E. Bassoe, Phys. Rev. 55, 63 (1939)
M. M. Mann and L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 51, 120 (1937)
L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
S. C. Roy, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A112, 599 (1926)
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
H. Cassel and A. Scheider, Naturwiss. 22, 464 (1934)
J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 81, 612 (1951)
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
Ibid.
Ibid.
L. A. DuBridge and W. W. Roehr, Phys. Rev. 42, 52 (1932)
M. M. Mann and L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 51, 120 (1937)
A. B. Cardwell, Phys. Rev. 76, 125 (1949)
P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezaev, Z. Physik 49, 236 (1928)
L. A. DuBridge and W. W. Roehr, Phys. Rev. 39, 99 (1932)
L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 31, 236 (1928); 32, 961 (1928)
J. J. Brady, Phys. Rev. 41, 613 (1932)
E. H. Dixon, Phys. Rev. 37, 60 (1931)
100
I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
1_ _� _ _ _ _ �_ _ _ _� ___
III(el). Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
References
31. L. Apker, E. Taft,and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
32. R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
33. P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezaev, Z. Physik 49, 236 (1928)
34. R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
35. H. C. Rentschler, D. E. Henry, and A. H. Smith, Rev. Sci. Instr. 3, 794 (1932)
36. L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 74, 1462 (1948)
37. H. C. Rentschler and D. E. Henry, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 87, 289 (1945/46)
38. Ibid.
39. H. C. Rentschler, D. E. Henry, and A. H. Smith, Rev. Sci. Instr. 3, 794 (1932)
40. R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
41. L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 74, 1462 (1948)
42. R. Suhrmann and J. Pietrzyk, Z. Physik 122, 600 (1944)
43. H. C. Rentschler and D. E. Henry, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 87, 289 (1945/46)
101
_ _
-X (A)
40x I
Z-z
0
I0z-1LL
2.Ox 10- 2
0 OoY
.5
Ilu
hv (VOLTS)
III e. Photoelectric yields from Al, Cd, and Zn.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
102
X (A)2065 1550 1240 1033 885 775 688 620 564 517 477
14xlO
I
ZCz
z0cr)
-IL
hv (VOLTS)
II e3. Photoelectric yields from Ta, Mo, W, and Pd.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 304
103
IV. MOTIONS OF ELECTRONS AND IONS
The drift velocity vd of a charged particle of mass m and charge e in a gas of
molecules of mass M, under an electric field E, is given by
Vd = e E M+ m If8 4v - v dv (1)vd eMmJ v3
where f(v) is the velocity distribution function.
For particles with a constant mean free time Tc this yields, for all E/p,
M+meE Vd Mm e E Tc (2)
If collisions are caused by a polarization force
1. 8096 (Mm /a 1/2Tc en (M + m) (3)
g
where the polarizability a = ( - E )/n .
For particles with a constant mean free path c (rigid spheres) there are two limiting
forms:
(a) near thermal equilibrium
3 e E c _ M + m 1 / Z
Vd = 8 (2 kT Mm (4)
(b) for high E/p
1/4 eE 1/2 0. 8973 for m Mvd = a ) c a = 0.9643 for m = M
d m \M(5)1 for m >> M
The mobility in a mixture of gases a, b, c, ... is given by Blanc's law
1 1 1 1 (6)
' ~a ~b [c
where Pa' Lb' c' ... . are the mobilities in the pure gases a, b, c, . .. at their partial
pressures Pa' Pb' Pc' ... provided the mobilities are sensibly independent of field
strength.
Because of charge transfer when moving in the parent gas and clustering in the
presence of an attaching gas, ions may move considerably slower than indicated by these
equations.
In the case of a constant mean free time Tc, the mobility in an ac electric field of
circular frequency o and in the presence of a magnetic field whose component perpen-
dicular to the electric field is B_, is given by
104
e/2m e/2m1= + (7)
Vc + j(w + wb) vc +j( -b)
where wb = B_ e/m is the cyclotron frequency.
The complex conductivity of a plasma is given by
C =n+e .+ +n e _ +jw E (8)
For a completely ionized plasma
1.1632 m (4 o 2 kT 3/2 19141 kT 3/2z ln(q-1) e/ ) z n e mho/meter (9)
3 2 X214where q = 12 n D. D = EokT/ne 2 is the Debye length, and nD = 3. 134 X 104T
meters-. z is the charge on the ions.
If is the mean fraction of the energy difference which is transferred in a collision,
the mean energy of an electron or ion is given by
1mv = 3 kT + eET Vd/ (10)
For elastic collisions
X = 2 Mm/(M+m) 2
For the mean free time case
22Vd M +mX( 3iJ) (11)2v m
Mean energies are usually determined by the approximate relation
D 3 em(v-~v) (12)3e
which is exact when the distribution function is Maxwellian.
The diffusion coefficient is given by
D = f f4fv dv (13)
When the Debye length XD is less than the diffusion length A, oppositely charged
particles will be constrained by the space-charge field to diffuse at the same rate. This
is termed ambipolar diffusion, and the common diffusion coefficient is
+D + _ D+ 1 +T /T+Da + + + 1 +
~+. ~+ 1 + + ~
105
4 _
HELIUM
2 _ _ __ _
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3. 35 4.0 4.5 5.
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg )
IV al. Drift velocity of electrons in helium as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)J. A. Hornbeck, Phys. Rev. 83, 374 (1951)
2.0x o10
>U)
z,>(
12
).8
0.4
V0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MN Hg)
1.4 1.6
IV aZ. Drift velocity of electrons in neon as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)
106
5 l0
<3
2U
oJ1
NEON
i,- --- -- ---
1-Z
;?
I--,"
I
r
0
_-
I I I I I i0.4
l6 _______06
0.2
2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.61.6
12 _ ___ _
0.6
ARGON
0.4
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3 5 4.0 45
E/p(VOLTS/ CM/MM Hg)
IV a3. Drift velocity of electrons in argon as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)L. Colli, U. Facchini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)J. M. Kirshner, D. S. Toffolo, J. Appl. Phys. 23, 594 (1952)
I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.E /p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
7 0.8 0.9 1.0
IV a4. Electron drift velocities in argon and argon-nitrogen mixtures.
L. Colli, U. Facchini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)J. M. Kirshner, D. S. Toffolo, J. Appl Phys. 23, 594 (1952)
107
2.4x
ziU
0-Jwod:>
2.8 x 10
2
o00I
o0
'.4
I.0
1.6
1.2
).8
0O4
n
ARGON +1% NITROGEN
_ _
ARGON + 0.1% NITROGEN
I4 I I ARGON
I- L I I _1.1 1.2i
7I
I
=I_
z
I-
7z
7I
_f __ -- 1
I
I
v
6
0.- --
04
0.4 O8 1.2
2 "- I
E (V L /MIHYDROGEN
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2(
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a5. Drift velocity of electrons in hydrogen as a function of E/p.
N. E. Bradbury, R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 49, 388 (1936)
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM /MM Hg )
IV a6. Drift velocity of electrons in hydrogen and deuterium.
B. I. H. Hall, Australian J. Phys. 8, 468 (1955)
108
7x10
zwW
2
I-
0-JLd
28x11
(,
C-)2
oI-t0-Jw
04
H2
4
o Io In n An .
0
I
.v *i.v .v ,,,V r. V
7x 10
awQ7
1X
oJ>
0
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a7. Drift velocity of electrons in nitrogen as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)L. Colli, U. Facchini. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)
14 x I
aI3o
,-I
0
8
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a8. Drift velocity of electrons in oxygen as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
109
X:X
1
1/L/
/
r--
Oxy
;EN
F� t--
-�--
I12
I(
10
U
0win2
so
o
I I I
6 I. ,
6 00 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
4 / ___' /
--- ~ ~ ~ ~~~~AIR2 i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2:
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a9. Drift velocity of electrons in air as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/M M Hg)
IV a10. Drift velocity of electrons in the halogens.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 53
110
14 x
wW
Io
0uJ
I
2
. A lo 6
10o
6 _ _ _ _
2 _ _
O 0.8 1.6
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
2.4 3.2
IV all. Drift velocity of electrons in nitrous oxide as
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev.
a function of E/p.
51, 69 (1937)
111
8x
U)
_1
t0-o
4.0
- --
12x
Z30
0001W
E /p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg )
IV a12. Drift velocity of electrons in ammonia as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
12 x IC
GW
I
0
0co
W
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a13. Drift velocity of electrons in C 5 H 1 2 , NH 3, H 2 0, and HCl.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 86
112
s
16,
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MMHg)
IV a14. Drift velocity of electrons in NO2, COz, NO, and CO.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 85
I
0
r
zWW
CLU
Ee/p VOLTS/CM MM -
IVbl. Average energy of electrons in helium.
F. H. Reder, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 885 (1954)
113
'x
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b. Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 78
III-j0
UZ
0WPO
W
-q
WZ
Wr
10 20 30 40 50 70 90
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b3. Average electron energy in hydrogen.
L. J. Varnerin, Jr., S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 79, 946 (1950)J. S. Townsend, V. A. Bailey, Phil. Mag. 42, 873 (1921)
114
�__�I�--- --- _I -- --
60
50
40
30
0'H-
H,
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b4. Ratio of electron to gas temperature in deuterium and hydrogen.
B. I. H. Hall, Australian J. Phys. 8_, 468 (1955)
0P
I;
V IV zo 30 40 50 60 70 80
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b5. Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 52
115
D2
H,
1 5 6 7 8 9 11
20
10
0 0
I-
I-
65
NZ60
55
50
45
4O
35 -NITROGEN
30 OXYGEN
25l A AIR
20
15
10
5
ni n3 n' I"~ 4 N . ~ 7 (3 ~l~ ' 4N ~t~l -{" In 3n ~t' /ll s1' 'T I1"1lA
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b6. Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
Air: R. W. Crompton, L. G. H. Huxley, D. J. Sutton, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A218, 507 (1953)
N2 : R. W. Crompton, D. J. Sutton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A215,467 (1952)
0 2 : R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 79
116
v.l v.* v.J .7 Vo V.I I.V LV VV TV 1V ,V v VV
lo(
so -~~~~~q 20
60 co
40 - I___
20
40 50
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b7. Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 80
I
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b8. Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 81
117
--
01II-
0 10 20
HefIN He IN Ne
+ IN-Al
5 8 10 20 40 60 80100 200 400 600 1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV cl. Drift velocity of atomic ions in helium, neon, and argon.
J. A. Hornbeck, Phys. Rev. 84, 615 (1951)
L
w
-J
©
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c1. Ion mobility in He, Ne, and A.
L. S. Frost, Phys. Rev. 105, 354 (1957)
118
x 105
4
2
0.80
I-, 0.40o 0 4
0.2
0.1
I.-, 1A I I I I I I I
/ I I 11 I I
I I
0w
I.--j0
004.:L
24
He+20 - __-
16
12
8
4
A
IV c2. Mobility of He+
M. A. Biondi,
ujw
..J0cQJO0
-jMm0
v0
14 16 18
and He 2 in helium.
L. M. Chanin, Phys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
100 200 300 400
T °K
IV c2. Helium ion mobility as a function of temperature.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 106, 473 (1957)
119
2 4 6 8 10 12E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
24
He.
20
16
12
He+
4
r3
--
8
6
4
2
n
0 4 8
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c3. Mobility of Ne + and Ne; in neon.
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Phys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
wEn0')
o(I)I--C_
0
-o 100 200
T °K
300 400
IV c3. Neon ion mobilities as a function of temperature.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 106, 473 (1957)
120
oLLJ
-J0
0
-L
Ne+
20
IV
9
85 '"' ~ -...... _. ~ ~. N e+27
6
4
3
2
O ~~ --......_
12 16
o
I-
o:L
A+
8 16 24 32 41E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c4. Mobility of A+ an(
M. A. Biondi, L.
A in argon.
M. Chanin, IPhys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
w
O0
o>-
-J
O
..0
3.2
24_
2.0
1.6_ _
1.2
0.8
0.4
nv0 100 200 300 400
T K
IV c4. Argon ion mobilities as a function of temperature.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 106, 473 (1957)
121
- I
0
,,
4x1 I
ow(0
C)
0ro-J(I
20 40 60 80 100 PUU suu ouV VVV vv
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c5. Drift velocity of atomic ions in krypton and xenon.
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 88,
o
I
-j0W
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
r .A Mnhility of Kr+ and Kr+ in krypton.
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Phys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
122
Inr%
362 (1952)
1V v,
w
I-
0
0%L
E/p( VOLTS/GM/
IV c7. Mobility of Xe+ and Xe 2 in xenon.
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Ph
0 2 4 6 8
0
IM Hg)
ys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
10 12E/p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
IV c8. Mobility of mercury ions in helium at 300' K.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107, 1219 (1957)
123
o
2
I
LuJCO
I-
-J
0m
O
6
2
8
4
14
- . -
II
I -
Co
I
16 18 20
E/p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
IV c9. Mobility of mercury ions in neon at 300 ° K.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107, 1219 (1957)
0w
-J0
N
0
O3H8>-(D
m0rn
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
IV c10. Mobility of mercury ions in argon at 300" K.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107, 1219 (1957)
124
70
6.0
_ 5.0
UJ
04.0
0Co
02.0
1.0
2 6 8 10 12 14
� �I � � I -I � .
� c : -I -
I - - -C-------- ---- ----
iI I ----
4
315 ..
1~~~~~~~
1.0 .JI _ .39 --.- . . -_ _ _ _ _ --2 _ _ _ _ _
0.90.8 - -- - - -0.7-
0.6 /
04 -I-20 30 40 50 70 90 150 200
E /p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
300 600 1000
IV cll. Drift velocity of ions in nitrogen. Low (E/p)
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 89, 708 (1953)
_ 43Ox
G
C
IL
0
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
N4 , high (E/p) N 2.
IV cll. Drift velocities of ions in N2 at various temperatures, N4+
ions at low E/p, N2 ions at high E/p.
F. R. Kovar, E. C. Beatty, R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 107, 1490 (1957)
1Z5
4x l
o
i
C)0o
>
20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 600 1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV clZ. Drift velocity of ions in oxygen.
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 89, 708 (1953)
4.0
w, 3.0C')
0
:i 2.0
E/p (VOLT/CM/MM Hg)
IV c13. Mobility of , 02, 03 in oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 106, 183 (1957)
126
6 x K05
4
3
2
3
0
0-IiJ,.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
I I I I I I Ii I I
- ;71' -el-,
I I
I I I II I- 7
I I
I
/ ____ __ __ __ �_�
4xi05
3
ow
E0
>.-
-
w
2
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
v// /
I/ -- /f -...j/
50 80 100 200 300 400
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c14. Drift velocity of ions in carbon monoxide.intermediate (E/p) may be CO+.
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 89, 708 (1953)
a
0
N(0o
C2,-
-I3
25
20
16
12O10
8
65
4
3
2
2
0 7 23
600 800 1000
w (E/p) and high (E/p) CO + ,
85MASS OF ION
IV c15. Mobility of alkali ions in H2 , Kr, Xe at 1 atmosphere pressure.
C. F. Powell, L. Brada, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A138, 117 (1932)
127
.0 I
o-
.0 HYDROGEN
.0
.0
,.0
.0
-.0
5
.O
1.6 _KRYPTON
.21.2 __ XENON1.0
- -
I
39 135
On0Lu
-
To0:W
20
HELIUM
V
NEON
4
ARGON
50 100 150 200MASS OF ION
IV c15. Mobility as a function of ion mass in He, Ne, A.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107, 1219 (1957)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
MASS OF ION
IV c16. Mobility in nitrogen of various ions as a function of mass at1 atmosphere pressure.
J. H. Mitchell, K. E. W. Ridler, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A146, 911(1934)
128
4.4
4.0
io0
3.2
-J 2.8
o0
2.4
no
v0
90
25
i
o
o2
z
_:M0
15
10
5
S
NO,He
Ce*,He
N+, Nt
'0 100 200 300 400
TEMPERATURE (°K)500 600
IV c17. Variation of mobility of ions with temperature.
A. M Tyndall, A. F. Pearce, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 149, 426 (1935)A. F. Pearce, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A155, 490 (1936)
129
I7-
L-A. A _ . _ .
0
w
-
-Jm
o
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c18. Mobility of Li+ ions in argon in the presence of water vapor,to show effect of clustering.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic ImpactPhenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 414
130
IV(dl). Table of Ambipolar Diffusion Coefficients(room temperature)
Element Da poa Po
H2
He
(cm2 sec ) Reference
700
540
Ne 115
A
0+
2Ga
900
225
87
1
2
3
4
5
5
References
1. K. B. Persson, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 100, 729 (1955)
2. M. A. Biondi, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 75, 1700 (1949)
3. M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 79, 733 (1950)
4. M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 83, 1078 (1951)
5. E. Schulz-DuBois, Z. Physik 145, 269 (1956)
131
V. PRODUCTION AND DECAY OF IONIZATION
(a) The rate of ionization by electrons in a gas is defined as dn/dt = n vi. It is
related to the "probability" of ionization Pi by
n = Vi = P P i f 41T v3 dv (1)
The first Townsend coefficient ai , the number of ionizations per electron per centi-
meter path, is
1 dn Vi 1Vi
i n dx vd pE (2)
The number of ionizations per electron per volt is
a. v.
'-E _ (3)r1 E E 2(
This quantity is a function of E/p only. When there are non-ionizing inelastic collisions
(no Penning effect), ai can be represented by the function
i Ae-Bp/E= Ae (4)
p
where A is a slowly decreasing function of E/p.
(b) The attachment coefficient p is similar to a. and measures the rate of attach-
ment of electrons to neutral atoms.
1 dn a (5)= ndx - E
The attachment efficiency h is the number of attachments per collision
a _ pRE 4 mE (6)
VC Vc
The last expression is generally used to compute h from experimental data but is
correct only if Pc is independent of electron velocity.
(c) The ion recombination coefficient ar is defined by
1 dnr 2 dt
n
Its dependence on pressure and temperature may be represented by
1 T 4
- =a + b P (8)a p Tr
where the first term was proposed by Thomson; the second, by Langevin.
132
__ 1_ �_ ___ �
V(al). Table 1. Constants A and B in Eq. 4.
A
ion pairs
cm. X mm. Hg
5
12
20
15
13
25
3
4
14
17
26
20
B
V
cm. X mm. Hg
130
342
466
365
290
380
34 (25)
100
180
240
350
370
Range of validityE/p
V
cm. X mm. Hg
150-
100-
600
600
500-1000
100- 800
150-1000
200-1000
20- 150
100- 400
100- 600
100- 1000
200- 800
200- 600
(3-10)
From A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956), Vol. 21, p. 504.
133
Gas
H 2
N 2
O z
CO2
air
H20
HC1
He
Ne
A
Kr
Xe
Hg
V.1
in V
15.4
15.5
12.2
13.7
12.6
24.5
21.5
15.7
14
12.1
10.4
- --- ·
0
>p
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a2. V in i= i exp [h(V - Vo)] .
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
134
)O
0
011-
X
(I)n
z0-Z0
.
r
I
IV2 4 10 2 4 102 2 4 103 2
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V a3. First Townsend ionization coefficients in noble gases.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956)Vol. 21, p. 504
135
_ __1_1
I
O
0n
oz
tJ
U 4UU '+UU OUU UU IUUU Iu U 14u U IOUU
E/p(VOLTS/CMx MM Hg)
I~UU
V a3. First Townsend ionization coefficient in Xe, Kr, A.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
0
x
zo
a-_o
20
8 .
16
ARGON14
12
IC
8
6
2
O I10 2 5 102 2 5 10
32
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a3. First Townsend ionization coefficient in argon.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
136
7I
"o
I
I
I.C
O0o-
22
0~coIr
z0a<Z0.
dE
0.0(20 40 60 80 100 120
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a4. Townsend's first ionization coefficients in nitrogen.
M. A. Harrison,
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
I
(I
rrM:
QOZo
0.0o
o.O:
0.0
0. 00
O. 00
o.00o
O0.00
2
1
7
5
3
2
20
Phys. Rev. 105, 366 (1957)
40 80
p/E (M M Hg/VOLT/CM) x0 3
V a5. First Townsend ionization coefficient for oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe, Technical Report 4, Department of Physics,University of Washington, Aug. 24, 1956
137
)I Y)0____ ____
.1______ ______ ______ __ /___
;-1
\
��I,
II,
O.(
I
bU
0x
0ren
z0
C-cu
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a6. First Townsend ionization coefficients of air, N2 , H2 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
138
i D
00
I,
-I
-2
-3
10-4In
I
x
Tl° 1013oo Q
10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04po- (CM x MM Hg VOLT
- ')
0.05 0.06 0.07
V a7. First Townsend ionization coefficients.
D. J. Rose (unpublished)
Iu
U ILUUU 1500
E/p
V a8. First Townsend coefficient for mercury.
E. Badareu, G. G. Bratescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 45, 9 (1944)
139
DEUTERIUM
HYDROGEN
. -
I
/
tt
�NN
4 I1-1 _\1
YZ,1
I
jI
-- -- l- - -- -- . l _ l
JCI
_ _ . _
LI
4,\4U
_
10 12 14 16 18E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a9. First Townsend coefficient in CO 2 .
D. R. Young, Technical Report No. 22, LaboratoryM.I.T., August 1949
for Insulation Research,
140
3.2 x 10
2.
2.
2.
3
8
4 .
0 X
6
2
8 -
I
z0
0.
0.6 8 20 22
-·-- ------ --
1.
0I
0-201U (C.
C
E/p(VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V alO. First Townsend ionization coefficient for H 2 0, C H5OH.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
141
I I _ - �----r� -- - - _
x
c
aZ
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V all. First Townsend ionization coefficient in HC1, CO2 .A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
142
lOx 0
:r
0
z00aW
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V al2. First Townsend ionization coefficients in SF 6 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
x
rOU
0-
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a13. First Townsend ionization coefficients in CC12 F 2 , CF 3CF 5 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 21, p. 504
143
I _ _
iO
-I0-
x
(I0
r-
0z 10- 2
0n3
in-3,0 100 200 300
E/p (VOLTS /CM x MM Hg)
V a14. First ionization coefficients in air, C 2 H5 C1, C 5 H 1 2 , C 2 H 5 Br, SF6 , CHC13, CC14 .A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956), Vol. 21,p. 504
144
II
0.01 U.UI3 0.02
p/E (MM Hg/ VOLT/CM)
Va15. First Townsend
L. Frommhold,
I
0~z
0
aja.
ionization coefficient for ethyl alcohol.
Z. Physik 144, 396 (1956)
45 f TOLUENE
40CYCLOHEXANE BEN NE
30
25
20
15 /
5 5 _ _ _ _0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
3000
Va16. First Townsend coefficients for benzene, toluene, andcyclohexane.
M. Valeriu-Petrescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 44,3 (1943)
145
2
I'r2
0
0-a_Z0'iC
0.,
O.'
0.
O.:
O.
O.0
0.0'
0.0.
0.0?
7
3
0.005 0.025i L
-- ---------
l
7_
3_
00
"n
z0
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a17. Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0O C for the rare gases and air.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
146
)
-
F- 0(I0
CCC
E/P(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a18. Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0° C for neon-argon mixtures.The numbers on each curve give the ratio of the argon pressureto the total pressure of the mixture.
A. A. Kruithof, F. M. Penning, Physica4, 450 (1937)
147
I _ __ _ _
0
zo
z0
p/E(MMHg/VOLT/CM)
V a19. Variation of rn with p/E for high pressure H2 .
C. C. Leiby, Jr., S. B. Thesis, Department of Physics, M. I. T., May 1954
ov0g-Z0
Nz0
10 10O
E (VOLTS/ CM x MM Hg )T.
Val9. Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0° C
D. J. Rose (unpublished)
in hydrogen.
148
·I10
~
18 x
zo
n
I
-
oUi7:
0 I 2 3 4 5 6
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vbl. Efficiency of electron attachment in nitric oxide.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
0 10 20 30
E/p(VOLT/CMx MM Hg)
V bZ. Attachment coefficient for oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 106, 183 (1957)
149
I
0
IC)
zw
I0
40
1 _ _C _ _ _
ZuO 0 40
E/p VOLTS/CM x MM Hg
CF SF
Vb3. Electron attachment coefficient for air.
M. A. Harrison, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev.
/
FREON
100 125 150 175 200 225
E/p VOLTS/CM x MM Hg
91, 1 (1953)
250
Vb4. Electron attachment coefficients for Freon-12 and CF3SF5.
M. A. Harrison, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 91, 1 (1953)
150
AIR
/
0.012
0.010
I
M 0.008
uI, 0.006
w
I M" "
·-0.002
0
10 60
2.5
, 2.0I
U 1.5
zI
1.0
.5
00.5
75
�
i
I b
.·;
I
' A A 50 A
nn __[I I m
ox IV
z0
I-J-J0C.)IF-zw
I0
I-
.I-
4
00 2 8 10
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b5. Efficiency of electron attachment in HC1 in argon.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
3xlO10
zO
-Jon-o0
z
I21
2
n0 2 4 6 8
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
10 12
V b6. Efficiency of electron attachment in C12 in argon.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
151
K1-r
z" I----
-
i
ii
7'
7-
-
_ -$3
II c
7N
I2
Br2
02 :~
I 2 3 4ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
Vb6. Cross sections
R. H. Healey,
for attachment of electrons
Phil. Mag. 26, 940 (1938)
to halogen molecules.
152
12x 10-"
lU
8
6
4
2
co
0
Sa
-x
0
I7,
7--
·r r
OR
,,
IJ
4 8 12 16 20
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vb7. Efficiency of electron attachment in H20 at different pressures.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
-
12 16 20 24
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b8. Efficiency of electron attachment in HZS.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
153
8x8xIO
Tz0(n-J-J0
zII
1-
2
0
52x 0
2.4
-J)-J0o
en
z 1.6II
s 0.8
4 8
-5
--- I
"---Z
I'
7��
0n
C
16 20 24
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b9. Efficiency of electron attachment in N2O.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem.
0 4 8 12 16 20
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V blO. Efficiency of electron attachment in SO2.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem.
Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
24 28
Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
154
15 x
z0cn-J-J0
zwI0
-
I-
10
5
00 4 8 12
{f) --
--
ZZ
iv
._
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vbll. Efficiency of
N. E. Bradbi
z0
U)-JJ
0(--zIETU
60
50
40
30
20
In
electron attachment in NH 3.
iry, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
N2 0 +A
/.. /n+N
1 2 3 4 5 6
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b12. Efficiency of electron attachment in mixturesparts of N or A.
of N2 0 in equal
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
155
Z0-J 60
-J
z
I-
0
I FI
i--
77-
/ N2(
N 0
I
.... --4OVX IV
-, . ,~-5lily iL -* V^,
._
50x
z0
J
o-Jo00cnz
I014I-I-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vb13. Efficiency of electron attachment in NH 3 andequal parts of He, A, or N2 .
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
156
41
V(cl). Cross Sections for Radiative Capture of an Electron to
Various States of a Hydrogen Atom
Electron Energy (eV)
Total quantum number ofatomic state into which
electron is captured
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.28 0.13
Cross section
8.10
4.24
2.70
1.88
1.36
0.99
0.73
0. 15
16. 63
8.93
5.91
4.24
3.20
2.49
2. 00
1. 62
1.31
1.04
0.215
28
0. 069
-21 2in 10 cm
32.80
17.70
12.04
8.84
6.89
5.51
4.52
3.81
3.23
2.74
2.33
2.00
1.72
1.47
0.302
40
Sum for all final states 23.0 53. 7 119
From H. S. W. Massey and E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 333.
0.432
272
Phenomena
157
0. 034
66.95
36. 52
24. 88
18. 59
14. 85
12.25
10.31
8. 75
7. 55
6. 50
5. 72
4.52
4.03
3. 62
3. 25
2.91
2. 62
2. 35
2. 09
1 _ _ _111___
V (c 1). Radiative Recombination Coefficients
Element a(cm3 see 1 Ta~ sec )TokH(1) lo10
A(2) 2 X 10- 1 0 3100
Cs(2) 3.4 X 10- 1 0 2000
Hg ( 3 ) 2.3 X 10- 1 0 2000
References:
(1) J. D. Craggs, W. Hopwood, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 59, 771 (1947)
(2) C. Kenty, Phys. Rev. 32, 624 (1928)
(3) F. L. Mohler, Bur. Standards J. Research 19, 447, 559 (1937)
V (c2). Dissociative Recombination
Gas a(ions sec) -1
He 1.7 X 10-8
Ne 2. 1X10- 7
A 3X 10- 7
Kr 6X 10 - 7
Xe 2 X 10-6
N2 1.4X 10 - 6
02 2.8 10-7
References:
M. A. Biondi, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 76, 1697 (1949)
R. B. Holt, J. M. Richardson, B. Howland, B. T. McClure, Phys.Rev. 77, 239 (1950)
R. A. Johnson, B. T. McClure, R. B. Holt, Phys. Rev. 80, 376 (1950)
A. Redfield, R. B. Holt, Phys. Rev. 82, 874 (1951)
J. M. Richardson, Phys. Rev. 88, 895 (1952)
V (c3). Three-Body Recombination Coefficients for Electrons
Gas a at N. T. P. Estimated saturation pressure
(cm 3/sec) (mm Hg)
Helium 6.8 X 10 - 9 2.8 X 104
Argon 6.8 X 10 - 1 1 2.8 X 10 - 5
Air 1.7 X 10- 7 10 4
Hydrogen 1.6 X 10- 7 104
From H. S. W. Massey and E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 635.
158
3
2.5 x IC
I
lO3
PRESSURE MM Hg
Vdl. Recombination coefficient in air.
J. Sayers, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A169, 83 (1938)
2.5 x
0n
Ea
PRESSURE MM Hg
Vdl. Recombination coefficient in air.
J. Sayers, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A169, 83 (1938)
159
__
0)O
- -64.0 x 10
2.0
I,,
150 200 250 300 350 400
T°K
Vd2. Temperature variation of the recombinationcoefficient in oxygen at constant pressure.
M. E. Gardner, Phys. Rev. 53, 75 (1938)
160
w
o0II
�l
I. .
VI. BREAKDOWN
(a) High-Frequency Breakdown
In microwave breakdown the rate of production of electrons, nvi, is balanced by the
rate of diffusion, nD/AZ, out of the tube whose diffusion length is A. The ionization
frequency v i is a function of the effective electric field:
E Z 22 =P VcEe 2 2 2 (1)v +W
c
The proper variables in which to express breakdown are the voltage EeA and the para-
meter pA.
At lower frequencies the amplitude of oscillation of the electrons brings them in con-
tact with the walls, leading either to their capture by the walls or to secondary emission.
These phenomena lead to discontinuities in breakdown fields.
(b) Direct-Current Breakdown
Direct-current breakdown occurs by avalanche multiplication, renewed by secondary
electrons from the cathode. The breakdown voltage VB is given by
i(VB -VA) = n( - l/y) (2)
where VA is an initial voltage necessary to give the electrons their mean energy. The
breakdown voltage is a function of the product pd.
At high pressures and nonplanar geometry, space charge will intensify the fields;
and secondary electrons may originate from photo-emission in the gas. Breakdown then
occurs by streamer formation (spark) and is given by
N = e = 38r EDd (3)c o e
(c) Time Lags
The formative time lag tf is the time necessary for the initial current I that exists
before breakdown to build up to an observable current I 1.
For the Townsend mechanism:
log [(m-l) I1/Io]tf = ti log M t+ (4)
where t+ is the transit time for the slowest particle (ion or electron) and the multiplica-
tion factor M has the value M = y(e V _ 1).
For spark breakdown:
log Ntf- a E t (5)
161
H2AIRC02I
pd(MM-MM Hg)
VIal. Paschen curves for various gases.
M. Knoll, F. Ollendorff, R. Rompe, Gasentladungstabellen(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1935), p. 84
162
I
0
C0
Lu
D0
48 72 96 120 144p
8(MMx CM)
VIaZ. Breakdown potential for argon as a function of
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
50
40
(n 30
0
20
U
0
0
0,O
uVV
0 5 10
p8 (MMxCM)
VI a2. Breakdown potential for argon as a function
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
p6 for Pt and Na electrodes.
15 20
of p6 for Pt and Na electrodes.
163
240C
2000
1600
°1200
800
40f
I-
Pt
X/ Na
--z2,0 24 168 192 216 240
P ta
/N _
�75��
55�4
c--L
1-1
VX
L L
4
7
- -
_ I
_ __
,J1�
(n~o
(UUU
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 40 80 120 160 Z00 240
p8 (MM xCM)
280 320 360
VIa3. Breakdown potential for hydrogen as a function of p5 for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
I - -
8(
61
> 4
nn
00
00
200
0 5 10 15P (MM x CM)
VIa3. Breakdown potential for hydrogen asfor Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219
20
a function of p6
(1939)
164
Pt
;z Na;L,.
Pt
/1N a
L-
iz
�71
I;
..- l
~J .~- .------.- .
--n-n-UUU
A _ _
IUU
ZZ
- I
1500
1200
(-J u
0
600
300
U 5 10 15 20ps (MM xCM)
VIa4. Breakdown potential in nitrogen as a function of p8for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
I-
>
IbUUU
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
nw
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
p8
(MM x CM)
VIa4. Breakdown potential in nitrogenfor Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55,
280
as a
219
320
function of p6
(1939)
165
Pt
-
Na
.
7- 7-
I
-11
F;
;I-77
XII
- -- - - ---- �-
A -- . --
:nV
I,
E2Ii
i HuK111
I I I I1 I I I 1 I I
I II Il I I I I II1
0.01 0.04 0.1 0.4 IELECTRODE SEPARATION (CM)
VIa5. Breakdown voltage in air at atmospheric pressure.
M. Knoll, F. Ollendorff, R. Rompe, Gasentladungstabellen(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1935), p. 83
166
13 01
,I ,I CA\j
I\ I III
1..1111I I II IV I
I nlI .lVol
I I III9C
80
70
6C
5C
4C
50U)
-J00
.J1LU
0
0UI-i
CxJ 4 10
····~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I 1 1111l l l li -t-
IIEE=i
l l l 'l &-
EEII= -l l l 'l ---- [----4 I I I 1�
I III-
- I I 11
-- I U11 -f\
"II I 1
unn_-P I I I II P 1111 I+ffff
;I - ,
I
I Jl I
I ' I
III
'
I
II
I
) \
\
I
I
I
7r-·)V
For
0
VIb . High-frequency
E. W. B. Gill,
40 80 120 160 200X(M)
breakdown in neon.
A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 107 (1949)
40 80 120
X(M)
160 200
VIb2. High-frequency
E. W. B. Gill,
breakdown in hydrogen.
A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 107 (1949)
167
3DU
300
250
2002
(/3
I-..J0c>
.w
150
100
50
0240
_
ra
-A A
400
300
0
cn
J 2000
W
100
nU 40
VIb3. High-frequency
E. W. B. Gill,
24080 120 160 200
X (M)
breakdown in nitrogen.
A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 107 (1949)
8 12 16WAVE LENGTH (METERS)
20 24 28
VIb4. Low-pressure,
E. W. B. Gill,
high-frequency breakdown in hydrogen.
A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A192, 446 (1948)
168
0
0
1033CM
00 3-
0 3- _
6(
34
>-2
,, 2
II
4
iI
'AA
pA (CM-MM Hg)
VIb5. Microwave breakdown in gases.
S. C. Brown, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),Vol. 22, p. 535
169
Si
0
LuJ
300
cn
o(I)0zo0(I)0Cr05;z
0-J9g
% OVERVOLTAGE
VIcl 1. Formative time lag for breakdown in air at low overvoltages.
L. H. Fisher, B. Bederson, Phys. Rev. 81, 109 (1951)
I",
0
C)
-j
2
W
L3
-j
APPLIED FIELD(KV/CM)
VIc2. Formative time lag for breakdown in air at high overvoltages.
R. C. Fletcher, Phys. Rev. 76, 1501 (1949)
170
i I
VII ELECTRON ENERGIES
171
_ L �·
3 10 30 100 300 1000E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
VIIal. Distribution of electron energy losses in neon.
F. M. Penning, Physica 4, 286 (1938)
N I I.\ ELASTIC
I/,
//
//
y/\
\
3
\ ELECTRONIC\ EXCITATION
IONIZATION -
,/'- KINETIC- ENERGY
I10 30 100 300 1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
VIIa2. Distribution of electron energy losses in argon.
F. M. Penning, Physica 4, 286 (1938)
172
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
,ELASTIC
/ \ ELECTRONICx EXCITATION
,t~ ~0~ --IONIZAT ONI/I'
I ___KINET I
_. __~.. _ENERGY'o/
" '0.1 0.3
100%
80
60
40
20
00. 0.3
I. - __1
11.1 _-
___1
. , i I
.1 I
0
aol
Ee/p VOLTS/CM MM Hg
VIIa3. Various power losses of an electron in a microwavedischarge in helium, in percentage of input power.
F. H. Reder, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 885 (1954)
Ino
ID
z
0z
IL
1.0
XC ITATION
0.6 /
0.4
02\
RECOIL IONZT N
n DA~~~~~~~~~iD~~~N
V 10 20 30
E /p(VOLTS/CM MM)
40 50
VII a4. Fractional energy loss in H.
173
--
aA1
. r(cm) 2.05=R
VIIbl. Electron temperature and gas temperature of a dischargeas a function of tube radius.
W. Elenbaas, The High Pressure Mercury Vapour Discharge(North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1951), p. 40
174
3
OK
l
VIII CATHODE PHENOMENA
Sputtering yield = S/(1+y) atoms per ion
S = 10 5 W/(AI+t)
W = loss of weight in grams
A = atomic weight
I+ = ion current in amperes
t = time of bombardment in seconds
y = second Townsend coefficient
175
_ _
VIII (al). Normal Cathode Fall in Volts
Cathode Air
Al
Ag
Au
Ba
Bi
C
Ca
Cd
Co
Cu
Fe
Hg
Ir
K
Mo
Mg
Na
Ni
Pb
Pd
Pt
Sb
Sn
Sr
Th
W
Zn
229
280
285
272
266
380
370
269
380
180
224
200
226
207
421
277
269
266
A He H 2
100 140 170
130 162 216
130 165 247
93
136
86
137
93 86
119 167
130 177
165 150
142
240
240
Hg
245
318
Ne N 2
120 180
150 233
158 233
157
210
02
311
475
CO CO 2 C1
525
86 157
160 213200
214 447
250 298
340
64 59 94
119 125
80
131 158
124 177
131
136
124
93
153
185
211
223
165 276
252
226
86
220 208
150 215
226
68
353 115
94
75
275 140
172
170
188
178
197
210
340 152 216
225
216
157
125
305 125
277 119 143 184
484 460
290
484 460
310
364 490 475 275
216 354 480 410
176
`9
VIII (a2). Normal Cathode Fall Thickness(dnP in cm-mm Hg at room temperature)
Cathode Air A H2 He Hg N2 Ne 02
0.25 0.29 0.72
0.9
0.87
0.23 0.8
0.52 0.33 0.9
0.61
0.9
0.9
0.84
1.0
0.8
0
cr
z
0
9ID
z
0
ID
1.32 0.33
0.69
1.30
1.45
0.6
0.34
0.31 0.64 0.24
0.42
0.35
0.72 0.31
0.25
0.4
CATHODE POTENTIAL DROP AND INITIAL ELECTRONENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIa3. Length of negative glow and range of electrons.
J. D. Cobine, Gaseous Conductors (McGraw-Hill, N. Y., 1941), p. 220
177
Al
C
Cd
Cu
Fe
Mg
Hg
Ni
Pb
Pt
Zn
_ __ __
Y
zO
VIII (a4). Normal Cathode Current Density in a Glow Discharge(plamp/cm2 X mm2 of Hg at room temperature)
Cathode Air A H2 He Hg N 2 02
90
110
64
72 2.2
3
90 5
10C323 5 10-2 10- I
C2 7p2
4
15
8 400 6
5
380 550 18
10 100 1000
VIIIa4. Anomalous cathode fall.
A. von Engel, M. Steenbeck, Elektrische Gasentladungen (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1932), Vol. II, p. 73
VIII(bl). Sputtered Mass in Micrograms Per Ampere-Second For
Metals in Hydrogen
Mg
Ta
Cr
Al
Cd
Mn
2. 5
4. 5
7. 5
8
8. 9
11
Mo
Co
W
Ni
Fe
Sn
16
16
16
18
19
55
C 73
Cu
Zn
Pb
Au
Ag
84
95
110
130
205
178
330
570
240
160
20
150
Ne
Al
Au
Cu
Fe
Mg
Pt
cU
-
t0z
rr
L_-LU
'2
Io
VIIIbl. Current ratio curves versus reciprocal of emissive energy.correction for back diffusion for inert gases.
J. K. Theobald, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 123 (1953)
en
0
o;0
o0UJ O.-J
U vU.U .I U. I
Curves permit
U.
I
I-
VIIIbZ. Current ratio curves versus reciprocal of emissive energy.correction for back diffusion for molecular gases.
J. K. Theobald, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 123 (1953)
Curves permit
179
_ __ �I
to
z
U)
0'cn
0
w-j
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)0
VIIIcl. Sputtering yields of Cu and Fe.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
GERMANIUM0.7 - _
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 _
0.2 ___ ___ _
0 20 40 60 80 100 120SAMPLE VOLTAGE
VIIIcZ. Rate of sputtering from argon positive ion bombardmentversus voltage for germanium.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
180
0.8x1
m
0_o
zcr
I,
0LLI
B
0.9 x 10-3
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0. I
0 0SAMPLE VOLTAGE
VIIIc2. Rate of sputtering from-argon positive ion bombardmentversus voltage for germanium.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
z
o)
0
-t
J
O.
07
0.6
0.5Ge
04 _ /_
0.3
02 _ _
0.' _ _ __ _ _
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIcZ. Sputtering yields of Ge and graphite.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
181
zFtIL
Co.
LL0
I-
- -
v
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc3. Sputtering yields of Ni and Hf.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
zOC
o(rCc_FZ
'u ItVV IUV CJU I UjVV JuV tUV lU U UV
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc4. Sputtering yields of Ag and Ti.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
182
Pm
,n
0.8X10O- 3
co- J
00
CDz
Z)
0-HD(IL0
Ow
0.6
0.4
0.2
0SAMPLE VOLTAGE
VIIIc5. Rate of sputtering from argon positive ion bombardmentversus voltage for silicon.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
z0
(I
n
>-c:
ION ENERGY(VOLTS)
VIIIc5. Sputtering yields of Si and Cr.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
183
_
1.3
1.2
1.1 --
0 .
0.9
0.8I/A
0.6
0.5
0.34
0.2 _
0.1
n /50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIlIc6. Sputtering yields of Au and Al.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
I n
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc7. Sputtering yields of Ir and Nb.G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
184
z
c)I0o
-Jw
4
z
(I)
0I-
0-jLi
0.9
0.8
0.7
05 -
044 Ir
0.3 ,,_Nb
0.2
0.1
) /'
-I-
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc8. Sputtering yields of Th and Mo.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
zo
op-
>-
U.b k
07
06
0.5 - - /,Re
04 ____
w/0.3
0.2
0.1
r /v 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 400 450 S)U
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc9. Sputtering yields of Re and W.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
185
�
·-
Z (o
c
-C
C
I.1
1.0
:).9
).6Pd
).5
).4 / "
).5 /
I I I50 I00 150 200 20 300 50 400 4'+ 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIclO. Sputtering yields of Co and Pd.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
JUV IVUU IJU CLUU J cU UU O)JU 1VVUU 1U d;VV
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc 1. Sputtering yields of Pt and V.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
186
r
TOI
I
V
O.
O.
O.
zo:z: 0.U)
o0o
-Jw>- 0.
r
Uf
06
05
04
.03
02
r lI
n
25 50 75 100 125
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIlIcl2. Sputtering yields of W in region of low energy.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
O.70.6- _
Rh0.5
0.2
50 I00 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIc 13. Sputtering yields of Rh and Zr.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
187
W
z
to
0o-ri
"I r .-.
1
z
Sovv.
7
V.Vl
V
z
()
0
-1IJ
I.U
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.
0.1
DU IUU IDU ZUU DU UU ODU + UU
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)450 500
VIHIcl4. Sputtering yields of U and Ta.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
188
U
-2
I
--I
� 7-
I r
IE -- / --- j~F -- -- - - --- - -
I- - -- -
--- -- --
r ·
l Ra
.s
/
U-- -- - -- _ __ _ __-- - I - -- A_ _ - - AC .1_ _ _ _ .