basic concepts in computer networking - usi informatics · basic concepts u the internet uses...
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Basic Concepts
In Computer Networking
Antonio Carzaniga
Faculty of InformaticsUniversity of Lugano
March 11, 2005
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Outline
u What is the Internet?
u Types of network
u Types of service
u Protocols
u The Internet protocol stack
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
end systemor host
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computer
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)I a temperature sensor
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)I a temperature sensorI a cell phone
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)I a temperature sensorI a cell phoneI a PDA
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)I a temperature sensorI a cell phoneI a PDAI . . .I a carI a television setI a picture frameI a toasterI . . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
u end system or host ( )I a computerI a server (well, that would also be a computer)I a camera (a.k.a., webcam)I a temperature sensorI a cell phoneI a PDAI . . .I a carI a television setI a picture frameI a toasterI . . .I a toilet seat?I a toothpick?I . . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is “Inside” the Internet?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is “Inside” the Internet?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is “Inside” the Internet?
local-areanetwork
packet switch
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is “Inside” the Internet?
local-areanetwork
packet switch
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Basic Concepts
u The Internet uses packet switching
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Basic Concepts
u The Internet uses packet switching
u Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Basic Concepts
u The Internet uses packet switching
u Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
u Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.path)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Basic Concepts
u The Internet uses packet switching
u Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
u Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.path)
u Protocol: control the sending and receiving of information to andfrom end systems and packet switches
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
u The Internet is a packet-switched network
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
u The Internet is a packet-switched network
u Information is transmitted in packets
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
u The Internet is a packet-switched network
u Information is transmitted in packets
u Switches operate on an individual packet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
u The Internet is a packet-switched network
u Information is transmitted in packets
u Switches operate on an individual packet
u A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along toother switches or to end systems
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
u The Internet is a packet-switched network
u Information is transmitted in packets
u Switches operate on an individual packet
u A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along toother switches or to end systems
u Every forwarding decision is done on the basis of the informationcontained in the packet
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
u The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
u The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
u Communication requires a connection setup phase in which thenetwork reserves all the necessary resources for that connection(links, buffers, switches, etc.)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
u The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
u Communication requires a connection setup phase in which thenetwork reserves all the necessary resources for that connection(links, buffers, switches, etc.)
u After a successful setup, the communicating systems areconnected by a set of links that are dedicated to their connectionfor the entire duration of their conversation
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
u The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
u Communication requires a connection setup phase in which thenetwork reserves all the necessary resources for that connection(links, buffers, switches, etc.)
u After a successful setup, the communicating systems areconnected by a set of links that are dedicated to their connectionfor the entire duration of their conversation
u When the conversation ends, the network tears down theconnection, freeing the corresponding resources (links, buffers,etc.) for other connections
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
u Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase. On theother hand, once the connection is established, circuit switchingis much more efficient in both space overhead and processing
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
u Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase. On theother hand, once the connection is established, circuit switchingis much more efficient in both space overhead and processing
u Packet switching does not incur any setup cost. However, italways incurs a significant processing cost for forwarding, as wellas space overhead, because every packet must beself-contained
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
u Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase. On theother hand, once the connection is established, circuit switchingis much more efficient in both space overhead and processing
u Packet switching does not incur any setup cost. However, italways incurs a significant processing cost for forwarding, as wellas space overhead, because every packet must beself-contained
u Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation ofquality-of-service guarantees, because network resources arereserved at connection setup time
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
u Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase. On theother hand, once the connection is established, circuit switchingis much more efficient in both space overhead and processing
u Packet switching does not incur any setup cost. However, italways incurs a significant processing cost for forwarding, as wellas space overhead, because every packet must beself-contained
u Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation ofquality-of-service guarantees, because network resources arereserved at connection setup time
u Guaranteeing any quality of service with packet switching is verydifficult
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
u Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of communicationresources. In other words, circuit switching is an inefficient wayto use the network
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
u Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of communicationresources. In other words, circuit switching is an inefficient wayto use the network
u Packet switching achieves a much better utilization of networkresources, because it is designed specifically to share links(buffers, etc.)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Virtual Circuits
u Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packetswitching
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Virtual Circuits
u Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packetswitching
u The service model is connection oriented, and therefore requiresa connection setup phase
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Virtual Circuits
u Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packetswitching
u The service model is connection oriented, and therefore requiresa connection setup phase
u The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a“virtual circuit”
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Virtual Circuits
u Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packetswitching
u The service model is connection oriented, and therefore requiresa connection setup phase
u The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a“virtual circuit”
u Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared moreeffectively
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Virtual Circuits
u Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packetswitching
u The service model is connection oriented, and therefore requiresa connection setup phase
u The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a“virtual circuit”
u Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared moreeffectively
u Packets carry a virtual circuit identifiers, which allow very fastprocessing (forwarding) and incur a space low-overhead
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Taxonomy of Networks
communicationnetwork
circuitswitching
packetswitching
timedivision
multiplexing
frequencydivision
multiplexing
datagramnetwork
virtualcircuit
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Service Perspective
local-areanetwork
packet switch
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Service Perspective
local-areanetwork
packet switch
u What kind of service does the Internet offer to end systems?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Type of Service
u Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, butexactly what kind of communication service is that of theInternet?
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Type of Service
u Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, butexactly what kind of communication service is that of theInternet?
u Connection-oriented reliableI virtual duplex communication channel (A ↔ B)—conceptually
similar to a telephone serviceI information is transmitted “reliably” and in order
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Type of Service
u Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, butexactly what kind of communication service is that of theInternet?
u Connection-oriented reliableI virtual duplex communication channel (A ↔ B)—conceptually
similar to a telephone serviceI information is transmitted “reliably” and in order
u Connectionless unreliableI the network accepts “datagrams” for delivery—this is conceptually
similar to the postal serviceI “unreliable” service (a.k.a. “best effort”)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Type of Service (2)
u How reliable is a “reliable” service?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Type of Service (2)
u How reliable is a “reliable” service?
u The term “reliable” means that information will eventually reachits destination if a route is viable within a certain amount of time.
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Type of Service (2)
u How reliable is a “reliable” service?
u The term “reliable” means that information will eventually reachits destination if a route is viable within a certain amount of time.
u The network makes absolutely no guarantees on latency (i.e.,the time it takes to transmit some information from a source to adestination)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
okay, bye
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is aprotocol?E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
okay, bye
bye
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
u Phases of the protocolI handshake establishes the identity and/or the context for a
conversationI conversation free-form exchangeI closing terminates the conversation
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Communication Protocols
u Phases of the protocolI handshake establishes the identity and/or the context for a
conversationI conversation free-form exchangeI closing terminates the conversation
u This protocol assumes a connection-oriented mediumu The protocol involves two parties (Alice and Bob)u . . .
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbye
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800I . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800I . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0I flight level 3-7-0, United 971
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800I . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0I flight level 3-7-0, United 971I . . . Delta 800, go ahead
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800I . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0I flight level 3-7-0, United 971I . . . Delta 800, go aheadI requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (2)
u Another example: air traffic control
I . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0I left to 2-7-0, United 971I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I . . .I . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20I 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, goodbyeI . . . Center, request, Delta 800I . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0I flight level 3-7-0, United 971I . . . Delta 800, go aheadI requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800I Delta 800, unable at the moment
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Communication Protocols (2)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
u Medium access control (MAC) protocol
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
u Medium access control (MAC) protocol
u Interleaved communication
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
u Medium access control (MAC) protocol
u Interleaved communication
u Acknowledgements
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
u Medium access control (MAC) protocol
u Interleaved communication
u Acknowledgements
u Timeout and retransmission
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (2)
u A connectionless protocol
u Multi-party communication
u Medium access control (MAC) protocol
u Interleaved communication
u Acknowledgements
u Timeout and retransmission
u “Master” role
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (3)
u Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
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Communication Protocols (3)
u Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
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Communication Protocols (3)
u Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
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Communication Protocols (3)
u Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice who?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (3)
u Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice who?
sorry, wrong number
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (4)
u Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
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Communication Protocols (4)
u Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (4)
u Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
hello?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (4)
u Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bobhello
hello?
anybody there?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols: Principles
u A protocol is a lot like a programI in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can
send messages to each other
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols: Principles
u A protocol is a lot like a programI in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can
send messages to each other
u It is an executable specification
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols: Principles
u A protocol is a lot like a programI in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can
send messages to each other
u It is an executable specification
u It must be unambiguous
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols: Principles
u A protocol is a lot like a programI in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can
send messages to each other
u It is an executable specification
u It must be unambiguous
u It must be completeI i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols: Principles
u A protocol is a lot like a programI in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes can
send messages to each other
u It is an executable specification
u It must be unambiguous
u It must be completeI i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
u A network protocol must also define all the necessary messageformats
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
we did that already
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
u Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhow about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
let’s just do pizza
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
what to do for dinner?. . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
what to do for dinner?. . .
okay, bye
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bobhello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
what to do for dinner?. . .
okay, bye
bye
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
dinner protocol
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
dinner protocol
call setup
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
dinner protocol
call setup
voice over IP
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
u Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
dinner protocol
call setup
voice over IP
. . .
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
physical
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
u Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)I application functionalitiesI application messages
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
u Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)I application functionalitiesI application messages
u Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)I application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)I datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
u Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)I application functionalitiesI application messages
u Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)I application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)I datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
u Network (IP)I end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentationI packets (IP)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
u Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)I application functionalitiesI application messages
u Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)I application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)I datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
u Network (IP)I end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentationI packets (IP)
u Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)I point-to-point or local broadcast communicationI frames (or packets)
c© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
u Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)I application functionalitiesI application messages
u Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)I application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)I datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
u Network (IP)I end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing, fragmentationI packets (IP)
u Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)I point-to-point or local broadcast communicationI frames (or packets)
u Physicalc© 2005 Antonio Carzaniga