basic concepts computer networking
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Basic Concepts Computer NetworkingTRANSCRIPT
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Basic Concepts
In Computer Networking
Antonio Carzaniga
Faculty of InformaticsUniversity of Lugano
September 19, 2014
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Goal of this Lecture
Understand what packet switching is
Understand what circuit switching is
Understand their differences
Understand what a protocol is
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Outline
What is the Internet?
Types of network
Types of service
Protocols
The Internet protocol stack
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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History
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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History
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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History
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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History
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is the Internet?
Internet
end system
or host
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)◮ a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)◮ a camera (a.k.a., webcam)◮ a temperature sensor
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)◮ a camera (a.k.a., webcam)◮ a temperature sensor◮ a PDA
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)◮ a camera (a.k.a., webcam)◮ a temperature sensor◮ a PDA◮ . . .◮ a car◮ a television set◮ a picture frame◮ a toaster◮ . . .
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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End Systems
End system or host ( )
◮ a computer◮ a phone (more or less “smart”)◮ a server (well, that would also be a computer)◮ a camera (a.k.a., webcam)◮ a temperature sensor◮ a PDA◮ . . .◮ a car◮ a television set◮ a picture frame◮ a toaster◮ . . .◮ a toilet seat?◮ a toothpick?◮ . . .
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is Inside the Internet?
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is Inside the Internet?
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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What is Inside the Internet?
local-area
network
packet switch
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What is Inside the Internet?
local-area
network
packet switch
communication link
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Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
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Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
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Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
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Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)
Protocol: control the sending and receiving of information to
and from end systems and packet switches
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium
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Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium
◮ Fiber-optic cable
◮ Twisted-pair copper wire
◮ Coaxial cable
◮ Wireless local-area links (e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth)
◮ Satellite channel
◮ . . .
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Packet Switching
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Packet Switching
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
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Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
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Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
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Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems
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Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems
Every forwarding decision is taken on the basis of the
information contained in the packet
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit Switching
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Circuit Switching
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Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
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Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
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Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation
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Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation
When the conversation ends, the network tears down the
connection, freeing the corresponding resources (links,
buffers, etc.) for other connections
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase
◮ however, once the connection is established, little or no
processing is required
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching
Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase
◮ however, once the connection is established, little or no
processing is required
Packet switching does not incur any setup cost
◮ however, it always incurs a significant processing and spaceoverhead, on a per-packet basis
◮ processing cost for forwarding
◮ space overhead because every packet must be self-contained
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees
◮ network resources are reserved at connection setup time
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees
◮ network resources are reserved at connection setup time
Guaranteeing any quality of service with packet switching is
very difficult
◮ no concept of a “connection”
◮ and again, processing, space overhead, etc.
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)
Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources
◮ once a connection is established, the resources are blocked
even though there might be long silence periods
◮ i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network
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Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)
Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources
◮ once a connection is established, the resources are blocked
even though there might be long silence periods
◮ i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network
Packet switching achieves a much better utilization of network
resources
◮ it is designed specifically to share links
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
“virtual circuit”
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
“virtual circuit”
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
“virtual circuit”
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address
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Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
“virtual circuit”
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address
◮ Important observation: at any given time there are much fewer
connections than destinations
◮ much faster per-packet processing (forwarding)
◮ lower per-packet space overhead
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Virtual Circuit
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Virtual Circuit
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Virtual Circuit
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Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
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Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
packet
switching
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Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
packet
switching
time
division
multiplexing
frequency
division
multiplexing
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Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
packet
switching
time
division
multiplexing
frequency
division
multiplexing
datagram
network
virtual
circuit
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Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
packet
switching
time
division
multiplexing
frequency
division
multiplexing
datagram
network
virtual
circuit
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Service Perspective
local-area
network
packet switch
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Service Perspective
local-area
network
packet switch
What kind of service does the Internet offer to end systems?
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Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
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Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, “best effort”◮ the network accepts “datagrams” for delivery—this is
conceptually similar to the postal service◮ “best effort” really means unreliable though not malicious
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Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, “best effort”◮ the network accepts “datagrams” for delivery—this is
conceptually similar to the postal service◮ “best effort” really means unreliable though not malicious
Connection-oriented, reliable◮ virtual duplex communication channel (A↔ B)—conceptually
similar to a telephone service◮ information is transmitted “reliably” and in order
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Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a “reliable” service?
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Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a “reliable” service?
The term “reliable” means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time
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Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a “reliable” service?
The term “reliable” means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time
The network makes absolutely no guarantees on latency (i.e.,
the time it takes to transmit some information from a source
to a destination)
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
okay, bye
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Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., let’s consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
bla, bla. . .
okay, bye
bye
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol
◮ handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context
◮ conversation: free-form exchange
◮ closing: terminates the conversation
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Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol
◮ handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context
◮ conversation: free-form exchange
◮ closing: terminates the conversation
This protocol assumes a connection-oriented medium
The protocol involves two parties (Alice and Bob)
. . .
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
◮ . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
◮ . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
◮ flight level 3-7-0, United 971
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
◮ . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
◮ flight level 3-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Delta 800, go ahead
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
◮ . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
◮ flight level 3-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Delta 800, go ahead
◮ requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
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Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
◮ . . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
◮ left to 2-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ . . .
◮ . . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
◮ 1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
◮ . . . Center, request, Delta 800
◮ . . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
◮ flight level 3-7-0, United 971
◮ . . . Delta 800, go ahead
◮ requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
◮ Delta 800, unable at the moment
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Communication Protocols (2)
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission
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Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission
“Master” role
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Communication Protocols (3)
Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
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Communication Protocols (3)
Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
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Communication Protocols (3)
Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
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Communication Protocols (3)
Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice who?
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Communication Protocols (3)
Let’s revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice who?
sorry, wrong number
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Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
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Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
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Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
hello?
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice Bob
hello
hello?
anybody there?
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Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
◮ in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
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Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
◮ in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
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Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
◮ in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
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Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
◮ in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete
◮ i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
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Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
◮ in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete
◮ i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
A network protocol must also define all the necessary message
formats
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
we did that already
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
how about pizza?
we did that already
okay, you decide
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
let’s just do pizza
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
let’s go out to dinner
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
let’s go out to dinner
“where to go for dinner” protocol. . .
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
let’s go out to dinner
“where to go for dinner” protocol. . .
okay, bye
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice Bob
hello
hello, this is Alice
Alice, what’s up?
let’s go out to dinner
“where to go for dinner” protocol. . .
okay, bye
bye
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
“where to go for dinner” protocol
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
“where to go for dinner” protocol
call setup
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
“where to go for dinner” protocol
call setup
voice over IP
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
![Page 144: Basic Concepts Computer Networking](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052401/563db8b4550346aa9a962754/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
“where to go for dinner” protocol
call setup
voice over IP
. . .
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
physical
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)◮ application functionalities◮ application messages
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)◮ application functionalities◮ application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)◮ application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)◮ datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)◮ application functionalities◮ application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)◮ application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)◮ datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)◮ end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation◮ packets (IP)
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)◮ application functionalities◮ application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)◮ application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)◮ datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)◮ end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation◮ packets (IP)
Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)◮ point-to-point or local broadcast communication◮ frames (or packets)
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga
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Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)◮ application functionalities◮ application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)◮ application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)◮ datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)◮ end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation◮ packets (IP)
Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)◮ point-to-point or local broadcast communication◮ frames (or packets)
Physical
© 2005–2007 Antonio Carzaniga