basic components. at the atomic level nucleus made up of protons (+) and neutrons (no charge)....
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Basic Components
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At the Atomic Level
• Nucleus made up of Protons (+) and Neutrons (no charge).
• Electrons occupy clouds of probability around nucleus.
• Protons are about 1000 times bigger than electrons.
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Conductors, Semiconductors, Insulators
• Properties due to bonding (sharing) of electrons between atoms.– Insulators – strong hold on electrons – not free
to move.– Semiconductors – moderate hold on electrons
but will break loose under right conditions.– Conductors – outer electrons form a sea of
electrons that are free to move within the sea.
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Two Fundamentals of Electronics
1. Moving electrons create magnetic fields.
2. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move.
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Basic Types of Current
• Direct Current (dc)– Electrons move in one direction.
– Can fluctuate (pulse or ripple dc) in magnitude, but still only in one direction.
• Alternating Current (ac)– Electrons reverse direction with some
regularity.
– Constant fluctuation from positive-zero-negative.
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Components of Electricity
• Voltage E (Water Pressure)
• Current I (Water Molecules)
• Resistance R (Friction)
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Ohm’s Law
• Mathematical relationship between components.
• E = I * R
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Alternating Current Defined
• In alternating current (ac), electrons flow back and forth through the conductor with some periodicity.
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AC VocabularyCrest
Trough
Amplitude
WaveLength
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Power
• Power is the ability to do work.• Work is basically making something move.
– Force over a distanceor
– Pressure over a distance
• If something doesn’t move, there is no work produced.
• Heat produced is also a measure of work.
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Power in Electricity
• The force is Voltage.
• The things being moved are electrons.
• Power therefore is Voltage times Current.
• Power is measured in Watts.
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Power in DC
• 12 volts pushing 2 amps = 24 W (watts).• 1.5 volts pushing 300 milli amps = 450 milli W.
• This is great for dc, but what about ac when the voltage and current are constantly changing?
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Power in ACFinding the Effective Voltage
• The voltage used in power calculations in ac is the equivalent dc voltage value that would do the same amount of work (or heat).
• A simple average of ac voltage is not quite good enough.
• A weighted average called Root Mean Square (RMS) is more accurate.
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Important Points about RMS
• RMS is the equivalent value of dc voltage to do the same work.
• RMS is used in Power and Ohm’s Law formulas.
• The RMS voltage is 0.707 times the peak voltage.
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Basic Components (and What they Do)
• Resistors– Impede the flow of electrons.
• Coils (inductors)– Store energy in a magnetic field.
• Capacitors– Store energy in an electrostatic field (electrons on one
side, voids on the other).
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Resistors
• Values measured in Ohms.– From fractions to millions.– (kilo = 1,000; meg = 1,000,000)
• Ability to handle heat (or power or current).– Physical size (1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, … watt)
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Resistors• Material
– Carbon• Most common• High values (Ohms)• High precision• Low power
– Wire• Long, thin wire wound in a coil• Not so common anymore• Low values (Ohms)• Low precision• High power• Lots of inductance (a coil of wire)
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Coils (Inductors)
• Values in Henrys.– Single Henry to very small fractions.
– (thousandths and millionths)
• Values depend on.– Diameter of the coil.
– Diameter of the wire.
– Spacing between windings.
– Number of windings.
– Core material.
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Capacitors
• Values measured in Farads.– From single to very small fractions.– (millionths and billionths)
• Value depends on:– Surface area of parallel conductive plates.– Space between plates.– Dielectric (material between plates).
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Resistance and Reactance
• Resistance is one of the fundamental components of electricity. It inhibits the flow of electrons.
• Inductors and capacitors react differently under dc and ac conditions.– Inductors offer zero resistance in dc environment.– Capacitors offer infinite resistance in dc environment.
• They react quite differently in an ac environment.• The resistance to electron flow in an ac environment
offered by inductors and capacitors is called REACTANCE.
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Vcc1
Gnd8
GP52
GP07
GP43
GP16
GP34
GP25
12
F6
75
Out
Gnd
Vcc
4.7K
SW5N.O.
78L05+9V
Ou
t
Gn
d
In
.1uF
SW6
Note: Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins
GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5 External pull-up resistor required on GP3 Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4 Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4
Project T.V. Remote Decoder Circuit
330
1N4001
+5 Voltsto Relays
330
2N3904
+5V
K1
SW1
LED
4.7K
330
2N3904
+5V
K2
SW2
LED
4.7K
330
2N3904
+5V
K3
SW3
LED
4.7K
330
2N3904
+5V
K4
SW4
LED
4.7K