basic circuit or cad
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Circuit Simulation using OrCAD
Prof. Anish Goel
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Capacitors in Series
Series Capacitors add like Parallel Resistors: 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/Cn
CT = .909uF
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Capacitors in Parallel
Parallel Capacitors add like Series Resistors: CT = C1 + Cn
CT = 11uF
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Inductors in Series
• Series Inductors add like Series Resistors:• LT = L1 + Ln
• LT = 11uH
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Inductors in Parallel
Parallel Inductors add like Parallel Resistors: 1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/Ln
LT = .909uH
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Capacitor Review Starts as short circuit, ends as open circuit iC = C*dVC/dt Open circuit at low frequencies Short circuit at high frequencies
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Inductor Review Starts as open circuit, ends as short circuit VL = L*dI/dt Short circuit at low frequencies Open circuit at high frequencies
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Filters Use frequency response characteristics of C and L to
filter frequency components out of a time domain signal. Low Pass High Pass Band Pass Band Stop
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Low Pass Filters RC Low Pass: fcut off frequency = 1/(2πRC)
RL Low Pass: fc = R/(2πL)
• Component selection• RC vs. RL filters
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AC Analysis (freq) Logarithmic plot (count by decades) fc defined as –3dB of input, “Half power point” Copy paste data points to excel!
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Decibels Measure of gain. Instead of saying gain is 100,000x, some
engineers prefer to say it as 100dB. Power gain: dB = 10 log(Po/Pi) Voltage gain: dB = 20 log(Vo/Vi) Always a relationship
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Decibels (cont’d) Useful values: 0dB = 1x 3dB = 2x 6dB = 4x 10dB = 10x 20dB = 100x 30dB = 1000x 3dBm is 3dB above 1mW
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Cursor Control Cursor 1: left click left/right arrows
Cursor 2: right click Shift left/right arrows
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Cursor, Mark Label
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.707? Because we are comparing gains in voltage, not power, we
must use 20log(Vo/Vi). 10^(-3dB/20) = .707V So, Vo = .707Vi at the cut off frequency
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Bode Plot (dB, logarithmic)
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Common Problems Q: Simulation not making sense A: Make sure you how things are connected.
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• RC High Pass: • fc = 1/(2πRC)
• RL High Pass: • fL = R/(2πL)
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Band Pass
HP LP
BW = (fc + 3dB) – (fc – 3dB)BW = 200.171kHz – 494.694Hz = 199.676kHz
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Response
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Band Stop
HP LP
BW = 16.216kHz –6.0833kHz = 10.133kHz
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Response
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Transformer
Easy to “Step down” or “Step up” an AC voltage (This is why AC is used for home power delivery instead of
DC.) VP/VS = NP/NS => VS = VPNS/NP
Excellent DC filter because VS = NS*dΦ/dt
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In PSPICE… Coupling = 1 Lx_Value = Nx
2
should be between 1mH and 1H
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Diode
Allow current to flow only in 1 direction Flow from left (annode+) to right (cathode-) is forward
biased. Diode causes a voltage drop due to its activation voltage. Silicon - .7V Germanium - .3V
Cathode connected to a battery is reversed biased. (blocked) Perform DC Sweep and Transient Response (use D1N4002)
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Activation Voltage
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Transient ResponseHalf Wave Rectifier
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Half Wave Rectifier
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Full Wave Rectification
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Bridge Rectifier
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In PSPICE…
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Full Wave Rectifier
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Smoothing Use capacitor to smooth the ripples of the rectified
wave form.
(Negative voltage)
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Regulators
Not in student addition Outputs a clean regulated voltage LM317 and 337 are +/- 2-18V variable regulators LM7805 is 5V regulator Input must be relatively steady or else regulator will fail.
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