basic chemistry chapter 2-2. radioisotopes heavier isotopes that are unstable and tend to decompose...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic ChemistryCHAPTER 2-2
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Radioisotopes
Heavier isotopes that are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable
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Radioactivity
Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay
What can we use this for?
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Radioactivity
But how does this happen?
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Radioactivity
But how does this happen?
nuclei are unstable so dissipate excess energy by emitting radiation in alpha, beta, or gamma rays
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Radioactivity
Radiometric Dating:
Uranium 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of
4.47 billion years 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of
704 million years.
Carbon Carbon-14 is a radioactive
isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years
Very short compared to other isotopes
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Radioactivity
PhET Simulation
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/beta-decay
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Inert Elements
Atoms are stable (inert) when the outermost shell is complete
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Inert Elements
Atoms are stable (inert) when the outermost shell is complete
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their outermost orbitals and reach a stable state
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Inert Elements
Atoms are stable (inert) when the outermost shell is complete
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their outermost orbitals and reach a stable state
Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons (With exception to the first shell
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Inert Elements
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Reactive ElementsValence shells are not full and are unstable
Tend to gain, lose, or share electronsAllow for bond formation, which produces stable
valence
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Molecules and Compounds
Molecule: Two or more like atoms combined chemically
Compound: Two or more different atoms combined chemically
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Molecules and Compounds
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-a-molecule
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What are chemical reactions?What do you remember?
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What are chemical reactions?
Atoms are united by chemical bonds
OR
Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
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Chemical Bonds
Ionic vs. Covalent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHGSSV466Gk
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Ionic Bonds
Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
IonsCharged particles
Anions - negativeCations - positiveEither donate or accept electrons
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Ionic Bonds
+ –
Sodium atom (Na)(11p+; 12n0; 11e–)
Chlorine atom (Cl)(17p+; 18n0; 17e–)
Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
ClNaClNa
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Covalent Bonds
Atoms become stable through shared electrons
Single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons
Double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons
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Covalent Bonds - Example
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Covalent Bonds - Example
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Covalent Bonds - Example
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Covalent vs. Ionic bonds
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugar-and-salt-solutions
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Covalent vs. Ionic bonds
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHKGLawOTww
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WXTbkBGPrE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD0Xl4acUFg
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Polarity
Covalently bonded molecules
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Polarity
Some are non-polarElectrically neutral
as a molecule
Some are polarHave a positive and
negative side
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Polarity
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/molecule-polarity
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Hydrogen bonds
Weak chemical bonds
Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule
Provides attraction between molecules
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Hydrogen bonds
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Hydrogen bonds
How many drops of water can you fit on a penny?
Who can guess correctly??