basic automobile.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-Chapter 4
Prepared by
Martin RestouleAlgonquin College
AutomotiveAutomotiveSystems andSystems and
PreventativePreventative
MaintenanceMaintenance
44
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2Chapter 4
ObjectivesObjectives
! "#plain the ma$or events that haveinfl%en&ed the development of the
a%tomobile d%ring the past '( years.! "#plain the differen&e bet)een %niti*ed
and body-over-frame vehi&les.
! +es&ribe the man%fa&t%ring pro&ess%sed in a modern a%tomobile assemblyplant.
continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'Chapter 4
ObjectivesObjectives
! List the basi& systems that mae %p an
a%tomobile and name their ma$or
&omponents and f%n&tions.! "#plain the importan&e of preventative
maintenan&e.
! List at least si# e#amples of servi&esin&l%ded in a preventative maintenan&e
program.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4Chapter 4
Types of Vehicle ConstructionTypes of Vehicle Construction
ody-ver-/rame
! The body and all ma$or parts are bolted to the
frame.! The frame m%st be strong eno%gh to maintain
&orre&t body and driveline alignment.
! +esign is %sed on many pi&%ps and 1s.
! +%e to )eight &on&erns 3average vehi&le)eight 2040 g, most modern &ars %se%nibody &onstr%&tion.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-(Chapter 4
Types of Vehicle ConstructionTypes of Vehicle Construction
continued…
! ody-ver-/rameConstr%&tion
5 6 typi&al tr%&frame )ith s%b-frame &omponents.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-Chapter 4
Types of Vehicle ConstructionTypes of Vehicle Construction
1niti*ed body 31nibody
! 6 %nibody has no separate frame.
! 8t is a stressed h%ll str%&t%re )here ea&h bodypart provides str%&t%ral s%pport and strength
to the entire vehi&le.
! Tends to be more tightly str%&t%red be&a%se
the ma$or parts are all )elded together.
! 8s designed to transmit impa&t energy
thro%gho%t the vehi&le.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-7Chapter 4
Types of Vehicle ConstructionTypes of Vehicle Construction
! 6 Typi&al1nibody
+esign. 5 Typi&al onepie&e bodyand frame
assembly)ith bolt-on&omponents.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-9Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! edan 5 6 vehi&le
)ith frontand ba&seats forfo%r to si#persons
5 Can beeither t)o orfo%r door
continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-:Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! Convertible
5 ffers the same seating as a sedan )ith
the ability to remove or retra&t the roof.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-0Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! ports Car
5 T)o passenger &onvertibles are typi&ally
&alled sports &ars.
5 These vehi&les
%s%ally offer
improved
horsepo)erand handling.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! Liftba& or hat&hba& 5 /eat%res a rear l%ggage &ompartment that
is an e#tension of the passenger area.
5 6n %p)ards
opening hat&h-
type door allo)s
a&&ess to thel%ggage
&ompartment.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! tation )agon 5 6 station )agon has a roof that e#tends
straight ba& allo)ing for a spa&io%s interiorl%ggage&ompartment.
5 Can be a t)o or
fo%r door model)ith seating for%p to ninepassengers.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! ;i&%p
5 ffers a separate passenger &ab for %p to five
passengers 32 or 4 door and e#tended &ab. 5
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! an
5 The van body design has a tall roof and an
en&losed large &argo or passenger area. 5 Can seat
from 2 to 2
passengers.
5 6vailable inmini and f%ll-
si*e models.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-(Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! port %tility vehi&le 5 6n 1 &an have a range of body styles.
5These are m%ltip%rpose on and off roadvehi&les.
5 1s%ally fo%r-)heel-drive.
5 The n%mber ofpassengers )illdepend on si*eand model.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-Chapter 4
Body ShapesBody Shapes
! Crossover ehi&les
5 6 ne) trend in vehi&les that are a &ross
bet)een a station )agon and an 1.
5 These are %s%ally smaller and more f%el
effi&ient than
a reg%lar 1.
5 These may bet)o, fo%r or all-
)heel- drive
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-7Chapter 4
Basic n!ine ComponentsBasic n!ine Components
! Cylinder blo&
5 The &ylinder blo& is a large iron or
al%min%m &asting the ho%ses or holds the
&ylinders and most of the ma$or me&hani&al
engine parts.
5 The blo& also &ontains
passage)ays for&oolant and l%bri&ant.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-9Chapter 4
Basic n!ine ComponentsBasic n!ine Components
! Cylinder head
5 The &ylinder head mo%nts on the top of the
&ylinder blo& and forms the top to the
&ylinders.
5 The head &ontains
the &omb%stion
&hamber, valvesand ports to allo)
the entry and e#it
of the air=f%el mi#t%re.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-:Chapter 4
Basic n!ine ComponentsBasic n!ine Components
! ;istons, rods, and&ranshaft 5 The piston re&eives
for&e from the b%rningof the air=f%el mi#t%rein the &ylinder.
5 This for&e p%shes thepiston and &onne&tingrod do)n)ard )hi&hrotates the &ranshaftgenerating enginepo)er.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-20Chapter 4
Basic n!ine ComponentsBasic n!ine Components
! alve train 5 6 series of
&omponents %sed toopen and &lose theintae and e#ha%stvalves in&l%ding> the&amshaft, valves,
follo)ers=lifters,ro&er arms and p%shrods.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2Chapter 4
Basic n!ine ComponentsBasic n!ine Components
! 8ntae and e#ha%st manifolds 5 ?anifolds are d%&t)or assemblies.
5 The intae manifolddelivers the air=f%elmi#t%re to the&ylinders )hile the
e#ha%st manifold&arries e#ha%stgases from the&ylinders.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-22Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! L%bri&ation system 5 The l%bri&ation
system provides
&onstant l%bri&ationto the moving partsof the engine.
5 "ngine oil is sent
by the oil p%mpthro%gh an oil filterto the many engine&omponents.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2'Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! Cooling system 5 6 )ater p%mp is %sed to &ir&%late &oolant
thro%gh the system.
5 The &oolant isp%shed thro%gh)ater $a&ets in theblo& and head.
5
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-24Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! /%el and air system
5 The f%el and air system s%pplies the &orre&t
amo%nt of f%el mi#ed )ith the &orre&t amo%nt
of air to the &ylinders.
5 The system also@ stores
f%el, &leans o%tside air,
delivers f%el to theengine, atomi*es f%el
and ad$%sts the f%el=air
ratios d%ring operation.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2(Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! "mission &ontrol system 5 ystems have been developed and added to
engines to red%&e the poll%tants they emit.
5 ome of these systems are@positive &ran&ase ventilation,evaporative emission &ontrolsystem, e#ha%st gas
re&ir&%lation system 3"AB,&atalyti& &onverter and air
in$e&tion system.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! "#ha%st system
5 The e#ha%st system
is designed to &arry
to#i& e#ha%st f%mes
a)ay from the
passenger
&ompartment, to%iet the e#ha%st
p%lses and b%rn or
&ataly*e poll%tants.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-27Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! 8gnition system 5 The ignition system m%st generate a spar to
ignite the air=f%el mi#t%re at the &orre&t time.
5 The &oil transforms battery voltage into aspie of '0 000 to 00 000 volts to ignite themi#t%re.
5 8gnition m%st o&&%rbefore the piston&ompletes its&ompression stroe.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-29Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! tarting and &hargingsystem 5 The p%rpose of the
starting system is to rotateor &ran the engine toallo) the ignition systemto fire and start the engine.
5 The &harging system isdesigned to re&harge andmaintain the batteryDs stateof &harge.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-2:Chapter 4
n!ine Systemsn!ine Systems
! "le&troni& &ontrol system
5 This system is
&omprised of many
ele&troni& andele&trome&hani&al
parts.
5 The system monitorsengine operation and
maes ad$%stments to
mae it r%n effi&iently.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'0Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! Cl%t&h
5 1sed )ith man%al
transmissions
andtransa#les.
5 ?e&hani&ally &onne&ts
the engine fly)heel to
the transmissions inp%tshaft.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! Transmission 5 The driver man%ally sele&ts the gear in a
man%al or standard transmission.
5 6n a%tomati& transmission does not re%irea &l%t&h anda%tomati&ally shiftsfor)ard gears.
5 Transmissions allo)for several gear ratios forma#im%m engine performan&e.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'2Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! +riveline 5 Conne&ts the o%tp%t shaft of the transmission
to the rear a#le of a rear )heel drive vehi&le
and both front and rear a#les of a fo%r-)heel-drive vehi&le.
5 6 hollo) drive shaft)ith %niversal $oints
is &ommonly %sedto &onne&t thetransmission to thedrive a#le.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-''Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! /inal +rive 6ssembly
5 Changes the dire&tion
of driveline rotation and
provides the final gearratio.
5 Contains a differential
assembly to allo) ea&hdrive )heel to rotate at
different speeds d%ring
&ornering.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'4Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! +rive a#les
5 Transmit po)er to the )heels.
5 8n rear )heel drive a#les, solid a#le shafts
are %sed.
5 /ront )heel drive vehi&les %se a#les )ith
&onstant velo&ity $oints at ea&h end to allo)
the a#le todrive thro%gh
angles.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'(Chapter 4
"rivetrain Components"rivetrain Components
! Transa#le 5 Combines the
transmission and final
drive assembly in one%nit.
5 Transa#les are %sed infront )heel vehi&les and
are available in bothstandard and a%tomati&models.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'Chapter 4
#unnin! $ear Components#unnin! $ear Components
! %spension system
5 %pports the body, frame,
engine, and drivetrain.
5 The s%spension system
in&l%des springs, sho&
absorbers, ?a&;herson
str%ts, torsion bars, anti-s)ay bars and lins, radi%s
and str%t rods and lins.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'7Chapter 4
#unnin! $ear Components#unnin! $ear Components
! teering system 5 6llo)s the driver to &ontrol the dire&tion of
the vehi&le.
5 The steering system in&l%des the steering)heel, steering gear, steering shaft, and
linage.
5 Ba& and pinion
steering gears are&ommonly %sed inpassenger &ars.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-'9Chapter 4
#unnin! $ear Components#unnin! $ear Components
! raes 5 6llo) the vehi&le to slo) do)n and stop.
5 rae assemblies lo&ated at ea&h )heel
%se fri&tion to slo) and stop the vehi&le. 5 T)o types of braes
are %sed dis& braesand dr%m braes.
5 ?any vehi&les %se a&ombination of bothtypes.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-':Chapter 4
#unnin! $ear Components#unnin! $ear Components
! Eheels and tires 5 ;rovide vehi&le &onta&t to the road.
5 Tires are made of different types of r%bber
along )ith other materialsfor strength.
5 Tire tread designs varydepending on their
appli&ation. 5 Eheels are made of metal
and vary in si*e and design.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-40Chapter 4
V%& CharactersV%& Characters
! 'irst 5 Co%ntry of origin! Second 5 ?an%fa&t%rer ! Third 5 ehi&le type or man%fa&t%ring division
! 'ourth throu!h ei!hth 5 ehi&le feat%res! &inth 5 Che& digit! Tenth 5 ?odel year ! leventh 5 ?an%fa&t%ring plant
! T(elfth throu!h seventeenth 5 ;rod%&tionse%en&e
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! "ngine oil 5 Changing the engine oil and filter is the
most re&ogni*ed
preventativemaintenan&e item.
5 8t is &riti&al that theengine oil be &hanged
on a reg%lar basis. 5 6l)ays %se the &orre&t
oil rating and vis&osity.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-42Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! Cooling system
5 Che& the &oolant level in the re&overy
tan and add &oolant if the
level is lo). 5 6 mi#t%re of antifree*e
and )ater sho%ld be added.
5 8nspe&t all &omponents forsigns of leaage and=or
damage and repla&e any
&ra&ed or s)ollen hoses.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4'Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! +rive belts
5 Che& the &ondition and tension of all drive
belts on the engine.
5 Caref%lly inspe&t them for
&ra&s, oil &ontamination,
gla*ing, and tears and
splits. 5 Bepla&e all belts that are
damaged in any )ay.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-44Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! attery 5 is%ally inspe&t the
battery for damage
and &orrosion. 5 Corrosion &an be
&leaned off )ith ami#t%re of baingsoda and )ater.
5 The battery sho%ld beremoved and &leaned)hen heavily&orroded.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4(Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! Transmission fl%id
5 6%tomati& transmission fl%id is a spe&ial
fl%id that is dyed red to prevent &onf%sion.
5 The fl%id level is generally &he&ed )ith
the vehi&le r%nning and in par or ne%tral.
5 ?an%al transa#les,
transmissions anddrive a#les %se
spe&ifi& l%bri&ants.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! ;o)er steering fl%id
5 The po)er steering fl%id level is &he&ed
)ith the engine off.
5 6 dipsti& is normally
part of the filler &ap.
5 The fl%id level sho%ld be
&he&ed )hen )arm. 5 1se only the
re&ommended fl%id.continued…
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-47Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! rae fl%id 5 The brae fl%id level and &ondition sho%ld
be &he&ed at every oil &hange interval.
5 rae fl%id sho%ld befl%shed every t)oyears be&a%se it tendsto absorb moist%re
5 "ns%re the diaphragm%nder the &ap is notdamaged.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-49Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! Eindshield )asher fl%id 5 is%ally &he& the )indshield )asher fl%id
level and add fl%id as ne&essary.
5 +o not add straight )ateror s%mmer grade fl%id inspring or fall as these&an free*e damaging the
tan and p%mp and &logthe )asher hoses andno**les.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-4:Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! Eiper blades 5 Eiper blades sho%ld be repla&ed )hen
they be&ome d%ll, torn or brittle.
5 /ail%re to repla&e )iper blades beforethey fail &an res%lt in
)indshield damage.
5 Ehen &hanging theblades also inspe&tthe )iper arms andsprings.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-(0Chapter 4
Typical PreventativeTypical Preventative
Maintenance Chec)sMaintenance Chec)s
! Tires 5 Tires sho%ld be &he&ed for damage 3nails,
&%ts, b%lges and )eather &he&s and
)ear 36t least . mm of tread depth. 5 Tire inflation press%re
sho%ld be &he&ed)hen ref%eling.
5 /ollo) the inflationspe&ifi&ations on thedriverDs door$amb de&al.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-(Chapter 4
SummarySummary
! +ramati& &hanges to the a%tomobile
have o&&%rred over the last 40 years.
! 1nibodies offer better o&&%pantprote&tion than body-on-frame designs.
! ?any systems on todayDs vehi&les are
&ontrolled by &omp%ters.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 4-(2Chapter 4
SummarySummary
! 6ll a%tomobile engines %sed today are
&lassified as internal &omb%stion.
! The &ooling system maintains properengine temperat%res.
! The l%bri&ations system distrib%tes
motor oil thro%gho%t the engine.
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SummarySummary
! The f%el system is responsible for f%el
storage and delivery.
! The ele&tri&al system of ana%tomobile in&l%des the ignition,
starting, &harging, and lighting
systems.