base sas training

7/27/2019 Base SAS Training

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Introduction toProgramming Concepts

Using SAS

Software

Course Notes


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Chapter 1 Learning the Concepts of SASProgramming

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Explaining the Basic Functionality of SAS Software1.3 Identifying the File Types Used in SAS

1.4 Identifying the Components of a SAS Program

1.5 Chapter Summary

1.6 Solutions to Exercises

Chapter 2 Introducing the Course Scenarios

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Defining the Lecture Scenario2.3 Defining the Exercise Scenario
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Chapter 3 Reading a Raw Data File with the DATA Step

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Planning to Read a Raw Data File3.3 Coding to Read a Raw Data File

3.4 Chapter Summary


Chapter 4 Navigating the SASWindowing Environment

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Entering and Executing SAS Code

4.3 Editing SAS Code

4.4 Saving and Retrieving SAS Code

4.5 Additional Topics (Optional)

4.6 Chapter Summary

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Chapter 5 Creating a List Report with a PROC Step

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Planning to Create a List Report5.3 Coding to Create a List Report

5.4 Chapter Summary


Chapter 6 Creating a Variable with the DATA Step

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Planning to Create a Variable

6.3 Coding to Create a Variable

6.4 Chapter Summary

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Chapter 7 Performing Conditional Logic with the DATA Step

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Planning to Perform Conditional Logic to Create a Variable7.3 Coding to Perform Conditional Logic to Create a Variable

7.4 Chapter Summary


Chapter 8 Creating Statistical Reports with PROC Steps

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Planning to Create a Summary Report

8.3 Coding to Create a Summary Report

8.4 Planning to Create a Frequency Report

8.5 Coding to Create a Frequency Report

8.6 Chapter Summary

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Chapter 9 Additional Topics

9.1 Creating a Permanent SAS Data Set

9.2 Sorting the Observations in a SAS Data Set9.3 Enhancing a Report

9.4 Displaying Selected Observations in a Report

9.5 Reading Excel Spreadsheets

9.6 Chapter Summary

Chapter 10 Learning More

10.1 Where Do I Go From Here?

10.2 SAS Institute Resources
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Chapter 1

Learning the Concepts ofSASProgramming


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Section 1.1

Introduction


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Objectives Explain the basic functionality of SAS software.

Identify the file types used in SAS.

Identify the components of a SAS program.


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What Is SAS?SAS is a collection of components that enable you to

manage, manipulate, and examine your data.

Base SAS

Reportingand

Graphics

Analytical

Visualizationand Discovery

Data Accessand

Management

BusinessSolutions

UserInterfaces

ApplicationDevelopment

WebEnablement


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Section 1.2

Explaining the Basic

Functionality of SAS Software


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Objectives Explain the basic functionality of SAS software.


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Basic Functionality

Access

Data

Manage

Present Analyze


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Section 1.3

Identifying the File Types

Used in SAS


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Objectives Identify the file types used in SAS.


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Types of Files Used with SAS

SAS

Program

FilesSAS

DATASets

Raw

Data

Files


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Raw Data Files

are nonsoftware-specific files thatcontain records and fields

can be created by a variety ofsoftware products

can be read by a variety ofsoftware products

consist of no special attributes,such as field headings, pagebreaks, or titles

are not reports.

Raw

Data

Files


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Raw Data Files

OperatingEnvironment

File Location and Name

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\survey.dat

UNIX /users/edu##/survey.dat

OS/390edu###.basic.sascode(survey)

oredu###.basic.survey


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SAS Data Sets

are files specific to SAS thatcontain variables andobservations

can be created only by SAS

can be read only by SAS consist of a descriptor portion

and a data portion

are temporary files as used

throughout this course.

SAS

Data

Sets


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SAS Data Sets

Data ProcessingTerminology

SASTerminology

File SAS Data Set

Record Observation

Field Variable


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SAS Data Sets The descriptor portion

contains attributeinformation about thedata in a SAS data set.

The data portion contains

the data values in theform of a rectangulartable made up ofobservations andvariables.

Descriptor

Portion

Data

Portion


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SAS Data SetsSAS data sets names:

are 1 to 32 characters in length start with a letter (A through Z) or an underscore (_)

continue with any combination of numbers, letters, orunderscores

are not case sensitive.


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SAS Data Sets

Operating Environment SAS Data Set Name

Windows survey

UNIX survey

OS/390 survey

The naming convention is the sameregardless of the operating environment.


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SAS Data Sets


Windows survey

UNIX survey

OS/390 survey

The naming convention is the sameregardless of the operating environment.

Temporary

SAS Data Sets


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SAS Data Sets


Windows work.survey

UNIX work.survey

OS/390 work.survey

Another convention for naming a temporary SAS data setis to precede the SAS data set name with the prefix WORK.


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SAS Program Files

contain SAS program code

can be saved and re-used.SAS

Program

Files


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SAS Program Files

OperatingEnvironment File Location and Name

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\survey.sas

UNIX /users/edu##/survey.sas

OS/390edu###.basic.sascode(survey)

or

edu###.basic.survey


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This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

Exercises


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Identifying File Types Used in SAS Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes for 1a.

Mark each statement True or False for 1b. Name the two portions of a SAS data set for 1c.


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Raw Data File

SAS Data Set

SAS ProgramFile

File that containsSAS program code

File that containsSAS-specific data

File that containsnon-software-specific data

Identifying File Types Used in SAS

SAS ProgramFile

File that containsSAS program code

File that contains data specificto SAS

File that containsnonsoftware-specific data

Raw Data File

SAS Data Set


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_______ Raw data files are only created by SAS.

_______ SAS data sets are only created by SAS.

_______ A SAS program file can be saved and reused.

_______ A raw data file contains variables

and observations.

False

True

True

False


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_______ A SAS data set contains variablesand observations.

_______ A SAS data set name can be up to

64 characters in length.

_______ A SAS data set name can contain a

dollar sign ($).

_______ Raw data files are reports.

True

False

False

False


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_______ The prefix TEMP. can be added tothe beginning of a temporary SASdata set name.

_______ The naming convention for a SASprogram file is the same regardlessof the operating environment.

False

False


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Name the two portions of a SAS data set.

Descriptor Portion

Data Portion


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Section 1.4

Identifying the Components of

a SAS Program


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Objectives Identify the components of a SAS program.


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Components of a SAS ProgramA SAS program is a sequence of steps.

There are only two kinds of steps: DATA steps

PROC steps. A SAS Program

PROC

step(s)

DATA

step(s)


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DATA Step(s)Typically, DATA steps read data, such as raw data files,

to create SAS data sets.

Raw Data FileSAS Data Set

Descriptor

DATA

Step


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DATA Step(s)In addition, DATA steps can modify existing variables or

create new variables as necessary.

Raw Data File SAS Data SetDescriptor

DATA

Step


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PROC Step(s)PROC steps typically read SAS data sets to create

reports.

SAS Data SetDescriptor

Report

PROC

Step


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PROC Step(s)There are many different types of PROC steps.

MEANS

PRINT

FREQ

. . .

PROC

Step(s)


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Components of a StepA SAS program is a sequence of steps:

DATA steps PROC steps.

A step is a sequence of one or more statements.


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Components of a StepA statement usually starts with a keyword and always

ends in a semicolon (;).

KEYWORD. . . ;


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Components of a DATA StepA DATA step starts with a DATA statement and ends with

a RUN statement.

data _______________ ;

_______________ ;

. . .

_______________ ;run;

Start

End


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Components of a PROC StepA PROC step starts with a PROC statement and ends

with a RUN statement.

Start

End

proc _______________ ;

_______________ ;

. . .

_______________ ;run;


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previously.

Exercises


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Identifying the Components of aSAS Program Circle the appropriate answer(s) for 2.a through 2.i. Fill in the blanks for 2.j.


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Identifying the Components of aSAS Program

a. What are the two kinds of steps in a SAS program?

1) DATA

2) RUN

3) Statement

4) PROC

5) Data Set


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b. Will all SAS programs contain both a DATA step anda PROC step ?

1) Yes

2) No

c. A DATA step typically reads what type of file?

1) Raw Data File

2) Program File3) Report


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d. What does a DATA step typically create?1) Raw Data File

2) Program File

3) SAS Data Set

4) Report


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e. A PROC step typically reads what type of file?

1) Raw Data File

2) Program File

3) SAS Data Set

4) Report


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f. What does a PROC step typically create?

1) Raw Data File

2) Program File

3) SAS Data Set

4) Report


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g. A step is a sequence of what?1) Files

2) Statements

3) RUNs

4) Data Sets


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h. What does a statement usually start with?1) A Colon

2) A Keyword

3) RUN

4) PROC


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i. What does a statement end with?1) A Colon

2) A Period

3) A Comma

4) A Semicolon


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j. A DATA step starts with a ______ statement andends with a _____ statement.

A PROC step starts with a ______ statement andends with a _____ statement.

DATARUN

PROC

RUN

...


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Chapter 2

Introducing the

Course Scenarios


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Section 2.1

Introduction


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Objectives Define the business need for the lecture scenario.

Outline the programming requirements for the lecturescenario.

Define the business need for the exercise scenario.

Outline the programming requirements for the exercise

scenario.


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Course Scenarios

International Airlines is afictitious airline that transportspeople and cargo from city tocity around the world.


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Course ScenariosThe management of International Airlines has decided to

give the pilots a bonus and a salary increase.Also, the management has decided to increase the cargorates and the passenger fares for all flights.


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Course Scenarios

The lecture portion of thiscourse will address the scenario

of the pilots receiving a bonusand a salary increase.

C S


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Course Scenarios

The exercise portion of

this course will addressthe scenario of theincrease in cargo ratesand passenger fares for

all flights.

O tli th P i R i t


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Outline the Programming Requirements

Input

Report/File

Output

Processing


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Section 2.2

Defining the

Lecture Scenario

Obj ti


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Objectives Define the business need for the lecture scenario.

Outline the programming requirements for the lecturescenario.

D fi th B i N d


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Define the Business NeedAll the pilots of International Airlines will receive a bonus

and a salary increase.

Each pilots bonus will be equal to

10% of the pilots current salary.

Each pilots salary will increase as

follows: 5% if a level-one pilot

7% if a level-two pilot 9% if a level-three pilot.

D fi th B i N d


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Define the Business NeedThe management of International Airlines needs three

reports.

Report #1 Report #2 Report #3


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Report #1

A listing of all the pilotswith their expectedbonuses.


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EmployeeObs ID FirstName LastName JobCode Bonus1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72662 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44983 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53634 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52875 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76126 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1 62287 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1 74398 E04688 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1 67689 E01702 ROBERTA J. CHADWICK PILOT1 622810 E02391 DONALD E TAYLOR PILOT1 449811 E01642 NANCY A. MCELOY PILOT2 782612 E04348 CAROLYN P. CARTER PILOT2 746213 E03875 PAUL J. GLENNON PILOT2 746214 E03587 YIQUN SANTIAGO PILOT2 782615 E03739 WILLIAM J. MCKENZIE PILOT2 746216 E03768 JAN STANDER PILOT2 8190

Partial example of the desired report:


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Report #2

A comparison between

the average current salaryand the average newsalary for the domesticand international pilots.


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The MEANS ProcedureNCategory Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum----------------------------------------------------------------------------DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20

INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50----------------------------------------------------------------------------

An example of the desired report:


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Report #3

A breakdown ofthe percentage ofdomestic pilotsversus internationalpilots.


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The FREQ ProcedureCumulative CumulativeCategory Frequency Percent Frequency Percent-------------------------------------------------------------DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00

INT 31 62.00 50 100.00




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Input

Report/File

Output

Processing

Output


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OutputThe management of International Airlines needs three

reports.


Input


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InputPartial listing of PILOT raw data file:

E01046DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660DOM

E01682VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980DOM

E02659CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53630DOM

E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOME04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

Input


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InputThe raw data file PILOT is available and contains the

following information: Employee ID (starts with the letter E and contains five

numbers)

First Name

Last Name Job Code (PILOT1, PILOT2, or PILOT3)

Salary

Category of Pilot (DOM for Domestic or INT for

International).

Processing


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ProcessingTwo new variables need to be created.

EmployeeID

FirstName

LastName

JobCode Bonus

NewSalarySalary

PILOT raw data file Create

Category



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Outline the Programming RequirementsChapter 4: Read PILOT Raw Data File to Create

SAS Data Set (DATA Step)

Chapter 5: Navigate the SAS Windowing Environment

Chapter 6: Create a List Report of SAS Data Set(PROC Step)

Chapter 7: Modify SAS Data Set to Include

Bonus Variable (DATA Step)Chapter 8: Modify SAS Data Set to Include New

Salary Variable (DATA Step)

Chapter 9: Create Statistical Reports of SAS

Data Set (PROC Step)


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Section 2.3

Defining the

Exercise Scenario

Objectives


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Objectives Define the business need for the exercise scenario.

Outline the programming requirements for the exercisescenario.

Define the Business Need


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Define the Business NeedCargo rates and passenger fares at International Airlines

will increase on all flights.

The cargo rates will increase 50cents per pound on all flights.

The passenger fares will increaseas follows: 8% if a short-range flight

10% if a medium-range flight 12% if a long-range flight.

Define the Business Need


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Define the Business NeedThe management of International Airlines needs three

reports.



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Report #1

A listing of all theflights with the newcargo rate.


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NewCargoObs Origination Destination Range Category Rate1 FRA CPT LONG INT 5.772 CPT FRA LONG INT 5.773 RDU FRA LONG INT 4.364 SYD HKG LONG INT 4.655 SFO HND LONG INT 5.15

6 LHR JNB LONG INT 5.607 JNB LHR LONG INT 5.608 FRA RDU LONG INT 4.369 HND SFO LONG INT 5.1510 HKG SYD LONG INT 4.6511 RDU ANC MEDIUM DOM 2.6512 SFO ANC MEDIUM DOM 2.3213 PEK CCU MEDIUM INT 2.3314 JRS DEL MEDIUM INT 2.7615 FRA DXB MEDIUM INT 2.22

Partial example of the desired report:


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Report #2

A comparison betweenthe average current

passenger fare and theaverage new passengerfare for the domestic andinternational flights.


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The MEANS ProcedureNCategory Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DOM 48 PassengerFare 48 219.3333 179.4964 30.0000 682.0000NewPassengerFare 48 239.6767 198.2444 32.4000 750.2000

INT 64 PassengerFare 64 375.5000 336.1152 40.0000 1142.0000NewPassengerFare 64 414.0119 376.7187 42.2000 1279.0400-----------------------------------------------------------------------------



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Report #3

A breakdown of the

percentage of domesticflights versusinternational flights.


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The FREQ ProcedureCumulative CumulativeCategory Frequency Percent Frequency Percent-------------------------------------------------------------DOM 48 42.86 48 42.86

INT 64 57.14 112 100.00




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Input

Report/File

Output

Processing

Output


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OutputThe management of International Airlines needs three

reports.


Input


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InputPartial listing of RATES raw data file:

FRA CPT LONG 5.27 1142.00 INT

CPT FRA LONG 5.27 1142.00 INT

RDU FRA LONG 2.86 836.00 INT

SYD HKG LONG 4.15 898.00 INTSFO HND LONG 4.65 1007.00 INT

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

Input


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InputThe raw data file RATES is available and contains the

following information: Origination (three-letter code)

Destination (three-letter code)

Range of Flight (SHORT, MEDIUM, or LONG)

Cargo Rate (price per pound) Passenger Fare (price per passenger)

Category of Flight (DOM for Domestic or INT forInternational).

Processing


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ProcessingTwo new variables need to be created.

Origi-nation

Desti-nation

RangeCargoRate

RATES raw data file Create

PassengerFare

Category

NewCargoRate

NewPassenger

Fare



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Outline the Programming RequirementsChapter 4: Read RATES Raw Data File to Create

SAS Data Set (DATA Step)

Chapter 5: Navigate the SAS Windowing Environment

Chapter 6: Create a List Report of SAS Data Set(PROC Step)

Chapter 7: Modify SAS Data Set to Include

New Cargo Rate Variable (DATA Step)Chapter 8: Modify SAS Data Set to Include New

Passenger Fare Variable (DATA Step)

Chapter 9: Create Statistical Reports of SAS

Data Set (PROC Step)


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Chapter 3

Reading a Raw Data File with

the DATA Step


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Section 3.1

Introduction

Objectives


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Objectives Plan to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.

Code to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.

Why Create a SAS Data Set?


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Why Create a SAS Data Set?To create a report, the data must be in the form of aSAS data set.

Why Use a DATA Step?


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Raw Data FileSAS Data Set

Descriptor

DATA

Step


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Section 3.2

Planning to Read a

Raw Data File

Objectives


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j Plan to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.

Requirements to Read a Raw Data File


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q Name the output SAS data set.

Locate and name the input raw data file. Examine the raw data file and file layout.

Describe the fields in the raw data file.

Determine the location of fields.

Give SAS variable names to fields. Determine the variable type (character or numeric).

Name the Output SAS Data Set


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pSAS data sets names:



are not case sensitive.



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p

Valid Data Set

NamesInvalid Data Set Names

monthly_totals monthly totals

_1980_Sales_Data 1980_Sales_Data

R_and_D R&D

DollarAmount $Amount



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p

OperatingEnvironment Data SetName

Windows

UNIX

OS/390

pilotdata

pilotdata

pilotdata

Locate and Name the Input Raw Data File


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p

Operating

Environment File Location and Name

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat

UNIX /users/edu##/pilot.dat

OS/390 edu###.basic.sascode(pilot)

Examine the Raw Data File and File Layout


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yPartial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50




E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOM

E04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM

. . . . ..

. . . . ..

. . . . ..

Examine Raw Data File and File Layout


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yFile Layout of PILOT raw data file:

Field Name Field Location

Employee ID 1 - 6

First Name 7 - 19

Last Name 20 - 34

Job Code 35 - 41

Salary 42 - 47

Category 48 - 50

Determine Location of Fields


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Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50






Employee ID

First Name

Last Name

Job Code

Salary

Category

Determine Location of Fields


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Field NameField

Location

Start

Position

End

Position

Employee ID 1 - 6

First Name 7 - 19

Last Name 20 - 34

Job Code 35 - 41

Salary 42 - 47

Category 48 - 50

1 6

7 19

20 34

35 41

42 4748 50

Give SAS Variable Names to Fields


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Based on examining the raw data file layout,

determine the fields to be included in the SAS data set provide a meaningful SAS variable name for each field.



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SAS variable names:



are not case sensitive must be unique within a SAS data set.



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Valid Variable

Names

Invalid Variable Names

social_security_number social security number

_2005_YearlyReturns 2005_YearlyReturns

day5 day#5

PercentIncrease %Increase



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116 ...

Field Name SAS Variable Name

Employee ID

First Name

Last Name

Job Code

Salary

Category

EmployeeID

FirstName

LastName

JobCode

SalaryCategory

Determine Variable Type


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117

Based on examining the raw data file or the file layout,determine the variable type.

A SAS variable can be one of two types:

character

numeric.



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118

A variable is considered to be character if it contains anycombination of the following:

letters (A - Z, a - z)

numbers (0-9)

special characters (!, @, #, %, and so on).



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119

Examples of valid character variable values are

Ms. Helen Jones 648 Pine St.

Research & Development

$21,756

389.



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A variable is considered to be numeric if it contains

numbers (0-9).It may also contain

a decimal point (.)

a negative sign (-)

a letter E to indicate scientific notation.



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121

Examples of valid numeric variable values are

175 4856281

-30

29.92

2.1E6.



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122

Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50






. . . . ..

. . . . ..

. . . . ..



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123

Field Name Field Location Variable Type

Employee ID 1 6

First Name 7 - 19

Last Name 20 - 34

Job Code 35 - 41

Salary 42 - 47

Category 48 - 50

Character

Character

Character

Character

Character

Numeric


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124

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussedpreviously.

Exercises

Planning to Read a Raw Data File


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Based on the Exercise Scenario, plan to read the rawdata file. Refer to the Exercise Scenario Handout fordetails on the raw data file.

Name the output SAS data set.

Locate and name the input raw data file.

Give SAS variable names to fields. Determine location of fields.

Determine variable type (character or numeric).



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126 ...

Name the output SAS data set.

Windows

UNIX

OS/390

ratedata

ratedata

ratedata



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127 ...

Name the input raw data file, including the full path namebased on your operating environment.

Windows

UNIX

OS/390

C:\workshop\winsas\basic\rates.dat

/users/edu##/rates.dat

edu###.basic.sascode(rates)



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128 ...

Field Name Variable Name

Origination

Destination

Flight Range

Cargo Rate

Passenger Fare

Flight Category

Origination

Destination

Range

CargoRate

PassengerFare

Category



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129 ...

Field Name Start Position End Position

Origination

Destination

Flight Range

Cargo Rate

Passenger Fare

Flight Category

1

6

12

20

28

38

3

8

17

23

34

40



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130 ...

Field Name Variable Type

Origination

Destination

Flight Range

Cargo Rate

Passenger FareFlight Category

Character

Character

Character

Numeric

NumericCharacter


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Section 3.3

Coding to Read a

Raw Data File

Objectives


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Write program code to read a raw data file and createa SAS data set.

Purpose of the DATA Step


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The DATA step

names the SAS data set being created identifies the raw data file

describes the fields in the raw data file

reads a record from the raw data file

processes the record writes the processed record to the SAS data set as a

new observation.

The DATA Step


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134 ...

data _______________ ;_______________ ;

. . ._______________ ;run;

Start

End

The DATA Step


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135

data _______________ ;infile ________ ;

input _________ ;. . .run;

The DATA StatementTh DATA t t t th SAS d t t b i


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The DATA statement names the SAS data set beingcreated and signals the beginning of the DATA step.

General form of the DATA statement:

Example:

DATA SAS_data_set_name;

data pilotdata;

The INFILE StatementTh INFILE t t t th d t fil t b d


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137

The INFILE statement names the raw data file to be read.

General form of the INFILE statement:

INFILE 'input-raw-data-file';

The INFILE StatementE l


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Example:


INFILE Statement

Windows infile 'C:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat';

UNIX infile '/users/edu##/pilot.dat';

OS/390 infile 'edu###.basic.sascode(pilot)';

The INPUT StatementTh INPUT t t t d ib th fi ld i h


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139

The INPUT statement describes the fields in each rawdata record to SAS.

Each variable defined in the INPUT statement

provides a name to represent the field

indicates a type of character or numeric

indicates the starting and ending position.

The INPUT StatementG l f f th INPUT t t t


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General form of the INPUT statement:

variable is a valid SAS variable name.

$ indicates a character variable.start identifies the starting position.

end identifies the ending position.

INPUTvariable $ start - end . . . ;

The INPUT StatementE l


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Example:

input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6FirstName $ 7 - 19LastName $ 20 - 34JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47

Category $ 48 - 50;

The INPUT StatementThis a of describing the inp t ra data record to SAS is


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142

This way of describing the input raw data record to SAS iscalled column input because it defines the starting and

ending positions of each field.

This implies that each field in a raw data record is in thesame position in every record of the file.

The RUN StatementThe RUN statement signals the end of a step


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143

The RUN statement signals the end of a step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

The DATA StepGeneral form for the complete DATA step:


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144

General form for the complete DATA step:

DATASAS_data_set_name;INFILE 'input-raw-data-file';

INPUTvariable $ start - end. . .;

RUN;

The DATA Step - WindowsBased on the International Airlines lecture scenario the


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145

Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, thecode for the complete DATA step is

data pilotdata;infile 'c:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat';input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6

FirstName $ 7 - 19

LastName $ 20 - 34JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47Category $ 48 - 50;

run;


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146


Exercises

Coding to Read a Raw Data FileDraw lines connecting the appropriate boxes


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147

Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes.

Based on your previous Planning to Read a Raw DataFile exercise,

Write the DATA statement.

Write the INFILE statement.

Write the INPUT statement. Write the RUN statement.

Coding to Read a Raw Data File


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148 ...

1st Statement

2nd Statement

3rd Statement

INFILE

RUN

DATA

Signals end of theDATA step.

Describes fields ineach record.

Names raw data fileto be read.

4th Statement INPUTNames data setbeing created.

1st Statement

2nd Statement

3rd Statement

4th Statement

INFILE

RUN

DATA

INPUT

Signals end of theDATA step.

Describes fields ineach record.

Names raw data fileto be read.

Names data setbeing created.

Coding to Read a Raw Data FileWindows Solution:


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149

Windows Solution:

data ratedata;infile 'c:\workshop\winsas\basic\rates.dat';input Origination $ 1 - 3

Destination $ 6 - 8Range $ 12 - 17

CargoRate 20 - 23PassengerFare 28 - 34Category $ 38 - 40;

run;


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Chapter 4

Navigating the SAS

Windowing Environment


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Section 4.1

Introduction

Objectives Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowing


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152

Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowingenvironment and execute the program.

Modify SAS program code and execute the program.

Save and retrieve a SAS program.


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Section 4.2

Entering and Executing SAS

Code

Objectives Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowing


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154

Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowingenvironment and execute the program.

Enter the SAS Program CodeAfter the planning and


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155

After the planning andcoding effort for a SAS

program is complete, theSAS program code mustbe entered into thecomputer to process and

to test the program.

Program Execution ModeSAS programs can be processed in one of two modes:


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156

SAS programs can be processed in one of two modes:

windowing

batch.

Windowing ModeWindowing mode is a facility that enables you


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157

Windowingmode is a facility that enables youto enter and execute SAS programs and view

the results in an interactive environment.

An interactive environmentpermits the program to beprocessed immediately when submitted for execution.

Batch ModeBatch mode is used to run SAS programs in the


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Batch mode is used to run SAS programs in thebackground by submitting them to the operating system

for batch execution.Batch execution enables the program to be processedwhen the computer has resources available, notnecessarily at the moment when submitted for execution.

The SAS Windowing EnvironmentSAS software provides the SAS


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159

SAS software provides the SASwindowing environment, an

interactive environment thatenables the entry and executionof SAS program code.

The SAS Windowing Environment


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160

The SAS windowing environment is madeup of a collection of windows.

There are three primary windows in the

windowing environment.

3 2 1

The Program Editor Window


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161

The Program Editor windowenables SASprogram code to be

entered from the keyboard

submitted for execution.

The Log Window


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162

The Log windowdisplays

the SAS program code submitted forexecution

messages from SAS indicating thestatus of the program execution.

The Output Window


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163

The Output windowdisplays reports

generated by the SAS program.

Commands


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164

Commands are used to navigateamong the various windows of theSAS windowing environment andare used to execute a program.

Depending upon the operatingenvironment, commands can be

issued by...

continued...

Selecting from pull-down menus


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165

Typing the command Clicking on a tool button

Using function keys (F1 - F12)

Entering and


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166

This demonstration illustrates entering

SAS program code into the SAS windowingenvironment and executing the program.

Entering and

Executing SAS Code


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Section 4.3

Editing SAS Code

Objectives Modify SAS program code and execute the program.


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168

Editing SAS CodeAfter the SAS program code is entered into the Program


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169

Editor window and executed, there might be a need to

modify, oredit, the code because of program errors

program specification changes

the need to add additional code.


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Program Specification ChangesThe purpose or function of a program may change due to


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171

insufficient analysis

project evolution

user changes.

The Need to Add Additional CodeA program can be written in stages. Programmers often


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test their code in stages. They know that they will add

statements or steps to the program after each stageworks correctly.

Debugging and Editing SAS CodeDebugging and editing program code is an iterative


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173

process.

Code

Modification

Program

TestingResults

Verification


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E i


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175


Exercises

Editing SAS Code Enter the DATA step code from your previous Coding


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176

to Read a Raw Data File exercise into the Program

Editor window. Execute the program and review the log.

Recall the DATA step code.

Add a dollar sign, $, to the beginning of the variable

name CargoRate.

Execute the program and review the log.

Recall the DATA step code and correct the error.


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Section 4.4

Saving and Retrieving

SAS Code


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Saving and Retrieving SAS CodeAfter a program is entered, tested, and the results

ifi d th d b


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179

verified, the program code can be

saved for future use

retrieved at a later time.

Saving SAS Program CodeProgram code is saved in program files because it can be


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180

rerun later without being re-entered

copied to be modified into a new program

shared with other people

printed for documentation.

Retrieving SAS Program CodeProgram code that has been saved in a program file canb t i d i t th P Edit h it b


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181

be retrieved into the Program Editor where it can be

rerun

modified.

Saving SAS Program Code


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182

Program File

StoredSAS

Program

Code

Retrieving SAS Program Code


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183

Program File

StoredSAS

Program

Code


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Exercises


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185


Exercises

Saving and Retrieving SAS Code Recall the DATA step code from your previous

exercise into the Program Editor window


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186

exercise into the Program Editor window.

Save the code to a program file called ch5ex2.

Clear the contents of the Program Editor window.

Retrieve your program called ch5ex2.


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Section 4.5Additional Topics

(Optional)

Objectives Copy, move, delete, and insert text.

Cl th t t f i d


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188

Clear the contents of a window.

Navigate windows.

Correct unbalanced quotation marks.


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Section 5.1Introduction

Objectives Plan to create a list report based on a

SAS data set


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191

SAS data set.

Code to create a list report based on aSAS data set.

Why Create a List Report?


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192 ...

List reports are createdto view the data in aSAS data set.

Definition of a List ReportA list report

shows the data in a SAS data set


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193

shows the data in a SAS data set

displays one line for each observation in theSAS data set

displays all variables or only those specified.

Example of a List Report

Employee


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194

Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT12 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT13 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT14 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT15 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT16 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT17 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT18 E04688 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1

Why Use a PROC Step?


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195 ...

SAS Data Set

DescriptorReport

PROC

Step


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Objectives Plan to create a list report based on a

SAS data set


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197

SAS data set.

Partial List Output

Employee Job


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198

Obs ID FirstName LastName Code1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT12 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT13 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT14 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT15 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT16 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT17 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1


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DATA Step

data pilotdata;i fil 'i t d t fil '


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200

infile 'input-raw-data-file';input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6

FirstName $ 7 - 19LastName $ 20 - 34JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47

Category $ 48 - 50;run;

Name the SAS Data Set to be Viewed

OperatingE i t

SAS Data Set Name


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201

EnvironmentSAS Data Set Name

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

Determine the Variables to be Displayed

SAS Variable Name


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202 ...

SAS Variable Name

EmployeeID

FirstName

LastName

JobCode

Salary

Category

Specify the Desired Order of the Variables


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203 ...

EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode


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Planning to Create a List Report Based on your program called ch5ex2 or the program

called ch6ex, plan to create a list report.


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205

, p p

The desired list report is Report #1 of the ExerciseScenario, except do not include the

NewCargoRate variable.


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Section 5.3Coding to Create

a List Report

Objectives Code to create a list report based on a

SAS data set.


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209

Choosing the PROC PRINT Step


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210

PROC

Step(s)

MEANS

PRINT

FREQ

. . .


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The PROC PRINT StepThe PROC PRINT statement names the SAS data setbeing displayed in the list report.


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212

General form of the PROC PRINT statement:

The RUN statement signals the end of the step.

General form of the RUN statement:

PROC PRINT DATA = SAS_data_set_name;

RUN;


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214

This demonstration illustrates using thePROC PRINT statement and the RUN

statement.

The PROC PRINT Step


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The VAR StatementThe VAR statement names the variables to be displayedand specifies the desired order of the variables.


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216

General form of the VAR statement:

Example:

VARvariable . . . ;

var EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode;

The VAR StatementBased on the International Airlines lecture scenario, thecode for the complete PROC PRINT step is


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217

proc print data = pilotdata;var EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode;

run;


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218

This demonstration illustrates using thePROC PRINT statement, the VAR statement,

and the RUN statement.

The VAR Statement


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Coding to Create a List Report Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes.

Based on your previous Planning to Create a List


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220

Report exercise: write the PROC PRINT statement

write the VAR statement

write the RUN statement.

Retrieve your program named ch5ex2orthe programcalled ch6ex.

Add the PROC PRINT step to the bottom of theprogram.

Save the code to a program file named ch6ex2.

Coding to Create a List Report


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221

1st Statement

2nd Statement

3rd Statement

VAR

RUN

PROC

Signals end ofPROC step

Names SAS dataset to display inreport

Names variables tobe displayed

1st Statement

PROC

Names SAS dataset to display inreport

2nd Statement

Names variables tobe displayed

VAR

3rd Statement

RUN

Signals end ofPROC step

...


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223/486

Section 6.1Introduction

Objectives Plan to create a variable in a SAS data set.

Code to create a variable in a SAS data set.


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224


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Why Create a Variable?

Employee


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226

Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT12 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT13 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT14 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT15 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT16 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT17 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1

Why Create a Variable?


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227

EmployeeObs ID FirstName LastName JobCode1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT12 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT13 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT14 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT15 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT16 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT17 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1

Bonus7266449853635287761262287439



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228 ......

Raw Data File SAS Data SetDescriptor

DATA

Step


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Section 6.2Planning to Create

a Variable

Objectives Plan to create a variable in a SAS data set.


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230


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Requirements to Create a Variable1. Specify the DATA step that defines the SAS data set.

2. Define the variable.


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232


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Define the VariableTo define a variable,

1. name the new variable


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234

2. determine the expression.


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Name the New VariableBecause the variable being created represents a bonus of10% of each pilots current salary, a reasonable variable


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236 ......

name is

Bonus

Determine the ExpressionThe expression can be any valid combination of

constants


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237

variables operators

parentheses.


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Numeric ConstantsA numeric constant is a valid numerical value.

4922


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239

-728 2.1415926

-0.56

1.86E05


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Character ConstantsA character constant is a string of text enclosed inmatching quotes.


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241

Wednesday 123 Main Street

INSTRUCTOR

% of revenue

7251


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VariablesA variable referenced in an expression uses the value ofthat variable.


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243

SocialSecurityNumber _2005_YearlyReturns

day5

PercentIncrease

last_name


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Operators and ParenthesesAn expression can include operators and parentheses,along with numeric constants and variables.


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246

price * quantity GrossPay - tax

x**2

(jan_amt + feb_amt + mar_amt) / 3

CurrentRate + 10.27

Operators and Parentheses - Examples

TotalSales = price * quantity


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247

net_pay = gross_pay - tax

squared = x**2

avg = (jan_amt + feb_amt + mar_amt) / 3

NewRate = CurrentRate + 10.27


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Define the Variable

Salary * 0.10Bonus =


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249 ......

Exercises


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250



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Planning to Create a Variableb. The two types of constants are

h t


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253 ......

character

numeric


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255/486

Planning to Create a Variablee. An expression can include ,

, , and/or

constants

variables operators parentheses.


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256 ......


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Planning to Create a Variableh. Circle the valid operators for an expression from the list

below.


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260 ......

1) * 6) %

2) / 7) -

3) # 8) &

4) ** 9) =

5) +

Planning to Create a Variablei. Name the variable to create that will represent a 50

cents per pound increase in cargo rate.

NewCargoRate


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261 ......

Name the numeric constant that is needed in theexpression.

0.50

NewCargoRate

Planning to Create a VariableName the existing variable that is needed in theexpression.

CargoRate


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262 ......

Name the operator that is needed in the expression.

CargoRate

+


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Section 6.3

Coding to Create

a Variable

Objectives Code to create a variable in a SAS data set.


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265

The DATA StepAs a starting point for this section, the DATA step consistsof the following statements:

the DATA statement


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266

the DATA statement the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the RUN statement.

The DATA StepAn assignment statement can be added to the DATAstep.

The DATA step then consists of the following statements:


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267

The DATA step then consists of the following statements: the DATA statement

the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the assignment statement

the RUN statement.

The Assignment StatementThe assignment statement defines a variable beingcreated.

General form of the assignment statement:


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268 ......

General form of the assignment statement:

Example:

Remember the semicolon.

variable = expression;

Bonus = Salary * 0.10;

The DATA StepBased on the International Airlines lecture scenario, thecode for the complete DATA step is

data pilotdata;


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269 ......

data pilotdata;infile 'input-raw-data-file';input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6

FirstName $ 7 - 19LastName $ 20 - 34

JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47Category $ 48 - 50;

Bonus = Salary * 0.10;run;

Executing the Assignment Statement


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270 ......

Salary * 0.10;Bonus =

4268 52000. . .ANGELA

EmployeeID FirstName Salary Bonus

Executing the Assignment Statement

EVALUATE


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271

* 0.10Bonus =

4268 52000. . .ANGELA

EmployeeID FirstName Salary Bonus

52000

5200 5200

5200

The Assignment Statement


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272

This demonstration illustrates usingthe assignment statement in an existing SAS

program.

Exercises


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273


Coding to Create a VariableBased on your previous Planning to Create a Variableexercise:

Write the assignment statement


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274

Write the assignment statement. Retrieve your program named CH6EX2 OR the

program named CH7EX.

Add the assignment statement to the program after the

INPUT statement. Save the code to a program named CH7EX2.


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Chapter 7

Performing Conditional Logic

with the DATA Step


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Section 7.1

Introduction

Objectives Plan to perform conditional logic to create a variable in

a SAS data set.

Code to perform conditional logic to create a variablein a SAS data set


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277

Code to perform conditional logic to create a variablein a SAS data set.

Why Use Conditional Logic?Conditional logic is used to create values for a variablebased on whether a situation is true or false.


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278 ......

Ifi

ti

s

rain

ing,

ta eyouru

m

brella

.

Oth

erw

ise

,take

apairofsung

l

asses

.

EmployeeObs ID LastName JobCode Salary

Why Use Conditional Logic?

NewSalary


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279 ......

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 726602 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980

. . .11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 7826012 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620

. . .36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 11651037 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690

A new variable needs

to be created,representing an increase in salary.

Employee NewObs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

Why Use Conditional Logic?

5% 76293


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280 ......




7%

Increase

5%

Increase

9%

Increase

76293

47229

83738

79843

126996

122832


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Section 7.2

Planning to Perform

Conditional Logic to Create a

Variable

Objectives Plan to perform conditional logic to create a variable in

a SAS data set.


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282

Partial List Report

EmployeeObs ID LastName JobCode Salary


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283





76293

Partial List Report


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284




7%Increase

5%

Increase

9%

Increase

76293

47229

83738

79843

126996

122832

Requirements to Perform Conditional Logic Specify the DATA step that defines the

SAS data set.

Determine the condition.D t i th ti


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285

Determine the action.


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Determine the ConditionThe condition is an expression that can be evaluated aseither true or false.

Example:


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287 ......

Example:

If it is raining,

take your umbrella.

Determine the ConditionThe condition can be expressed as any valid combination of

constants

variablest d/ th


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288

operator and/or parentheses.

Example:

variable = constant


Determine the Condition

5% 76293


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289 ......




7%Increase

5%

Increase

9%

Increase

76293

47229

83738

79843

126996

122832

Determine the Condition

variable = constant


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290 ......

=JobCode 'PILOT1'

=JobCode 'PILOT2'

=JobCode 'PILOT3'

Character values

must be enclosedin quotes and

match the caseof the data.

Determine the ActionThe action is what SAS should do when the condition istrue.

Example:


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291 ......

Example:

If it is raining,

take your umbrella.


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Determine the Action

5% 76293


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293 ......




7%Increase

5%

Increase

9%

Increase

76293

47229

83738

79843

126996

122832


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Exercises


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295


Planning to Perform Conditional Logic toCreate a Variable

Based on your program named CH7EX2 orthe program

named CH8EX, plan to perform conditional logic to createa variable


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a variable.

The variable that needs to be created will represent anincrease in passenger fare. The passenger fares will

increase 8% for a short-range flight, 10% for a medium-range flight, and 12% for a long-range flight.

A list report needs to be displayed after creating thevariable.

Determine the condition.

Planning to Perform Conditional Logic toCreate a Variable


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Determine the action.

NewPassengerFare = PassengerFare * 1.08



Range = 'SHORT'

Range = 'MEDIUM'

Range = 'LONG'


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Section 7.3

Coding to Perform Conditional

Logic to Create a Variable

Objectives Code to perform conditional logic to create a variable

in a SAS data set.


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The DATA StepAs a starting point for this section, the DATA step consistsof the following statements:



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the INPUT statement


the RUN statement.

The DATA StepConditional statements can be added.

The DATA step then consists of the following statements:



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the INPUT statement


conditional statements

the RUN statement.

Conditional StatementsConditional statements can create values for a newvariable based on whether a condition is true or false.

Conditional statements can be expressed in the form ofIF-THEN statements.


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General form of the IF-THEN statement:

IF condition THEN action;

if job_code = PILOT1 then1 0

Conditional StatementsExample:

condition


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new_salary = salary * 1.05;

if job_code = PILOT2 then

new_salary = salary * 1.07;

if job_code = PILOT3 thennew_salary = salary * 1.09;

action

condition

action

condition

action


if JobCode = 'PILOT1' thenl l * 1 05


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NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then


if JobCode = 'PILOT3' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.09;

action

action

action


if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then


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condition

TRUE


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new_variable expression=

value

EVALUATED

value

ASSIGNED

condition

FALSE

BYPASSED


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new_variable expression=

next s tatement

EXECUTED

Conditional StatementsIn a series of related IF-THEN statements, eachstatement is processed even if a prior IF-THEN statementis true.


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EmployeeID LastName JobCode SalaryE01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

Conditional Statements


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True

False

False

Conditional StatementsA more efficient approach uses an ELSE IF-THENsequence of statements. After a condition is true, nofurther statements in the series are processed.

General form of the ELSE IF-THEN statement:


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IF condition THEN action;

ELSE IF condition THEN action;. . .




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else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.07;


Conditional StatementsEmployeeID LastName JobCode Salary

E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660


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True

The rest

of the

series is

skipped.

The DATA Stepdata pilotdata;


FirstName $ 7 - 19LastName $ 20 - 34


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$JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47Category $ 48 - 50;

Bonus = Salary * 0.10;if JobCode = 'PILOT1' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.05;


else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.09;run;

Conditional Statements


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This demonstration illustrates using IF/THENstatement and ELSE IF/THEN statements in an

existing SAS program.

Exercises


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Coding to Perform Conditional Logic toCreate a Variable

Based on your previous Planning to Perform Conditional

Logic to Create a Variable exercise: Write the three conditional statements.


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Retrieve your program named CH7EX2 ortheprogram named CH8EX.

Add the conditional statements to the program afterthe assignment statement.

Save the code to a program named CH8EX2.


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Chapter 8

Creating Statistical Reports

with PROC Steps


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Section 8.1

Introduction

Objectives Plan to create a summary report based on a

SAS data set.

Code to create a summary report based on aSAS data set.


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Plan to create a frequency report based on aSAS data set.

Code to create a frequency report based on aSAS data set.

Why Create a Statistical Report?You create a statistical report

to display statistical informationthat is not available in a list report.


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A SAS Statistical ReportA statistical report

displays statistics calculated based on the SASdata set

consolidates data from the SAS data set


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represents multiple observations from the SAS dataset in each line of the report

may be either summary

frequency.

A SAS Summary ReportA SAS summary report

produces simple descriptive statistics for numericvariables

calculates descriptive statistics including


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number of nonmissing values

mean

standard deviation minimum value

maximum value.

Example of a SAS Summary ReportThe MEANS Procedure

NCategory Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum____________________________________________________________________DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00


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NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00

NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50____________________________________________________________________

A SAS Frequency ReportA SAS frequency report

produces simple statistics that count how oftenindividual values occur within a SAS data set

calculates statistics including


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frequency

percent

cumulative frequency cumulative percent.

Example of a SAS Frequency ReportThe FREQ Procedure

Cumulative CumulativeCategory Frequency Percent Frequency Percent------------------------------------------------------DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00


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INT 31 62.00 50 100.00


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Section 8.2

Planning to Create a Summary

Report

Objectives Plan to create a summary report based on a SAS

data set.


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Example of a SAS Summary ReportThe MEANS Procedure

NCategory Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum____________________________________________________________________DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00


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NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00

NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50_____________________________________________________________________

Requirements to Create a SASSummary Report

1. Name the SAS data set to be referenced.

2. Determine the variables on which to calculate thestatistics.


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2. Determine the variable by which to group the data.

DATA Step Exampledata pilotdata;


FirstName $ 7 - 19LastName $ 20 - 34JobCode $ 35 41


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JobCode $ 35 - 41Salary 42 - 47Category $ 48 - 50;

Bonus = Salary * 0.10;if JobCode = 'PILOT1' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.05;


else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' thenNewSalary = Salary * 1.09;run;

Name the SAS Data Set to Be Referenced


SAS Data SetName

Windows pilotdata


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Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

Determine the Variables on Which toCalculate the Statistics

SAS Variable NameEmployeeID


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FirstName

LastName

JobCode

Salary

Category

Bonus

NewSalary

Determine the Variable by Which to Groupthe Data

SAS Variable NameEmployeeID


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FirstName

LastName

JobCode

Salary

Category

Bonus

NewSalary


Exercises


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Planning to Create a Summary ReportBased on your program named CH8EX2 orthe programnamed CH9EX, plan to create a summary report.

The desired summary report is a comparison between theaverage current passenger fare and the average newpassenger fare for the domestic and international flights.


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passenger fare for the domestic and international flights.This is Report #2 of the exercise scenario.

Planning to Create a Summary ReportName the SAS data set to be referenced.

Name the variables on which to calculate the descriptivestatistics

ratedata


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statistics.

PassengerFareNewPassengerFare

Planning to Create a Summary ReportName the variable by which to group the data.

Category

base sas training

Documents