base flow, floods, and sediment loads of lake superior tributaries by faith a. fitzpatrick u.s....
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![Page 1: Base flow, Floods, and Sediment Loads of Lake Superior Tributaries By Faith A. Fitzpatrick U.S. Geological Survey, WRD, Middleton, Wis](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed35503460f94be3b6a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Base flow, Floods, and Sediment Loads of Lake Superior Tributaries
By Faith A. FitzpatrickU.S. Geological Survey, WRD, Middleton, Wis.
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Base Flow, Floods, and Sediment Loads
How do tributaries vary in these characteristics because of geology geomorphology, and land use?
What implications do these natural and human-caused variations have for fisheries management and restoration?
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OtherClayLoam
PeatSand/gravelPigeon
Washington
Knife
Montreal
Trap Rock
OntonagonFish
St. Louis
Deer
Bois BruleBad
WhittleseyWhite
SturgeonTahquamenon
Au TrainNemadji
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Flow exceeded 90% of the time, standardized by drainage area
0.0
0.5
1.0
Was
hingt
onPig
eon
Knife
St. Lo
uis
Deer C
rNem
adji
Bois
Brule
BadW
hiteFis
h
Whitt
lese
yM
ontre
al
Ont
onag
onStu
rgeo
n
Trap
RockAu
Trai
n
Tahqu
amen
on
FE
ET
^3
PE
R
SE
CO
ND
/MIL
ES
^2
• Base flow – geologic setting important
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#
#
#
##
##
#
## #
#
#
#
#
.
.
tm.
Baseflow, August 2002(cubic feet per second)
Whittlesey Creek
Base flow complexities……..
0-0.100.1-10
10-19
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Contributing Area from Deep Flow System
Whittlesey “watershed”
North Fish Creek
Whittlesey Creek
Sioux River
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• Floods—geologic setting and land use
Flow exceeded 10% of the time, standardized by drainage area
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
Was
hingt
onPig
eon
Knife
St. Lo
uis
Deer C
rNem
adji
Bois
Brule
BadW
hiteFis
h
Whitt
lese
yM
ontre
al
Ont
onag
onStu
rgeo
n
Trap
RockAu
Trai
n
Tahqu
amen
on
FE
ET
^3
PE
R
SE
CO
ND
/MIL
ES
^2
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St. Louis6%
Nemadji9%
Bois Brule0%
Ontonagon18%
Sturgeon14%
Portage14%
Iron3%
Bad19%
Tahquamenon1%
Black4%
Amnicon3%
Montreal4%
Presque Isle5%
U.S. Suspended Sediment Contributions to Lake Superior
Average Daily Loads(Robertson, 1996)
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Post-settlement annual sediment budget (metric tons per year)
North Fish Creek
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• Sediment—Importance of Bed Load and Yield Descriptions
Suspended load Total load(kg/ha/yr) (kg/ha/yr)
Bad River 1,030 no dataFish Creek 1,450 4,380
Suspended load Total load (dump trucks/day) (dump
trucks/day)
Bad River 58 176??
Fish Creek 2 5
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50TIME, IN HOURS
DIS
CH
AR
GE
(M
3/S
)North Fish Creek—Floods 2 times and sediment loads 2.5 times pre-settlement rates
0
1000
2000
3000
Ga
ge
do
bs
erv
ed
Cu
rre
nt
co
nd
itio
ns
Fo
res
ted
De
ten
tio
nb
as
ins
19
28
ag
ric
ult
ure
SE
DIM
EN
T L
OA
D (
TO
NN
ES
)
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Estimated bankfull discharge, m3/s
151995 10
<1906
600
8
DISTANCE FROM MOUTH (KILOMETERS)
AL
TIT
UD
E (
ME
TE
RS
)
40 20 0
200
300
40025
meters
1995
10<1946
600
12
4
Brook trout originally foundthroughout entire stream
Limited sustained brook trout in headwaters
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Habitat Protection and Restoration:
Focus efforts on reducing watershed runoff and erosion-control in upper main stem
Use restoration techniques similar to those for urban streams–keep/restore pre-development storm hydrographs
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Rehabilitation techniques geared toward reducing watershed runoff and bank erosion
Detention, infiltration basins in headwaters Increase forest cover in watershed Grade control structures in upper main stem Bank protection in upper main stem Large woody debris Beaver (Do nothing)
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Acknowledgments This presentation contains
results from cooperative studies among the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bayfield County, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey
Special thanks to Dennis Pratt (WDNR) and Dave Saad (USGS) for slide contribution