bartholomy hydrogen fuelcell vehicles
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles
Mike BartholomyMike Bartholomy
4/27/2006 – Energy Law4/27/2006 – Energy Law
[email protected]@yahoo.com
Very Relevant TopicVery Relevant Topic
The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is especially relevant given the events of the especially relevant given the events of the last few weekslast few weeks
As gas prices continueAs gas prices continue
to rise this summer we’llto rise this summer we’ll
likely see this topic getlikely see this topic get
more and more attentionmore and more attention
Why Relevant?Why Relevant?
Gas prices/Oil MarketGas prices/Oil Market Oil currently around $73/barrelOil currently around $73/barrel Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this
summersummer $4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010?$4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010? How long will oil be around? What about easy How long will oil be around? What about easy
to get to oil? Is it already gone?to get to oil? Is it already gone?
EnvironmentEnvironmentBush’s April 25Bush’s April 25thth “Plan” “Plan”
Alternate Fuel VehiclesAlternate Fuel Vehicles
HybridsHybrids Here now, but still Here now, but still
require gasrequire gas
Ethanol/E85Ethanol/E85 Pushed by GMPushed by GM More expensive, just More expensive, just
as dirty?as dirty?
Alternative Fuel VehiclesAlternative Fuel Vehicles
Internal Combustion Internal Combustion HydrogenHydrogen Slightly modified form Slightly modified form
of internal combustion of internal combustion engineengine
Burns hydrogen, Burns hydrogen, produces pure water produces pure water exhaustexhaust
Serious range Serious range problemsproblems
BMW has broken several BMW has broken several speed records for hydrogen speed records for hydrogen cars and is banking on cars cars and is banking on cars that can run successfully that can run successfully on both gas and hydrogenon both gas and hydrogen
Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells
““An old idea whose time has come”An old idea whose time has come” Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist
Christian Friedrich SchönbeinChristian Friedrich Schönbein
Aspects of engines as well as batteriesAspects of engines as well as batteries
No pollution emittedNo pollution emitted
PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings & much smaller applicationsbuildings & much smaller applications
Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are similar to Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed batteries, but designed for continuous for continuous replenishment of energy replenishment of energy via external fuelvia external fuelMany different types of Many different types of fuel cells, most common fuel cells, most common will likely be the PEM FC will likely be the PEM FC Hydrogen and oxygen in, Hydrogen and oxygen in, water vapor and liquid water vapor and liquid water outwater outTypical output is about .8 Typical output is about .8 voltsvolts
Storage & EfficiencyStorage & Efficiency
Two storage optionsTwo storage options1.1. Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store
it onboard the vehicle (the it onboard the vehicle (the direct hydrogen optiondirect hydrogen option) ) 2.2. Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a
tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel onboard fuel processor optionprocessor option) )
Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal combustioncombustion
Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25%Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25% Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%
Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.
Fuel Cell StacksFuel Cell Stacks
In order to produce In order to produce enough voltage, cells are enough voltage, cells are grouped into stacksgrouped into stacksA hydrogen fuel cell A hydrogen fuel cell automobile would have at automobile would have at least 45 cells in a stackleast 45 cells in a stackHydrogen is stored and Hydrogen is stored and injected in either liquid or injected in either liquid or gas formgas formMany cells, but only Many cells, but only output is still liquid and output is still liquid and vapor watervapor water
Applications of Fuel Cell Applications of Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology
CarsCars
BusesBuses
Space Travel & ExplorationSpace Travel & Exploration
AirplanesAirplanes
SubmarinesSubmarines
Off-grid Power SupplyOff-grid Power Supply
Combined Heat & PowerCombined Heat & Power
Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles
Being pushed by car companies themselvesBeing pushed by car companies themselves DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and
Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S.Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S. Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada, Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada,
California; widespread production by 2010California; widespread production by 2010 GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV
profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in 2005. Prototype is Hy-wire2005. Prototype is Hy-wire
Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, others have FCV prototypes on the roadothers have FCV prototypes on the road
Severing connection with gas prices?Severing connection with gas prices?
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues
Storage is Storage is complicatedcomplicated
Limited rangeLimited range
Expensive fuelExpensive fuel
Still a fossil fuel?Still a fossil fuel? Energy carrier, not Energy carrier, not
energy sourceenergy source
*Infrastructure**Infrastructure*
Hydrogen SourcesHydrogen Sources
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle InfrastructureInfrastructure
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today
is by steam reforming of natural gasis by steam reforming of natural gas Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power
reactors?reactors? R&D into several new methods:R&D into several new methods:
Biological Water SplittingBiological Water Splitting
Photoelectrochemical Water SplittingPhotoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Reforming of Biomass and WastesReforming of Biomass and Wastes
Solar Thermal Water SplittingSolar Thermal Water Splitting
Renewable ElectrolysisRenewable Electrolysis
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle InfrastructureInfrastructure
The Hydrogen HighwayThe Hydrogen Highway World’s first hydrogen World’s first hydrogen
refueling station opened refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003in Iceland in 2003
California & Florida have California & Florida have both approved fundingboth approved funding
BC Hydrogen Highway BC Hydrogen Highway will link Vancouver & will link Vancouver & Whistler by start of 2010 Whistler by start of 2010 Winter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic Games
EnvironmentEnvironment
Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)
Emissions freeEmissions free
There are costs associated with There are costs associated with environmental environmental
damagedamage
EconomicsEconomics
Current projections – several times the Current projections – several times the price of standard carsprice of standard carsFlexibility of oil industryFlexibility of oil industry Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap
enoughenough At what point does it become worthwhile to At what point does it become worthwhile to
consumers?consumers?Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell cars + hydrogen fuel???cars + hydrogen fuel???
EconomicsEconomics
Only 2 ways to reduce Only 2 ways to reduce our dependence on our dependence on foreign oilforeign oil Increase productionIncrease production Decrease demandDecrease demand
The push for hydrogen The push for hydrogen fuel cell technology in fuel cell technology in cars represents the cars represents the secondsecond
PoliticsPolitics
Obvious connection Obvious connection between current between current administration and oil administration and oil companies and companies and certain oil producing certain oil producing companiescompaniesSome criticize a FCV Some criticize a FCV push as a cynical ploypush as a cynical ployBut…2006 State of But…2006 State of the Union Addressthe Union Address Also, the 2003 Also, the 2003
AddressAddress
Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment
Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005 §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration & §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration &
Pilot ProgramPilot Program § 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses§ 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for
AutomobilesAutomobiles § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and
Hydrogen Energy SystemsHydrogen Energy Systems § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell
Motor Vehicle CreditMotor Vehicle Credit § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax
CreditCredit § 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study§ 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study
Other StatutesOther Statutes
Clean Air Act – 1990 AmendmentsClean Air Act – 1990 Amendments § 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources§ 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources § § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles§ § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles
Many other federal incentive programs, including Many other federal incentive programs, including IRS tax breaks for FCV purchasersIRS tax breaks for FCV purchasersState Incentives & RegulationsState Incentives & Regulations E.g. California:E.g. California:
15 different incentive programs for AFVs15 different incentive programs for AFVsHydrogen Energy PlanHydrogen Energy Plan
CA Hydrogen Highway NetworkCA Hydrogen Highway Network Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards, Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards,
commercial availability by 2010commercial availability by 2010
So Where Are We At?So Where Are We At?
Hydrogen is only type of energy that can provide Hydrogen is only type of energy that can provide a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a decadedecade
Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion, Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion, and plentifuland plentiful
But like manned space flight in early 60s, But like manned space flight in early 60s, hydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitivehydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitive Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?
Currently several times (10x?) more expensiveCurrently several times (10x?) more expensive
RecommendationRecommendation
We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel cell vehiclescell vehiclesThere are definite issues, but nothing compared There are definite issues, but nothing compared to the economic, political and environmental to the economic, political and environmental issues associated with being wholly dependent issues associated with being wholly dependent on oil.on oil.A Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas prices A Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas prices continuing to rise at the current rate could get us continuing to rise at the current rate could get us there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.Americans will need to look beyond the sticker Americans will need to look beyond the sticker price price
Major SourcesMajor Sources
National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.hthttp://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.htmlmlDoE Alternative Fuels Data Center DoE Alternative Fuels Data Center http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.htmlHydrogen Fuel Cell Realm Hydrogen Fuel Cell Realm http://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.htmlWired Magazine – Wired Magazine – How Hydrogen Can Save AmericaHow Hydrogen Can Save AmericaBosselman et al., Bosselman et al., Energy, Economics and the Energy, Economics and the EnvironmentEnvironmentFuelCellWorks.comFuelCellWorks.comCnn.com, WikipediaCnn.com, Wikipedia