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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 1 Time periods in Time periods in context context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period 1810 -1910 “20 th Century” music up to the present day

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Page 1: Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910

Baroque Music 1600 -1750 1

Time periods in Time periods in contextcontext

Time periods in Time periods in contextcontext

• Renaissance 1450 -1600• Baroque period 1600-1750• Classical period 1760 – 1810• Romantic period 1810 -1910• “20th Century” music up to the

present day

Page 2: Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910

Baroque Music 1600 -1750 2

Renaissance Renaissance 1450 -16001450 -1600

Renaissance Renaissance 1450 -16001450 -1600

• Studied at Higher level• When Music gradually evolved

from Modal to modern tonality

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 3

Baroque period Baroque period 1600-17501600-1750

Baroque period Baroque period 1600-17501600-1750

• Birth of Opera• Orchestral music• Invention of violin and modern string family• Counterpoint (Polyphony)• The Harpsichord is King• Birth of Concerto• Composers:

• Bach• Handel• Vivaldi

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 4

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

• The timbre of Baroque music depends on• the ensemble of instruments being

played • texture of the music: the way the

melody and harmony are combined

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 5

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

• Many Baroque pieces polyphonic • several lines of music or melodies playing

together at the same time. • Creates complicated sound.

• Most polyphonic music starts simply:• One melody or theme is heard • as it carries on, another instrument (or

part) copies it slightly later

• This copying is called imitation.

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 6

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

• Rounds - simplest form of imitation, • sung• Exact imitation. (like Freres Jacques)

• Instrumental version is called a canon • imitation might not be exact: the imitation

might occur at an interval of a 5th above for example.

• The complex form of canon is called a fugue studied at Higher level.

Page 7: Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910

Baroque Music 1600 -1750 7

Pachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canon• In this music you will hear several

of the concepts outlined above• Imitation• Strings• Canon• Harpsichord• Polyphony

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 8

Pachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canon• ground bass - a repeating

bass line upon which the music is based • (extended ostinato), popular

during the baroque period

• The opening theme is also used for the variations decorated with twiddly bits, The twiddly bits such as trills are kinds of grace notes, (ornaments).

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 9

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic

Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic• Homophony

• melody and a simple chordal accompaniment or

• parts move in rhythmic unison for most of the time

• the adjective is homophonic.

anacrusisPassing notes

Cadence

Page 10: Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910

Baroque Music 1600 -1750 10

Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque

OrchestraOrchestra• Mostly consists strings, (violin, viola, cello,

double bass)• Strings can be played in a variety of ways• Bowed (ARCO)• Plucked (PIZZICATO)• DOUBLE STOPPING –playing two strings at

once.• TREMOLANDO – playing lots of very short

notes instead of the long ones in a melody• VIBRATO – the player rocks the finger on the

string while it is being bowed creating a wavering and warmer tone

Page 11: Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910

Baroque Music 1600 -1750 11

Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque

OrchestraOrchestra• To this basic orchestra of strings, woodwind might be added:• flutes• oboes• bassoons

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 12

Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque

OrchestraOrchestra• Sometimes brass instruments – French horns and trumpets were added

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 13

Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque

OrchestraOrchestra• Rarely, percussion might be added effect, e.g. military drums

• In most baroque music:• Harpsichord

• keyboard instrument • thin sound like a harp. • piano not invented yet

• Harmonious Blacksmith• Piece for solo harpsichord• Theme and variations

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 14

Baroque Baroque InstrumentsInstruments

Baroque Baroque InstrumentsInstruments

• A lot of music was also written for the church organ

• Bach: Toccatta and Fugue in D Minor

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 15

Baroque Baroque instrumentsinstruments

Baroque Baroque instrumentsinstruments

• Recorders were often played in small groups but were rarely involved in orchestral music. Flutes were considered more suitable.

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 16

Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal

FireworksFireworks””

Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal

FireworksFireworks””• Originally written for wind Originally written for wind instruments onlyinstruments only

• Suites – collection of short piecesSuites – collection of short pieces• Menuetto (minuet)Menuetto (minuet)

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 17

Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal

FireworksFireworks””

Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal

FireworksFireworks””

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 18

ConcertoConcertoConcertoConcerto• Solo instrument (or small group of

solo instruments)• Accompanied by Orchestra• Dates from the baroque period• Common musical form ever since

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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

• Vivaldi: The Four seasons• Set of four violin concerti• Programme music describes scenes

from each season• Each concerto consists of 3

Movements – (separate pieces of music)

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 20

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti• Vivaldi: The Four seasons

• Spring:1st movement - Allegro

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 21

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

• Vivaldi: The Four seasons• Spring : 2nd Movement - Largo

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 22

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

• Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2• Concertino group

• Trumpet• Oboe• Violin• Flute

• (Concerto Grosso)

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 23

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti

Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti• Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 24

OPERAOPERAOPERAOPERA•Music Drama set on stage

•Singers play different main roles

•Chorus play part of crowds, etc

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 25

Types of voiceTypes of voice

(Register(Register))Types of voiceTypes of voice

(Register(Register))•SOPRANOSOPRANO Highest Female VoiceHighest Female Voice

•ALTOALTO Lower Female voiceLower Female voice MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in

later Operas later Operas COUNTER TENOR Male, same register -COUNTER TENOR Male, same register -

•TENORTENOR Higher Male voiceHigher Male voice BARITONE Between Tenor and BassBARITONE Between Tenor and Bass

•BASSBASS Lowest Male voice

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 26

Types of SingingTypes of SingingTypes of SingingTypes of Singing•RECITATIVE A Narrator describing a scene or moving story along NOT “song-like” Wordy, lots of lyrics

•ARIA A Song Lots of repetition and sequence MELISMA

•CHORUS an aria for the chorus

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 27

Types of Types of OperaOpera

Types of Types of OperaOpera•OPERA

•ORATORIO•CANTATA•PASSION

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 28

Types of OperaTypes of OperaTypes of OperaTypes of Opera• OPERA

• Music Drama set on stage• Singers play different main roles• Chorus play part of crowds etc

• ORATORIO• Story from the bible• (e.g. “Christmas” or “Ruth”)• Originally staged but now just sung

• CANTATA• Mini Oratorio

• PASSION• Oratorio based on story of suffering on the cross

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ORATORIOORATORIOORATORIOORATORIO• Story from the bible like:Story from the bible like:

““Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha”Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha”• Originally staged but now just sungOriginally staged but now just sung• CANTATA is a Mini OratorioCANTATA is a Mini Oratorio• PASSIONPASSION

• Oratorio based on story of suffering on Oratorio based on story of suffering on the crossthe cross

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PassionPassionPassionPassion• Story of events leading up to crucifiction

• Best known ones by Bach – eg St Matthew• Sung in German• Include SATB Chorales

• A cappella• homophonic

anacrusisPassing notes

Cadencesuspension

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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 31

Other Baroque Other Baroque conceptsconcepts

Other Baroque Other Baroque conceptsconcepts

• Tierce da picardie:• Perfect cadence in a minor key where

the tonic chord (Chord 1) is unexpectedly changed to the major

• Obligato• A slow tune ( often a solo sung

chorale) decorated by a solo instrument, particularly at the end of phrases