bark 5
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Bark, Wood And Galls
Lecture-5 By
Dr. Ahmed Metwaly
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Willow bark 1. Origin. 2. Macroscopical properties. 3. Active constituents. 4. Uses. 5. Pharmacokinetics and action. 6. Side effects
Galls 1. Origin. 2. Macroscopical properties. 3. Microscopical properties 4. Active constituents. 5. Uses. 6. Chemical test.
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Origin: Cortex Salicis consists of the whole or fragmented dried bark from young branches of Salix alba, S. fragilis and other Salix species (Salicaceae).
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The shape and diameters: The bark is gray, rough and deeply furrowed. Pices The bark is 1–2 cm wide and 1–2 mm thick and occurs
in flexible, elongated, quilled or curved pieces. The outer surface: smooth or slightly wrinkled longitudinally and
greenish-yellow in the younger bark to brownish grey in the older bark.
The inner surface: The inner surface is smooth or finely striated
longitudinally and white, pale yellow or reddish-brown, depending on thespecies.
The fracture: The fracture is short in the outer part and coarsely
fibrous in the inner region, and is easily split longitudinally.
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1. Phenolic Glycosides (Salicylates) Various phenolic glycosides including salicin, salicortin and fragilin Salicylates (calculated as salicin) Vary between species, 0.5% in S. alba, 1–10% in S. fragilis
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Oxidation
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salicin is a pro-drug that is gradually transported to the lower part of the intestine, hydrolysed to saligenin by intestinal bacteria, and converted to salicylic acid after absorption.
It thus produces an antipyretic action without causing gastric injury
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Flavonoids: Flavanones, eriodictoyl-7-glucoside and
naringenin-5-glucoside; chalcone; isosalipurposide; catechin. Tannins: Condensed.
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Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Anticoagulant
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hypersensitivity to aspirin, asthma, active peptic ulceration, diabetes, gout, haemophilia, hypoprothrombinaemia, kidney or liver disease
Pregnancy and lactation: The use of willow during pregnancy and lactation
should be avoided. Should be avoided with children under the age
of 12 years due to the possibility of Reye’s syndrome.
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is a potentially fatal syndrome that has numerous
detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver causing fatty liver with minimal inflammation and cerebral edema.
Reye syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular mitochondria.
The precise mechanism by which Reye syndrome occurs is unknown.
There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome.
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Origin: Galls is a pathological outgrowth, formed on the young twigs of oak tree (Quercus infectoria Family Fagaceae), as a result of the deposition of the eggs of female insect (Cynips gallae tinctoria Family Cynipidae).
Syn. Aleppo Galls, blue galls, nut galls
Should be collected before insect escape!!!
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Odor Odorless
Taste Astringent
Shape Nearly spherical or sub-spherical, hard
and sink in water.
Color Dark bluish-green olive to yellowish-
brown
Surface Lower half nearly smooth and upper
one is rough with short pointed
projections.
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Powder; Odorless, dirty green to pale buff in color with astringent taste followed by sweetness , the powder is characterized by the following elements : 1) Numerous sclereidal cells with thick pitted walls and narrow lumen (fibrous sclereids). 2) Tannin plates. 3) Few fragments of starch granules. 4) Lignin Bodies.
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50-70% tannins (Gallotannin) , which yields gallotannic acid, gallic acid and ellagic acid.
Tannic acid
Ellagic acid
Gallic acid
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Blue galls White galls Time of collection Before insect escape After Shape ? ? Weight ? ? Color ? ? A. C. ? ?
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Medically; as a local astringent. Technically; in tanning, dying in the manufacture of ink and
in the manufacture of leather.
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Willow bark 1. Origin. 2. Macroscopical properties. 3. Active constituents. 4. Uses. 5. Pharmacokinetics and action. 6. Side effects
Galls 1. Origin. 2. Macroscopical properties. 3. Microscopical properties 4. Active constituents. 5. Uses. 6. Chemical test.