barcelona 2

Paul Derwin D.I.T. Kevin St.

Dublin Institute of Technology

The School of Electrical Engineer Systems

In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Services

and Energy Management

Title: To evaluate the Potential of CHP

in the Hotel sector in Ireland

By: Mr. Paul Derwin

Project Supervisor: Tony Kealy

Date: 7 / 05 / 2013


D07114349 ii

Declaration

I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this assignment/project, is

entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment other

than as part fulfillment of the assessment procedures for the program Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Services and Energy Management (BSc (Hons)) (DT 018).

Signature of student: Paul Derwin

Date: 7 / 05 / 2013


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Foreword and Acknowledgement

The objective of this dissertation is to provide an insight in to small-scale combined

heat and power development in the hotel sector in Ireland by analysing recent CHP

project in the hotel sector.

I would like to sincerely thank Mr. Tony Kealy in his role as supervisor throughout

the thesis. Without his guidance and knowledge, I would not have completed it, the

staff at the Osprey Hotel and facilities manager, Mr. Kieran Maher for providing me

with his time, information and assistance throughout the thesis and Mr. Martin Barrett

in his role as Lecturer, for his assistance, guidance during the project proposal.

I would also like to thank my fellow classmates as well for any guidance that I would

have received from them. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for

their support, patience and understanding throughout my college tenure.


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Table of Contents

Declaration ..................................................................................................................... ii

Foreword and Acknowledgement ..................................................................................iii

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ................................................................................................................vii

List of Figures .............................................................................................................. viii

Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................... x

Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 12

2.0 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................. 13

2.1 What is Combined Heat and Power ................................................................... 13

2.2 CHP in Ireland ................................................................................................... 13

2.2.1 CHP in Europe ............................................................................................ 16

2.3 Benefits of Implementing CHP.......................................................................... 17

2.4 CHP Technology................................................................................................ 18

2.4.1 Prime Mover ............................................................................................... 18

2.4.2 Electrical Generator .................................................................................... 19

2.4.3 Heat Recovery Equipment .......................................................................... 19

2.5 CHP Range......................................................................................................... 20

2.6 Barriers to developing CHP ............................................................................... 20

2.6.1 Awareness and Information Barriers .......................................................... 21

2.7 Climate Change.................................................................................................. 22

2.7.1 Environmental Aspects of CHP .................................................................. 24

2.8 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2009-2020 ......................................... 25

2.8.1 Energy Policies ........................................................................................... 25

2.9 Connection to the Electricity Grid Network ...................................................... 26

2.9.1 Connection Application Process ................................................................. 27

2.9.2 Requirements for Protection of Embedded CHP Installations ................... 28

2.9.3 Synchronising ............................................................................................. 29

2.10 Combined Heat & Power Deployment Programme......................................... 29

2.11 Sizing a CHP Plant........................................................................................... 30

2.12 Reviewing CHP Case Study’s Carried Out in the Hotel Sector ...................... 31


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2.12.1 Jury’s Hotel and Towers – Dublin ............................................................ 31

2.12.2 Project Description.................................................................................... 31

2.12.3 Plant Operation ......................................................................................... 31

2.12.4 Project Results .......................................................................................... 32

3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology ........................................................................................ 33

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 33

3.2 Research Objectives ........................................................................................... 33

3.3 Methods for Collecting Data.............................................................................. 34

3.4 Project Description............................................................................................. 35

4.0 Chapter Four: Data Collection ............................................................................... 37

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 37

4.2 CHP Operation ................................................................................................... 37

4.3 Sizing of the CHP Plant ..................................................................................... 37

4.4 CHP Description ................................................................................................ 38

4.5 CHP Control System .......................................................................................... 38

4.6 F4 Energy Remote Monitoring .......................................................................... 42

4.7 Heat Meter.......................................................................................................... 42

4.8 Gas Meter ........................................................................................................... 43

4.9 Acoustic and Vibration Attenuation .................................................................. 43

5.0 Chapter Five: Data analysis and Discussion of Results ......................................... 45

5.1 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011 ................................................................ 45

5.2 Simple Payback Calculations............................................................................. 46

5.2.1 Net Present Value Payback Calculations .................................................... 47

5.3 Electrical and Gas Energy Consumption for 2011 ............................................ 48

5.4 Analysis of the Electrical Energy Costs............................................................. 49

5.4.1 Analysis of the Gas Energy Costs............................................................... 50

5.4.2 CHP Fuel Input ........................................................................................... 51

5.5 Building Energy Benchmarking ........................................................................ 51

5.6 Maintenance and Servicing ................................................................................ 51

5.7 Environmental Benefits of the CHP Plant ......................................................... 53

5.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Created from Grid Electricity......................... 54

5.7.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Saved by using CHP Plant ............................. 54

5.7.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Created from Natural Gas .............................. 54


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5.7.4 Osprey Hotel Carbon Footprint .................................................................. 54

5.8 Osprey Hotel CHP Plant Efficiency .................................................................. 55

6.0 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Summary ................................................................. 56

7.0 Bibliography........................................................................................................... 58

8.0 Appendices............................................................................................................. 61

9.0 Thesis Schedule...................................................................................................... 79

9.1 Student-Supervisor Log Report ......................................................................... 79

9.2 Student Log Report for Thesis ........................................................................... 80


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List of Tables

Table 1 CHP Number of Units and Operational Capacity by Fuel 2011 (SEAI, 2012)

.............................................................................................................................. 14

Table 2 R.Evans (1993) Environmental & Economic Implications of Small-Scale

CHP, Energy Policy ............................................................................................. 25

Table 3 Additional requirements for embedded generator installations-generator

interface protection devices (ESB Networks, 2006). ........................................... 29

Table 4 Additional requirements for embedded generator installations-generator

interface protection devices (ESB Networks, 2006). ........................................... 29

Table 5 CHP plant operation........................................................................................ 37

Table 6 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011 ............................................................. 46

Table 7 Hotel Expenditure for 2011 ............................................................................ 46

Table 8 NPV method using discounted cash flow ....................................................... 47

Table 9 Electrical and gas consumption in KWh for 2011 .......................................... 48

Table 10 CO2 emission factors by fuel type (Electric Ireland)(CIBSE Guide F) ........ 53

Table 11 Osprey Hotel carbon footprint ...................................................................... 54


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List of Figures

Figure 1 CHP fuel and Thermal/Electrical output in Ireland 1994-2011 (SEAI, 2012)

.............................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 2 CHP electricity as % of total electricity generated in Ireland (SEAI, 2012). 15

Figure 3 Combined heat and power generation in Europe, 2010 (Eurostat, 2012) ..... 16

Figure 4 Sankey Diagram (SEAI, 2006) ...................................................................... 17

Figure 5 Energy Related CO2 Emissions by Sector (SEAI, 2012) .............................. 24

Figure 6 Naas Osprey Hotel & Spa.............................................................................. 35

Figure 7 Ariel View of the Osprey Complex ............................................................... 35

Figure 8 Simplified diagram of typical low voltage combined heat and power

electrical system (Source: CIBSE AM12) ........................................................... 39

Figure 9 Mains Incomer and switch fuse for CHP plant ............................................. 39

Figure 10 CHP Control Interface Display Units .......................................................... 40

Figure 11 Schmitt Enertec Monitoring Unit interface ................................................. 41

Figure 12 CF Echo 11 Ultrasonic Heats and Cooling Meter ....................................... 42

Figure 13 Itron MZ turbine gas meter.......................................................................... 43

Figure 14 CHP Plant located in the Osprey underground car park .............................. 44

Figure 15 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011.......................................................... 45

Figure 16 Electricity and gas consumption.................................................................. 48

Figure 17 Typical F4energy service report .................................................................. 52

Figure 18 Maintenance Schedule, front page............................................................... 52

Figure 19 Bord Gais Energy, Gas Bill for November 2011 ........................................ 61

Figure 20 Energia Electricity Bill for November 2011 ............................................... 62

Figure 21 Bord Gais Energy Bill for December 2011 when CHP Was Out of Service

.............................................................................................................................. 63

Figure 22 Energia Electricity Bill for December 2011 when CHP Was Out of Service

.............................................................................................................................. 64

Figure 23 CHP Plant Specifications ............................................................................ 65

Figure 24 Schematic Diagram of the CHP plant Designed by Schmitt Enertec .......... 66

Figure 25 ESB Networks NC5 Application Form ....................................................... 67

Figure 26 ESB Networks NC5 Application Form Part 1 ............................................. 68


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Figure 27 ESB Networks Application Fees for Embedded Generators, Approved by

the CER ................................................................................................................ 69

Figure 28 Fossil and electric building benchmarks (CIBSE guide F) ......................... 70

Figure 29 SEAI comparison of energy costs (SEAI) ................................................... 71

Figure 30 Business electricity prices in band IC in 2011 ............................................ 72

Figure 31 CHP Name Plate .......................................................................................... 72

Figure 32 CO2 emissions conversion factors by fuel type (Part L2A Building

Regulations) ......................................................................................................... 73

Figure 33 CHP plant .................................................................................................... 73

Figure 34 CHP user interface....................................................................................... 74

Figure 35 CHP located beside the hotels main distribution board ............................... 74

Figure 36 CHP water inlet ........................................................................................... 75

Figure 37 typical service reports .................................................................................. 75


Figure 39 Service report check sheet ........................................................................... 76




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Glossary of Terms

KWh – Kilowatt-hour

M3 – Cubic Meter

CHP – Combined Heat and Power

Cogeneration – Using a heat engine to simultaneously produce heat electricity

MIC – Maximum Import Capacity

PSO – Public Service Obligation

CER – Commission for Energy Regulation

CENELEC – European Committee for Electro technical Standardisation

SEAI – Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland

KW – Kilowatt

ESB – Electricity Supply Board

GHG – Greenhouse gases

NVP – Net Present Value

SPB – Simple Payback

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

KWe – CHP electricity capacity

KWth – CHP thermal capacity

V – Volts

DUoS – Distribution System Operation

TUoS – Transmission System Operator

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

ICHPA – Irish Combined Heat & Power Association

SEI – Sustainable Energy Ireland

SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide

CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

NO2 – Nitrogen Dioxide

CO – Carbon Monoxide

CH4 – Methane


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Abstract

This paper examines how Combined Heat and Power benefits the hotel sector in

Ireland. The cast study will be carried out on the Naas Osprey Hotel and Spa in

County Kildare. The energy savings as a result of the CHP plant were evaluated.

Billing information for period of 12 months during 2011 was gathered and analysed.

As a result of installing the CHP plant in the Osprey hotel, the hotels daytime ESB

consumption is significantly reduced and with the displaced grid electricity the

Osprey CHP plant reduces the site’s carbon emissions per annum.

The author will use two fundamental evaluative approaches in this research:

Qualitative, which will include surveys, historical research and

Quantitive, which will include Case Studies, spreadsheets and charts

illustrating recorded data.

A feasibility study will be drawn up by the author, which will incorporate a12-month

historic gas and electricity energy consumption by the Osprey hotel.


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Chapter 1: Introduction

This research aims to investigate the energy performance of Gas powered Combined

Heat and Power plant. It is hoped that the results of this research will benefit both

building facilities manager and energy managers alike, by delivering a greater

understanding of the operation and design of a CHP system, and the potential energy

saving costs that can be implemented.

Due to current economic and environmental reasons, companies and organisations

worldwide are constantly under pressure to reduce their energy consumption. As

energy cost is the primary expense for these companies and organisations, a reduction

in energy consumption will lead to a reduction in their operating cost base, which will

ultimately lead to a more profitably business model. A reduction in energy

consumption can be achieved by many means, but in particular, the implementation of

energy efficiency and energy conservation programs within the company or

organisation, will lead to a promotion of efficient and effective energy use.

The Directive 2004 / 8 / EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 11

February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on useful heat demand in the

internal energy market and amending Directive 92 / 42 / EEC states;

“The potential for use of cogeneration as a measure to save energy is underused in the

Community at present. Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration based on a useful

heat demand is a Community priority given the potential benefits of cogeneration

with regard to saving primary energy, avoiding network losses and reducing

emissions, in particular of greenhouse gases. In addition, efficient use of energy by

cogeneration can also contribute positively to the security of energy supply and to the

competitive situation of the European Union and its Member States. It is therefore

necessary to take measures to ensure that the potential is better exploited within the

framework of the internal energy market”.


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2.0 Chapter 2: Literature Review

The purpose of this literature review is to provide relevant information on the theory

and concepts behind the use of Combined Heat and Power systems and the analysis of

standards and codes of practice carried out in the area of small-scale Combined Heat

and Power systems in the hotel sector in Ireland. (SEAI, 2012) (Horlock, 1997)

2.1 What is Combined Heat and Power

“CHP, also referred to as ‘cogeneration’ or ‘total energy’, is the simultaneous

generation of usable heat and power within a single process. The Power generated is

usually electricity, but can also be mechanical power for driving equipment such as

pumps, compressors and fans” (Carbon Trust, 2012).

CHP is a single process where by simultaneous generation of electricity and heat is

achieved. The CHP unit typically replaces the oil or gas boiler and is extensively used

in commercial and industrial premises.

The CHP plant is versatile piece of equipment it can run on natural gas, biogas or

diesel. The type and range of CHP available are,

Micro CHP (≤ 5kWe)

Small-scale CHP (≤ 2 MWe)

- Spark Ignition engines

- Micro-turbines (30 - 100 kWe)

- Small scale gas turbines (500 kWe)

Large-scale (> 2 MWe)

-Large reciprocating engines

-Large gas turbines (Carbon Trust, 2004).

2.2 CHP in Ireland

According to the SEAI “the installed capacity of CHP in Ireland at the end of 2011

was 326 MWe (262 CHP units) up from 307 MWe (227 units) in 2010, an increase of

6.2 %. However the 2011 installed capacity figures, of the 262 CHP units 189 of them

were reported as being in operation. The operational installed capacity increased by

22 MWe, to 304 MWe, in 2011 compared with 2010.


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Table 1 CHP Number of Units and Operational Capacity by Fuel 2011 (SEAI, 2012)

According to the SEAI report labeled “Combined Heat and Power in Ireland, 2012

update”, in 2010 hotels (40 %) and leisure centers (20 %) account for the majority of

CHP units in the services sector closely followed by hospitals (17 %). These sites

benefit from having CHP systems because of the constant demand for heat and power.

Other sub-sectors include, education and office (both 6 %), airport (2 %), retail (3 %)

and other services (5 %).

The single CHP unit (160 MWe) in Aughinish Alumina plant in Limerick accounts

for 63.4 % of the total operational capacity in the industrial sector, and the food

processing plants accounting for 23.3 % (12 units).

In December 2005 an Irish government supported grant scheme was announced to run

between 2006 and 2010, to assist businesses in Ireland in the deployment of CHP

across the country.

The program objectives include;

Increase deployment of small-scale, fossil fuel and biomass CHP systems in

industrial, commercial and public sectors.

Reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel consumption.

Increase electricity system security via more diversity of local embedded

generating plants.

Increase awareness in CHP systems.

The funding available depends on the type of project and technologies used, up to 30

% investment support for small-scale (≥ 50 kWe and < 1 MWe) fossil fired CHP

projects. (SEAI, 2010)

According to the 2012 report on Combined Heat and Power in Ireland the SEAI CHP

deployment programme was stopped on December 2010. It was noted that 68 (fossil-

fueled) small-scale CHP projects with a total 157.7 MWe, biomass CHP (3 MWe

capacity), and anaerobic digestion CHP (250 kMe capacity) benefited from this

program (SEAI, 2012).


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Figure 1 CHP fuel and Thermal/Electrical output in Ireland 1994-2011 (SEAI, 2012)

The above chart illustrates the CHP contribution to Irelands energy requirement

between 1994 and 2011. It can be seen that the large increase in 2006 is accounted for

the Aughinish Alumina plant (160 MWe) that became operational at that time. Fuel

inputs have increased by 156 %, thermal and electrical outputs increased by 182 %

and 654 % respectively over the period 1994 to 2011. (SEAI, 2012)

Figure 2 CHP electricity as % of total electricity generated in Ireland (SEAI, 2012)


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2.2.1 CHP in Europe

Figure 3 Combined heat and power generation in Europe, 2010 (Eurostat, 2012)

It is noted in the Eurostat report on “Energy, transport and environment indicators that

in 2010, combined heat and power generation in the European Union generated 11.7

% of gross electricity. “The share of electricity produced by cogeneration processes

varied from 1 % in Cyprus to 49.2 % in Denmark. From 2005 to 2010, the highest

increase in CHP share was recorded in Lithuania (34.6 % in 2010 from 15.5 % in

2005) and Latvia (45.0 % in 2010 from 30.7 % in 2005). On the contrary, the highest

decrease was reported by Romania (10.8 % in 2010 from 26.2 % in 2005)”. (Eurostat,

2012).

In Ireland 6.8% of electricity was generated by CHP plants in 2010. In 2010, 14 of the

CHP plants were exporting 1,347 GWh of electricity to the grid. (SEAI, 2012)


D07114349 17

2.3 Benefits of Implementing CHP

Figure 4 Sankey Diagram (SEAI, 2006)

Combined Heat and Power offers plenty of benefits over traditional boilers and

electric only systems. The above diagram illustrates the reduced energy consumption

of a CHP unit (80 % efficient) compared with separate production of heat and

electricity, which has losses of up to 41 %.

According to the Combined Heat and Power Association (CHPA), CHP provides the

following benefits: (SEAI, 2012)

Minimum 10 % energy savings but its is generally higher

Up to 40 % cost savings on electricity generated from the CHP unit over

electricity from the grid

Minimum of 10 % CO2 savings in comparison to other methods of thermal and

electrical generation

Up to 80 % efficient

Guarantee of electrical and thermal energy for the consumer

Reliable technology with established supplier base.

A reduction in the cost of energy, improving the competitiveness of industry

and business, helping to mitigate fuel poverty.


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CHP is versatile and can be coupled with existing and planned technologies

for many different applications in the industrial, commercial and residential

sectors (CHPA, 2013)

2.4 CHP Technology

The basic components of a CHP unit are (1) The Prime Mover, (2) An Electrical

Generator and (3) The Heat Recovery Equipment. There are a number of different

types of prime mover, which vary from an internal combustion engine, steam turbine,

gas turbine, combined cycle gas turbines or fuel cells. The electrical generator that

converts the mechanical energy from the prime mover to electrical energy is either a

synchronous generator, which is a stand-alone type, or an asynchronous generator that

requires a connection to the electrical grid and will shut down in the event of a power

outage.

According to the Irish CHP Association, for the natural gas- fired CHP system to be

technically and economically feasible, it generally requires a simultaneous demand

for heat and electricity on the premises, for a minimum of 14 hours per day or 5000

hours per year. (SEAI, 2000)

2.4.1 Prime Mover

In the hotel sector small scale CHP units are preferred, where there is always a steady

demand for heat and power throughout the year. Small-scale CHP units consist of an

internal combustion engine or gas turbines. Gas turbines are available from 100 KW

to 100 MW. The heat to power ratio is from 1 to 3. In the gas combustion process the

air to fuel ratio is 100 to 1, the exhaust gas contains high levels of nitrogen and

oxygen. This may be classed as hot air, which is suitable for processing and heating

purposes. Gas turbines require frequent maintenance schedules required between

20,000 - 70,000 hours of operation.

Other types of prime mover are the spark ignited gas engines operated on mains gas,

or the larger sized CHP unit use diesel engines. These reciprocating engines are

available in many sizes, which range from as low as 6 KW to 200 MW. The

reciprocating engines are liquid cooled and the same liquid is used as a secondary

source of thermal energy with the hot exhaust gases. The maintenance on the

reciprocating engines is not a complicated as the gas turbine but may be more

frequent with higher costs involved.


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2.4.2 Electrical Generator

The generator converts the mechanical shaft power of the prime mover into electrical

energy. The generators used in CHP systems are either synchronous or asynchronous.

Synchronous generators can operate completely independently of the grid and may be

used for standby electrical generation. They require a battery to start, are more

complex and therefore are expensive. (Hodkinson, 2008)

Asynchronous generators use the mains as the excitation current and therefore require

connection to the grid and will shut down in the event of a power outage; they cannot

be used as a standby generator. In many cases the manufacturer of the prime mover

and generator as an integrated, packaged assembly known as a genset. If the CHP is to

be used as for standby capacity, a second back up CHP unit may be required so in the

event of maintenance down time the facility is still able to avail of CHP generated

electrical and thermal energy. (Hodkinson, 2008)

2.4.3 Heat Recovery Equipment

The second stage of the CHP generating electricity is to recover and use the exhaust

heat energy from the prime mover of the CHP unit. The successful operation of the

CHP plant depends on the use of the heat produced by generating electricity. The

simplest model is where the heat exchanger transfers the heat from the exhaust gases

and engine water jacket to the boiler feed water to raise the temperature of the boiler

feed water this water temperature is typically 70 to 850 C. (Hodkinson, 2008)

When the heat is removed from the exhaust gases, the gas is discharged via a chimney

into the atmosphere. Heat exchangers can come in different forms, the most common

are,

Shell and tube

Plate

Cooling coil types.

The heat exchangers performance depends on size of the heat transfer area; in some

cases the heat recovery unit is larger than the fuel-burning unit to maximize the heat

transfer, and an important variable is the temperature gradient. Liquids with greater

temperature difference between hot and cool streams result in greater heat transfer

rates. (Fin, 2010)


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2.5 CHP Range

GE’s Jenbacher Type 2 Gas Engine

The Jenbacher type 2, gas engine was introduced in 1976 and its power output

ranges from 250 to 350 kW. The CHP IS robust and has a guarantee of 60,000

operating hours before first major overhaul. Total efficiency is 89.1 %

(General Electric, 2013).

GE’s Jenbacher Type 3 Gas Engine

The Jenbacher Type 3 offers power in the range of 500 to 1,100 kW. Long

service intervals and has a maintenance-friendly engine design. The total

efficiency is up to 87.1 %. Fuel type is biogas, coke gas, natural gas, propane,

landfill gas, sewage gas and special gases (e.g., coal mine gas, coke gas wood

gas pyrolysis gas) (General Electric, 2013).

GE’s Jenbacher type 4 Gas Engine

Based on the design of types 3 and 6 the type 4 is a modern engine in the 800

to 1500 kW power range with a total efficiency of up to 86.2 %. The type 4

engine gas types are, natural gas flare gas, biogas, landfill gas and coke gas.

The heat recovery system is a two-stage oil plate heat exchanger (General

Electric, 2013).

2.6 Barriers to developing CHP

According to the CHP policy group report in February 2006, there is a lot of potential

for development of CHP, but only a small number of new CHP units will be

commissioned in the next couple of years, giving market barriers, economic return

and investment risks that potential CHP developers face. The CHP project investment

decision will be based on a comparison of the financial cost and risks of importing the

electricity requirement for a site and producing heat internally from heat only-boilers

or operating a CHP scheme supplemented by imported or exported electricity as

required.

The barriers and risks to implementing CHP in the hotel sector depend on typically on

gas market price volatility that could deter potential investors.


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A sudden increase in natural gas could result in an increased cost in meeting their

energy needs. Since gas is the fuel choice for the majority of CHP plants, the

relationship between gas and electricity prices is critical to the CHP project. This is

also known as spark-spread. The economics of a CHP investment is more viable when

spark-spread is high, what this means is then the gas price is lower in comparison to

the electricity price. For smaller CHP users, when the spark-spread is low the

financial attractiveness of the small-scale CHP unit is reduced.

2.6.1 Awareness and Information Barriers

If the installed capacity of CHP in Ireland is to grow significantly it is necessary to

increase the level of awareness and information available. This can be achieved by

introducing marketing programs, guidelines and feasibility studies.

COGEN Europe is the European Association, for the Promotion of CHP projects. It is

a Belgian non-profit organisation. Its aims are to work towards the wider use of CHP

in Europe for a sustainable energy future. COGEN works at EU level with member

states to develop energy policies and reduce the numbers of barriers to implementing

CHP systems. The organisation is also responsible for annual conferences on

cogeneration in Europe (COGEN Europe, 2013).

An independent body called the Commission for Energy Regulation (CER) was

established in 1999 under the electricity regulation act 1999. Its principle aim is to

protect the interests of the existing and future customers. This is achieved by

providing security of supply of energy services. Also by moving towards increased

levels of renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions. The CER responsibilities

are to ensure sufficient capacity in the systems to satisfy reasonable demands for

supply for natural gas and electricity, to protect the interests of customers, including

the elderly and disadvantaged in rural areas, promoting competition in electricity and

gas markets and promoting research and the use of sustainable forms of energy that

reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as adopting measures to protect the

environment in all sectors in Ireland.

Recently the CER has recently presented its five-year strategic plan for the 2010 -

2014 period. The commission has outlined 6 goals, under strategic goal 4, which is to

ensure that:


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“The environment is protected”

“Actions 4.2 Renewables & Climate Change Package”

-“4.2.1 we will ensure full implementation of the relevant aspects of the

renewables and climate change package in the electricity and gas sectors”

-“4.2.2 we will also challenge the sector to develop a formal environmental

vision for the electricity industry in particular, where reducing emission in an

integrated system is central, while not impacting on competitiveness. We hope

to see initiatives from the energy sector in this area” (CER, 2009).

4.5 Demand Side Participation

-“We will make customers more energy aware and will encourage all

participants in the energy sector to deliver improved information on energy

efficiency, demand side participation and the environmental impact of the

energy sector to their customers. We will prioritise increased focus on the

importance of Demand Side Management Participation over the course of this

plan” (CER, 2009).

2.7 Climate Change

In April 2007 the Irish government published the National Climate Change Strategy

2007-2012. This strategy sets out measures that will allow Ireland to reduce its

greenhouse gas emissions meeting its Kyoto Protocol commitments. This National

Climate Change Strategy is updated from the first strategy published by the

government in 2000. The purpose of this strategy is to show the measures by which

Ireland will meet its 2008-2012 commitments and to show how these measures

position the country beyond 2012 and identify measures being researched and

developed that will meet our eventual 2020 commitment (Department of the

Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2007).


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Sir Nicholas Stern’s 700-page report to the UK Government on October 30th 2006, on

the Economics of Climate Change ‘The Stern Review’ concluded:

“The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change presents very serious

global risks, and it demands an urgent global response”.

Since 1990 the greenhouse gas emissions in Ireland have raised considerably. This

rise was mainly caused by a large increase in C02 emissions compared to other gases

such as methane and nitrous oxides, which have remained more or less the same.

Irelands CO2 emissions increase between 1990 and 2001 is as result of strong

economic growth.

In 1990, CO2 contributed 58.5 %, methane and nitrous oxides combined together

totaled 41.4%, and F-gases (HFC, PFC, SF6 ) 3 contributed 1/ 1000th of all green house

gas emissions. By 2004 CO2 emissions contribution increased to 66.1 %, methane and

nitrous oxides dropped to 32.9 % while the F-gases contribution was 1 %

(IEA/OECD, 2007).

In figure 5 on the following page the graph displays a sectorial breakdown of the

energy related CO2 emissions (96 % of energy related green house gases) and nitrous

oxide and methane (remaining 4 % of energy related green house gases). According

to the Energy in Ireland report prepared by the SEAI, the larges t sectorial increase is

in the transport sector, but since 2009 this has declined by 11.2 % and accounts for

over one third of energy related CO2 emissions in 2011 while agriculture represents

the lowest energy related CO2 emissions by sector (SEAI, 2012).


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Figure 5 Energy Related CO2 Emissions by Sector (SEAI, 2012)

2.7.1 Environmental Aspects of CHP

CHP represents a highly efficient use of energy, which reduces the combustion

products per unit of energy produced compared to traditional oil fired boilers and

electricity generation stations. Consequently CHP will bring environmental benefits

in the form of CO2 savings.

The amount of CO2 savings resulting from CHP is difficult to calculate. A number of

factors depend on such as:

The mix of electricity production in the country

The most marginal power plant on the system

The next power plant to be built by the power industry

The best theoretical power plant available. (Irish Energy Centre, 2001)

The environmental benefits of installing CHP systems in Ireland are shown in table 2

on the following page, the emissions savings are only suggested and may vary.


D07114349 25

Table 2 R.Evans (1993) Environmental & Economic Implications of Small -Scale CHP, Energy Policy

Emissions Estimated net reduction in emissions per kWh of

electricity produced (g/kWh)

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) 1000

SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) 17

NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) 4.6

CO (Carbon Monoxide) (3)

CH4 (Methane) 3.9

2.8 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2009-2020

It is noted in the national energy efficiency action plan that fossil fuels accounted for

96% of all energy use in Ireland in 2007. With the rising oil and gas prices, measures

need to be in place to move towards a sustainable energy future.

According to the NEEAP the most cost effective measure of reducing Irelands

dependence on fossil fuels is energy efficiency.

The government has committed to achieve a 20 % reduction in energy demand by

2020 through implementing energy efficiency measures. The 20 % reduction equates

to 31925 Gig watt hours saved.

The national energy efficiency action plan has outlined 90 actions, measures and

programs, which will help reduce Irelands energy demand and reach the national

target set by the action plan. (Dep. of Communications, Energy and Natural

Resources, 2009)

2.8.1 Energy Policies

The Kyoto Protocol was agreed upon in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997. On

February 16th 2009, 183 states signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), aimed at combating

global warming.

The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37

industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas

emissions. As stated by the UNFCC these amount to an average of 5% against 1990

levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. (United Nations, 2012)


D07114349 26

The Kyoto Protocol requires the significant reduction in Irish emissions of GHG’s or

pays hefty fines. Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrialized countries are required to

reduce the emissions of six greenhouse gases (CO2, which is the most important one,

methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons and sulphur

hexafluoride) on average by 5.2 % below the 1990 levels during the first

“commitment period” from 2008 to 2012.

A five-year commitment period was chosen rather than a single target year to smooth

out annual fluctuations in emissions due to uncontrollable factors such as weather.

(United Nations Framework Convention, 2011)

Key measures published by the National Climate Change Strategy 2007 – 2012

include production of electricity from renewable sources to increase to 15 % by 2010

and 33 % by 2020 Biomass to contribute up to 30 % of energy input at peat stations

by 2015 and support for Combined Heat and Power projects. Measures for industrial,

Commercial and Services, include building regulations and building energy rating,

energy agreements programme, bio heat and CHP programs and support for eco-

efficient technology and practices (Department of the Environment, Heritage and

Local Government, 2007)

The EU Emissions Trading Scheme came into operation in January 2005, and under

this scheme the C02 emissions of 12,000 installations across the EU are controlled on

a cap and trade basis, over 100 installations in Ireland are in the scheme. The

installation has to monitor its emissions and report the total emissions on an annual

basis. The installation is the required to surrender allowances, where one allowance

equals one tonne of CO2, if the installation cannot reduce its emissions during the

course of the year more allowances must be bought or face high penalty fines. This

strategy sets out to reduce emissions by 0.6 million tonnes in the industrial,

commercial and services sector out of a total 3.02 million tonnes by 2012.

2.9 Connection to the Electricity Grid Network

The Commissioner for Energy Regulation (CER) is responsible for overseeing the

regulation of Ireland’s electricity and gas sectors. The Commission was initially

established and granted regulatory powers over the electricity market under the

Electricity Regulation Act, 1999.


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The CER published a revised process for the authorization and licensing of generation

stations CER / 07 / 128 on the 30th of August 2007. The target audience is the owners

and installers of small-scale and micro generation (CHP plants). The paper clarifies:

“In the decision paper CER / 07 / 128, the Commission directed that

generators with a capacity not exceeding 1 MW will be deemed to be duly

authorised and/or licensed by way of Order(s) issued pursuant to Section 14

(1A) and Section 16 (3A) of the Electricity Regulation Act 1999” (CER,

2008).

“Generators not exceeding 1 MW will be subject to specific terms and

conditions as set out in the Orders but will not be required to notify the

Commission in order to stand duly authorised and/or licensed” (CER, 2008).

Sites with an existing connection seeking to install a small-scale CHP plant should

only require a modification to their connection agreement. However a completed

connection application form should be submitted regardless. If the site does not have

an existing connection, the generator connection application can be made along with

an application for a demand connection.

2.9.1 Connection Application Process

Step 1: Get an ordnance survey map and site plan

The start of the application process is for the new or existing customer to get an

ordnance survey map and site plan (1 : 2500 - 1 : 10560) which will highlight (in red)

the location of the new CHP plant.

Step 2: Complete application form

Complete the ESB Networks application form (NC5), The form should be submitted

in situations where an applicant considers that they may be eligible for the connection

process outside the group processing approach. The advantage is that the application

may avoid the full rigors of the group processing rules.

Step 3: Return the application form

The application form, along with a non-refundable deposit of 7000 euro is to be sent

to ESB Networks in Athlone, Co. Westmeath.

Step 4: Receive a quotation and connection agreement

Receive an acknowledgement and reference number


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- Connection Quotation

The application fees for embedded generations are shown in the appendices

- Connection Agreement

The connection agreement will include the Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) and the

Maximum Export Capacity (MEC).

Step 5: Return payment

Post the payment and connection agreement to the ESB.

Step 6: Witness test date

The technical data from the completed application will be evaluated to ensure there

are no technical or protection omissions, which may need to be corrected prior to the

witness test date (ESB Networks, 2010).

2.9.2 Requirements for Protection of Embedded CHP Installations

The conditions governing connection to the distribution system is a document set out

by ESB Networks lists requirements for customer’s equipment at the interface

between the distribution system and the customer’s installation. Associated

documentation with these conditions includes S.I. No. 44 /1993 – Safety, Health and

Welfare At Work Regulations, 1993.

“All electrical equipment and electrical installations shall at all times be so

(a) Constructed,

(b) Installed,

(c) Maintained,

(d) Protected, and

(e) Used

So as to prevent danger.” (Irish Statute Book, 1993)

Generator protection is designed to disconnect the CHP plant from the ESB

network, during irregular system conditions by tripping the main incoming

circuit breaker or generator circuit breaker. The CHP plant interface objective

is to protect the safety of ESB employees, the public and the network

distribution system and also offers protection to the customers CHP plant and

employees.


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Table 3 Additional requirements for embedded generator installations-generator interface protection

devices (ESB Networks, 2006).

Devices Requirement

Protection

Devices

Independent of other equipment and protection

Located in a separate and secure compartment that can be sealed

Provide backup protection to ensure isolation of the generator

Comply with IEC Standard 60255

Table 4 Additional requirements for embedded generator installations-generator interface protection

devices (ESB Networks, 2006).

Devices Requirement

Relays Protection Grade

Visible indication of operation

Accessible from ground level

Clearly identified

Monitor installation at ESB networks distribution connection voltage

unless otherwise agreed between ESB networks and customer

Monitor line voltage for under and over voltage protection in MV and 38kV installations

Prevent re-closure of generator or main incomer CB until all relays

have reset correctly

2.9.3 Synchronising

The synchronising facilities shall be provided on either the generator circuit

breaker or the main incoming circuit breaker and synchronization should be

fully automatic.

The operation of the switchgear where the customers could parallel

unsynchronized generator equipment with ESB networks system shall be

prevented by check synchronising facilities, or by the use of mechanical or

electrical interlocking provided by the customer (ESB Networks, 2006).

2.10 Combined Heat & Power Deployment Programme

In December 2005, the minister for Finance announced an allocation of 65 million

euro over a period between 2006 and 2010 to launch several innovative grant schemes

relating to combined heat and power, biofuels, biomass commercial heaters and

domestic renewable heat grants.


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The deployment programme provided grant support to assist the deployment of small-

scale (< 1 MWe) fossil fired CHP and biomass CHP systems. It took the place of the

Combined Heat and power RD & D programme.

The programme includes feasibility studies, to assist investigation into the application

of CHP across all size ranges and technologies and investment grant support for

small-scale fossil fired CHP with a capacity ≤ 50 kWe < 1 MWe (SEAI, 2010).

The funding for qualifying projects was up to 40 %, maximum of 1.5 million euro per

project.

However due to the reduction of budget resources for 2011, the government CHP

Deployment Programme that was administered by SEAI is no longer open for

applications. The CHP Deployment Program was closed at the end of December

2010; under the scheme a total of 68 fossil fuelled small-scale CHP projects, totaling

15.7 MWe, 3 MWe of biomass CHP and 250 kWe of anaerobic digestion CHP (SEAI,

2012).

2.11 Sizing a CHP Plant

The over all cost for installing a CHP plant may be high, so it’s very important to

operate the plant efficiency. It is important that the CHP is running every day or

around 5000 hours per year. The CHP must be sized on the heat demand. It is also

important that other energy efficiency measures such as energy efficient light bulbs

etc., this will help to reduce the overall size of the CHP plant and lead to capital

investment savings on purchasing the plant. To calculate heat and power demands of

the building, there are two ways,

Building management system

The BMS can monitor historical energy usage over long periods of time. It can

determine demand profiles throughout the day (early morning and evening times),

week days and weekend periods and summer and winter months.

Analyzing gas and electricity bills

If there’s no BMS available, obtaining a monthly electricity and gas bills over a

period of one year and entering the data on to a spreadsheet. The monthly bills will

give an indication of the consumption of fuel and electricity throughout the year. By

getting in contact with the supply authority they will be able to supply the customer

with half-hourly meter readings, this information will can be used to compile energy

profiles. (Carbon Trust, 2012)


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2.12 Reviewing CHP Case Study’s Carried Out in the Hotel Sector

In order for the author to ascertain a good understanding of this research for small-

scale CHP systems. The author will identify areas of previous research by SEI and the

Irish Energy Center for benchmarking CHP systems in the hotel sector and will be

highlighted in the literature review.

2.12.1 Jury’s Hotel and Towers – Dublin

Jury’s Hotel an established hotel for nearly 40 years is located in Ballsbridge, Dublin.

The hotel comprises of 300 bedrooms, restaurants, pub, leisure center and 20-meter

swimming pool. A further 100 rooms are located in an adjoining block.

Prior to the installation of the CHP system, inefficient unreliable boilers rated at 4765

kg/h provided hot water and heating for the hotel. Inenco were appointed to carryout

an energy survey and review the hot water and heating system, with a view to

recommend energy saving measures and improve reliability. Inenco are an energy

consultancy firm specializing in energy procurement, sustainability, reporting and

analysis. Temp Technology was awarded the contract to install the CHP and carry out

monitoring and maintenance of the plant.

2.12.2 Project Description

A complete redesign of the heating systems

Installation of two new steam boilers and low pressure hot water boilers

Installation of a CHP unit for the electrical (304 kWe) and thermal (445 kW)

requirements, with a fuel input of 999 kW.

Main requirement of keeping the hotel open with no disruptions to hot water

or power

Grant aid was made available from the Irish Energy Centre

Project payback period was over 3 years

2.12.3 Plant Operation

The CHP plant is operational for 15 hours a day, 365 days a year, during peak hours 8

am to 11 pm. The CHP unit has an on board computer which allows Temp

Technology to monitor the plant.


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The advantage of this is that if a fault develops it can be monitored and dealt with

before it causes the plant to break down. This offers the client trouble free operation

of the plant. A documented monthly log of the CHP performance is then sent to the

facilities manger in Jury’s hotel. Maintenance is carried out once every 53 days (800

hrs.) this includes changing sparkplugs, fuel and air filters.

2.12.4 Project Results

Before the installation of the CHP plant, the hotels energy bill per year for oil, natural

gas and electricity was over 380,000 Euro. Installing the CHP plant has resulted in

savings of up to 63,000 Euro in energy costs per year.

Capital costs for the project was approximately 240,000 Euro. The pay back period on

the project was 3.8 years.

Not only does the CHP plaint offer financial benefits it also reduces greenhouse gases

emitted. According to Temp Technology “CHP is environmentally friendly (in

comparison to conventional power generation) and gives a reduction on C02 levels of

0.8kg per KWe” (Temp Technology, 2012).


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3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the research methodology of this study. The author’s aims are to

succeed in examining the status of small-scale CHP systems within the hotel sector in

Ireland. The research was conducted in two phases:

In the first phase, a qualitative approach was used to collect data,

And in the second phase a quantitative approach was used.

It is important that the author’s methods will be quantitive and qualitive to achieve the

main research objectives, goals and questions set in this thesis.

Carol Grbich explains in her book “Qualitative data analysis an introduction” the

advantage of utilizing an innovative mix of data sources (qualitative and quantitative)

is that, apart from providing a broader view of the research question, it allows the

reader to view the phenomenon under study from different perspectives.

The advantages of combining quantitive and qualitative data are that you can

maximize the impact of both.

For mixed methods to be successful, issues of sampling, design, and data

analysis and data presentation need careful attention (Grbich, 2007).

3.2 Research Objectives

The objectives of this study were to:

Research the relevant environmental policies and available grants for the

proposed CHP plant, these include, Kyoto Protocol, EU Emissions Trading

Scheme and Climate Change Strategy Ireland.

Discuss the outcomes of the CHP plant in the Osprey Hotel and Spa and see

where improvements can be made.

To research available grants for the installation of gas powered CHP in hotel

sector in Ireland.

To investigate the feasibility of installation of CHP plant in the Osprey Hotel

and Spa.

To examine the barriers to CHP.

To carry out an environmental study on the proposed gas fuelled CHP plant.

To perform a data analysis and financial appraisal on the proposed plant.


D07114349 34

3.3 Methods for Collecting Data

The materials used in this thesis consisted of several items such as books, reports and

journals. Researching through the Internet provide all resources required to carry out

the dissertation.

The author will first apply different types of qualitative research methods. After the

authors kick off meeting with the DIT project supervisor and obtaining an excellent

understanding of small-scale CHP plants using the most up to date information via the

DIT library and world wide web. During a site visit to the Osprey Hotel and Spa in

Naas all the relevant data was collected and then analysed.

The methodology for this thesis includes various methods for collect ing data for

small-scale CHP plants. The data was obtained during on site visits and phone calls to

the facilities manager before writing the dissertation. All data and information was

collected between January 2013 and March 2013 during a site visit to the Naas

Osprey Hotel and Spa between February and March 2013.

All the information were examined and entered into Microsoft Excel and charts and

tables were create is illustrate the findings from the site visits. In an attempt to

ascertain the validity of the author’s findings, one set of data will be crosschecked

against another.

Quantitative analysis of the electricity and gas bills will provide an understanding of

the running costs of the CHP plant. After the authors discussion with the facilities

manager it was noted that the CHP was shut down during a three week period for re-

building works/upgrades in November 2011, varying costs as a result, will give an

insight in to the annual savings the Hotel benefits from the CHP plant.

The cost of maintenance per annum plus the initial capital costs of installing the plant

will be incorporated into the analysis to determine the benefits.


D07114349 35

3.4 Project Description

Figure 6 Naas Osprey Hotel & Spa

The Naas Osprey Hotel and Spa located on 8 acres in Naas, Co Kildare, built in 2003.

The complex includes the Osprey Hotel, Spa, Conference Centre, Crèche, Business

Campus, Health and Leisure, which incorporates a 25-meter swimming pool and

Time bar and nightclub. The hotel has 104 bedrooms with two penthouses suites with

hot tubs, restaurant, bar and lounge with ballroom. The Conference center has 16 self-

contained meeting rooms.

Figure 7 Ariel View of the Osprey Complex


D07114349 36

The health and leisure center includes a 20-meter swimming pool, gym with over 100

pieces of equipment. The Osprey Spa comprises of 8 treatment rooms. The Time Bar

and Nightclub can host events for up to 2000 people and boast’s 9 bars.

The total area serviced by the CHP plant is 221,168 ft2 or 20,547.2 m2

With the increase in electricity prices in 2004/05 and after the ESB receiving further

approval for a 16 % increase in 2006. In order to reduce energy costs for the hotel two

approaches were examined by the managing director of the Osprey Hotel, Mr. Ole

Andersen

Reduce energy consumption through energy efficient measures

Reduce electricity bills through CHP generation.

F4energy undertook the Combined Heat and Power project. At the design stage a

report carried out incorporating the following,

12-month historic heat and electricity consumption.

The peak electrical and heat loads

Detailed annual energy savings, pre and post CHP

Site survey/ proposed location

The managing director Mr. Ole Andersen took the decision to proceed with the CHP

project in September 2005.

F4energy installed the CHP plant. The CHP installation project included a gas-fired

Mercedes Benz 324 KWe engine, with an electrical and thermal output of 324 KWe

and 485 KW respectively. The capital costs of installing the CHP plant were 300,000

Euro.

With F4energy liaising with the ESB and Bord Gais the project was completed in 19

weeks. No interruption to the hotels electricity or hot water during the 19 weeks of

installation and commissioning works. In addition to energy efficient measures taken

the CHP scheme was designed to reduce ESB daytime consumption.


D07114349 37

4.0 Chapter Four: Data Collection

4.1 Introduction

The data on the energy consumption of the hotel was gathered by reviewing the

electricity and gas bills. The installers of the CHP monitor the CHP plant and review

billing data. The total gas energy consumption is metered by Bord Gais and the

electricity is metered by the ESB.

4.2 CHP Operation

The CHP plant is integrated with the hotels existing electrical and heating system, the

plant is designed to operate in parallel with the mains electricity supply, allowing the

deficit between the site demand and the CHP plant to be imported from the grid. This

ensures the security of the electricity supply in the event of the CHP unit fails, and the

existing gas boiler is on standby when required. The hotel will avail of the ESB’s

maximum demand tariff by reducing its peak demand during the day. The CHP

provides 129,895 kWh of electricity per month that otherwise would be purchased

from the supply authority.

Table 5 CHP plant operation

Energy Requirement Energy Source

Day time heat CHP 100%

Day time electricity CHP 60% External Provider 40%

Night time heat CHP 100%

Night time electricity External Provider 100%

4.3 Sizing of the CHP Plant

As a rule of thumb once a building has a demand for heat and power for more than

5000 hours per year an investment in to the scheme will be viable.

It was noted after the author’s discussion with F4 Energy’s managing director that the

CHP was sized on the electrical load and not the thermal base load, which is present

throughout the year. A feasibility study compiled by F4 Energy which reviewed the

hotels 12 month electricity consumption which was estimated at peak times 900kW

and an average load of 500kW.


D07114349 38

4.4 CHP Description

CHP-unit for natural gas operation with synchronous generator FMB-400-

GSMK

Electrical Power 324/319kWe @PF=1.0/0.8

Thermal power 485kW from jacket water lube oil and exhaust

Gas consumption (LHV) 911kW (LHV = lower heat value)

Fuel Type Natural Gas

Frequency 50 Hz

Voltage 400 volts

Power to Heat Ratio 1: 1.5

Electrical Efficiency 35.7%

Thermal Efficiency 53.2%

Total Efficiency 88.8%

Losses 11.1%

4.5 CHP Control System

The control system and the switchgear for the CHP plant are mounted on the base

frame and are connected to the unit. The synchronous generator is connected in

parallel with the electrical grid.

The CHP plant is remotely monitored by F4energy the suppliers and installers of the

plant. Monitoring and service work is carried out under warranty covering all parts

and labour for the first two years.

Electrical and gas bills are reviewed by F4energy and the facilities manager to ensure

the hotel is on the best national grid tariffs.

The heat output from the CHP unit is 830 C, and is fed into a hot water return header.

During the summer months some of the thermal energy from the CHP unit is

dissipated to the atmosphere by use of a blast radiator.


D07114349 39

Figure 8 S implified diagram of typical low voltage combined heat and power electrical system (Source:

CIBSE AM12)

Figure 9 Mains Incomer and switch fuse for CHP plant


D07114349 40

The PLC system, which monitors and controls the CHP plant, has the following

functions:

Start Stop Control Program

Start delay on 0-20 s

Starter motor on

After reaching cranking speed, ignition on, 2 seconds later, gas solenoid valves open

After reaching ignition speed, starter motor off, monitoring of unit on

After reaching nominal speed, synchronising with the grid takes place

Demand for Stop

Load control down

Generator circuit breaker open

Gas solenoid valves shut

After 20 seconds ignition out

Figure 10 CHP Control Interface Display Units

At the design stage analysis the base load was equated to be approximately 330KWe

and the CHP was sized to suit. After the authors discussion with the facilities manager

it was noted that the hotels demand for electricity increases in the summer months due

to air conditioning in the hotel.

On the 14th of February the during the authors site visit the electrical work done on

the control interface display was recorded at 9, 339, 666 kWh.


D07114349 41

A return visit on the 14th of March to the hotel to record the reading and it was re-

recorded at 9, 469, 561 kWh. Therefore the electrical work done by the CHP plant for

that monthly period was 129, 895 kWh.

The electricity supplier provides the remaining electrical energy, which equates to

125,000 KWh per month but will increase in the summer months because its peak

season in the hotel industry.

Figure 11 Schmitt Enertec Monitoring Unit interface

All data such as power, temperatures and pressures are continuously monitored by the

control system interface on the plant, (in figure 6). The interface is fitted with a

display with semi graphics, 12 function keys and alphanumeric keys. All failures can

be shown on the display with the date and time of their appearance. The machine

interface can display all data these include,

Jacket water temperature

Jacket water level

Hot water temperature

Lube oil pressure and level

Oxygen in exhaust (Lamdba Sensor)

Electrical power

Generator voltage

Grid voltage


D07114349 42

4.6 F4 Energy Remote Monitoring

The CHP plant is monitored by F4 Energy using a web based SCADA system

(Supervisory Control and Data System) that allows supervision and control of the

CHP plant. All monitoring and service work is carried out under a fixed-price

warranty covering all parts and all labour

All grid electricity and gas bills are reviewed to ensure that the hotel is receiving the

least expensive grid tariff.

4.7 Heat Meter

Figure 12 CF Echo 11 Ultrasonic Heats and Cooling Meter

The heat meter is used to accurately measure and monitor the hot water released from

the CHP plant by the use of a set of temperature probes. The meter collects the

information and displays the results; the temperature range is between 00 C and 1800 C

The heating and cooling meter fulfills the EC regulations according to DIN EN 1434.

(Itron, 2011)


D07114349 43

4.8 Gas Meter

Figure 13 Itron MZ turbine gas meter

The MZ meter measures the flow of natural gas up to 10,000m3 and has a pressure

range of up to 100 bar The MZ meter is intrinsic safe approved BVS 95.d.2118.

The flow of gas turns a turbine wheel; the speed of the turbine blade is proportional to

the flow of gas.

4.9 Acoustic and Vibration Attenuation

Internal combustion engines and gas turbines generate noise and vibration that need to

be attenuated where CHP is to be integrated into buildings. Packaged units typically

come in attenuated enclosures, but care is still required when installing and

integrating the units into the building. The sound pressure level of 75 dB (A) within 1

meter of the exhaust is achieved with the use of an exhaust silencer. Because the CHP

plant is located in the underground car park adjacent to the Main hotel entrance lobby

the CHP does not require a high degree of attenuation. With the car park constructed

out of concrete, this acts as a vibration damper for the CHP plant.


D07114349 44

Figure 14 CHP Plant located in the Osprey underground car park


D07114349 45

5.0 Chapter Five: Data analysis and Discussion of Results

5.1 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011

In order to establish the operational costs for the hotel analysis of the quantitative data

made available on gas and electricity consumption of the hotel has been undertaken.

The tables and graphs provide the details of the costs of electricity and gas consumed,

and will establish if the CHP is proving to be beneficial to the hotel, financially.

The chart in figure 8 below provides a monthly breakdown of electricity and gas

charges over one year period starting on the 1st of January and ending on the 31st of

December.

During December the CHP was out of service due to mechanical problems so for the

month of December the backup gas boiler was used to supply hot water/heat it can be

seen from table five that the increase in the electricity charges for the month of

December electrical requirement by the hotel was met by the supply authority. With

the CHP in service providing the base load of the hotel is worked out 129, 895 kWh

per month.

Figure 15 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Eu

ro

Month

Electricity & Gas Charges for 2011

Electricity

Gas


D07114349 46

For an example of a typical gas and electricity bill see the appendix for a sample.

Table 6 Electricity and Gas Charges for 2011

Month Electricity (Euro) Gas (Euro)

January 14357.58 22150.41

February 14775.15 22176.49

March 14900.23 21270.76

April 15144.56 22190.89

May 15239.75 22178.43

June 15985.57 22101.54

July 16034.87 22059.71

August 15849.71 21987.58

September 15579.74 22168.34

October 15471.11 22241.56

November 14190.43 22309.61

December 24954.04 22188.46

Table 7 Hotel Expenditure for 2011

Total Electricity and Gas Total Cost €

Total Electricity from 1 Jan 2011 to 31 Dec 2011 €192,482.7

Total Gas from 1 Jan 2011 to 31 Dec 2011 €265,023.78

Total Energy Costs for 2011 €457,506.48

5.2 Simple Payback Calculations

The annual electricity costs without the CHP in service is estimated at 299,448 Euro

(figures taken from figure 22 in the appendices). The monthly electricity bills are

calculated at 14,000 Euro with a increase estimated at 16,000 Euro in the summer

months. The annual electricity costs with the CHP in service for a full ca lendar year

is estimated at 182,482.70 Euro (note in 2011 the CHP was shut down in December

due to mechanical problems, electricity cost for 2011 was 192,482.70 Euro). The total

annual electricity savings as a result of the CHP is estimated at 117,819.30 Euro. The

annual Maintenance costs amount to 10,000 Euro excluding parts and equipment.

After maintenance costs the annual savings are estimated at 107,628 Euros.


D07114349 47

The Simple Payback method is calculated as follows,

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘(𝑦𝑟𝑠.) = (€)𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 ÷ (€)𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝑆. 𝑃𝐵.= €300,000 ÷ €107,819.30 = 2.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

This figure is not accurate because of assumptions had to be made on the electricity

bills. With the CHP out of service for only one month, the only bill available was the

month of December 2011 (figure 22 in the appendices) when all electricity consumed

was purchased from Energia.

5.2.1 Net Present Value Payback Calculations

The Net Present Value (NVP) has an advantage over the simple payback method.

NVP compares the value of the euro today to the value of that same euro in the future,

taking into account inflation. If the NVP of the project is positive it should be

accepted and if it is negative it should be rejected.

Table 8 NPV method using discounted cash flow

DCF

10%

NET NPV

Capital Investment 1 300,000 -300,000

Year 1 .909 107,628 97,833.85

Year 2 .826 107,628 88,900.73

Year 3 .751 107,628 80,828.63

Year 4 .683 107,628 73,509.92

NVP +41,073.13


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5.3 Electrical and Gas Energy Consumption for 2011

Table 9 Electrical and gas consumption in KWh for 2011

Naas Osprey Hotel & Spa

January 2011 to December 2011

Electrical Consumption Gas Consumption

Month KWh KWh

Jan 254,390 503,509

Feb 256,387 504,346

Mar 255874 504,874

Apr 256,098 505,532

May 270,954 505,296

Jun 283,649 504,538

Jul 280,132 505,687

Aug 275,089 503,976

Sep 260,354 504,874

Oct 257,248 505,389

Nov 255,592 505,042

Dec 216,031 (CHP OFF) 470,349 (CHP OFF)

Figure 16 Electricity and gas consumption

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

KW

h

Electricity and Gas Consumption

Electricity

Gas


D07114349 49

5.4 Analysis of the Electrical Energy Costs

Energia supplies the electricity, it has over 60,000 business customers and it is the

largest independent energy supply company in Ireland and is licensed by the

Commission for energy Regulation.

The annual electricity consumption generated from the CHP plant is 1,558,740 kWh

/year and from the electricity grid is 1,563,058 kWh /year. Based on categories for

business end users of electricity. This level of consumption falls under band-IC

Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) is the level of electrical capacity contracted

between the hotel and the electrical supplier, The PSO charge on the bill is based on

the contracted MIC level, which is 580KVA. A Service Capacity Charge based on the

MIC if it is exceeded the hotel must pay and excess Capacity Charge.

Distribution use of system (DUoS) is a charge that the ESB Networks charges the

electricity supplier (Energia) for the use of the electricity distribution system. This

charge is passed from Energia on to the customer’s bill. The amount of DUoS that is

charged depends on the type of connection, the voltage or if electricity is exported.

The DUoS group for the hotel is DG7, (Medium Voltage MD Customers).

Meter Configuration Code (MCC) is a code used to describe the type of meter that

measures the amount of electricity that passes through the connection point. Referring

to the electricity bill the code is MCC 10. This term stands for, “quarter hourly: 2

channel recorder_imports KWs and KVArs. MD KWs AND MD KVArs recorded

every 15 minutes 24 hours, 7 days, all year”. (ESB Networks, 2010)

“The Transmission Use of System (TUoS) charges are where, all transmission

connected generators and distribution-connected generators with an MEC ≥ 10MW

are liable for Generation TUoS charges. In addition all transmission and distribution

connected generators are liable for Demand TUoS charges” (ESB Networks, 2010).


D07114349 50

It is noted in the electrical costs in table 6, that the summer months from May to

August represent the greatest electrical consumption from the grid throughout the year

however even with this reduced demand for electricity in the winter months the CHP

plant must remain in full operation mode to ensure that the maximum running hours

are maintained if the system is to be financially viable.

5.4.1 Analysis of the Gas Energy Costs

The delivered quantity of gas per month is consistent throughout the year. The CHP

plant is fully operational 15 hours a day 7 days a week throughout the year. Referring

to the Bord Gais energy bill for the month of November the delivered quantity of gas

consumed is 45,260 m3, by applying the conversion factor of 10.7 (taken from the

CIBSE guide F), the kWh equivalent can be calculated, this equates to 505,042 kWh

of energy.

The Imbalance Gas Charge is a rebate credited back to the customer. It is explained in

the Gaslink website that:

“A Shipper's imbalance is the difference between the Shipper's Entry Allocation and

their Exit Allocation. Each Gas Day the Transporter "cashes-out" each of the network

Shippers' Imbalances. Any quantity of gas left in the network is in effect bought by

the Transporter from the Shipper while excess quantities of gas taken from the

network by Shippers, is charged by the Transporter to Shippers” (Gaslink, 2008).

The imbalance pricing structure was approved by the CER in April 2007, with a

request to update the pricing semi annually.

The Gas price plan agreed by Bord Gais for the Osprey Hotel is designed to suit the

way the hotel operates on a daily basis. The tariff made available is Daily Metered

Non-Swing, this option analysis the gas consumed on a daily basis give the customer

the best value.

With the CHP operating 15 hours a day, 7 days a week the gas usage is not going to

deviate and therefore the customer will not have to pay a swing charge. A swing

charge allows a customer a +/- 15% variation in usage. Every month the gas usage is

reviewed and if that usage goes beyond the variation then additional charges will be

incurred. (Bord Gais Energy, 2010)


D07114349 51

5.4.2 CHP Fuel Input

The tariff for the customer costs 2.3646 per unit (kWh) of delivered quantity of gas.

In producing 324 kWe of electricity and 485 kW of thermal energy the CHP will

consume on average 505,042 kWh or 45,260 m3 of gas per month.

5.5 Building Energy Benchmarking

The performance of the hotel that is expressed in kg C02 /m2 per year can be

calculated using the yearly electricity consumption (kWh). The result is compared

with published benchmarks in the CIBSE Guide F Energy Efficiency in Buildings.

The performance ratings are expressed in “good practice” and “typical practice”.

The basis of the benchmark is the electricity in kWh by the treated floor area of the

hotel.

The annual electricity consumption generated from the CHP plant is 1,558,740 kWh

/year and from the electricity grid is 1,563,058 kWh /year. The treated area of the

hotel is 20,547 m2

1,558,740 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 1,563,058 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3,121,798 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

3,121,798 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ÷ 20,547 𝑚2 = 151.9 𝑘𝑊. ℎ. 𝑚2 / 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Referring to table 20.1 in the CIBSE guide F under hotels (- luxury) The figures given

are 90 kW.h.m2 / year (good practice) and 150kW.h.m2 / year (typical practice).

Therefore the hotel will fit under typical practice at 151.9 kW.h.m2 / year.

The performance indicator must be treated with caution because it’s the value is only

a broad indicator of efficiency. (CIBSE, 2004)

5.6 Maintenance and Servicing

Maintenance and servicing methods are becoming more structured and documented.

CHP plants require maintenance it can be carried out by maintenance staff, or in the

Osprey hotel F4energy the contractors who installed the plant. Under a fixed price

warranty covering all parts and all labour.

F4energy will monitor the CHP with a direct link to the system from their offices in

order to highlight problems before they cause breakdowns.


D07114349 52

In the F4energy field service report on the following page, the description of the

service actions carried out on the 13th of September 2010 are as follows

“Replacement of under-voltage relays in generator circuit”

Figure 17 Typical F4energy service report

The maintenance schedule carried out in the Osprey hotel is a pro-active approach to

maintenance that accurately documents and records all work carried out throughout

the lifespan of the plant. The CHP plant report file has a unique identification number

(figure 18), this number is quoted in all maintenance activities or modification carried

out on the piece of equipment.

Figure 18 Maintenance Schedule, front page


D07114349 53

5.7 Environmental Benefits of the CHP Plant

In order for the author to calculate the carbon footprint of the Osprey Hotel, the

accuracy of the footprint relies on collating data for all the emission sources.

Consumption of gas data in KWh from Bord Gais energy bills must be collected, and

electricity in KWh consumed from the grid must be collected for 12 months of the

year.

Total electricity consumed for 2011 (2,905,767 KWh)

CHP generated electricity for 2011 (1,558,740 KWh)

From the above readings the amount of electricity purchased fro m the grid can be

calculated by subtracting the two and this results in 1,347,047 KWh.

The carbon footprint is measured in tonnes of CO2 (t CO2 e), and is calculated using

the data collected and multiplied by emission factors.

Total Gas consumed for 2011 (5,553,063 KWh)

Total grid electricity for 2011 (1,347,047 KWh)

The energy conversion factors, which are taken from Part L2A of the building

regulations conversion factors, published in 2006. It can be seen that emissions

associated with grid supplied electricity is more than twice that per unit of gas

delivered, the complete chart is in the appendices, figure 32.

Table 10 CO2 emission factors by fuel type (Electric Ireland)(CIBSE Guide F)

Fuel Units KgCO2 per kWh Delivered

Grid Electricity KWh 0.532

Natural Gas KWh 0.194

The energy conversion factors in table 9 relate to CO2 emissions by fuel type (kg

CO2/ kWh delivered). These factors do not account for indirect emissions such as

extraction of natural gas or refining oil. The conversion factor for grid electricity and

natural gas is obtained from the electric Ireland website and CIBSE guide F

respectively.


D07114349 54

5.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Created from Grid Electricity

𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 1,347,047 𝐾𝑊ℎ × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.532

= 716,629 𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ

5.7.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Saved by using CHP Plant

The on-site electricity generated from the CHP that would otherwise be purchased

from the grid is 1,558,740 KWh for 2011, so the greenhouse gas emissions saved can

be calculated.

𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 1,558,740 𝐾𝑊ℎ × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.532

= 829,250 𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ

By displacing national grid electricity the Osprey CHP plant has reduced the sites

carbon emissions by 829,250 Kg CO2 per kWh delivered.

5.7.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Created from Natural Gas

The Osprey hotel consumed 5,553,063 KWh of natural gas during 2011, which

equates to a delivered quantity of 497,645 m3.

𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 5,553,063 𝐾𝑊ℎ × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.194

= 1,077,294 𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ

5.7.4 Osprey Hotel Carbon Footprint

Table 11 Osprey Hotel carbon footprint

Fuel kWh CO2 ratio KgCO2 /kWh

Grid Supplied Electricity 1,347,047 0.532 716,629

CHP (Natural Gas) 5,553,063 0.194 1,077,294

Total 1,793,923

By displacing the national grid electricity, the osprey CHP plant reduces the site’s

carbon emissions by 829 Tonnes of CO2 per annum.


D07114349 55

5.8 Osprey Hotel CHP Plant Efficiency

While sizing the plant to meet the hotels minimum heat demands, from the data

collected during the site visit, it is noted the CHP plant is not operating at 100 %. The

maximum electrical output of the plant is 324 KWe. From figure 10 the CHP control

interface the plant is running at 95 % of its capacity,

“EL. Power =311 kW” (Source: Figure 10)

311 𝑘𝑊𝑒 ÷ 324 𝑘𝑊𝑒 = 95 %

The CHP efficiency, operating the CHP at 100 % capacity is as follows,

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 911 𝑘𝑊 × 5475 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 4,987,725 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 324 𝑘𝑊𝑒 × 5475 ℎ𝑟𝑠.= 1,773,900 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 485 𝑘𝑊𝑡ℎ × 5475 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 2,655375 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1,773,900

4,987,725= 0.356 = 35.6 %

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2,655,375

4,987,725= 0.532 = 53.2 %

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻𝑃 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 88.8%


D07114349 56

6.0 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Summary

Having collected all the relevant data and information on the operation of the CHP

plant in the Osprey hotel, the author then analysed the cost of natural gas, which

supplies 60% of the daytime electrical load via the CHP plant. From this the author

established the avoided electricity costs from using the small-scale CHP plant in the

hotel, which would otherwise be purchased from the electricity supplier.

The economic viability of a CHP plant is currently dependent on competitive gas and

electricity prices (spark spread), and it must be operational for up to 5000 hours per

annum.

In 2005 the net cost savings in the feasibility study carried out by F4 Energy was

approx. 135,000 Euro. With gas prices increased by up to 30% the net savings per

annum have reduced to approx. 107,000 Euro, but with rising electricity costs also

rising CHP projects are still attractive investments and have relatively short pay back

periods.

The combined total cost for gas and electricity was evaluated over a 1-year period. A

CHP feasibility study carried out by F4 Energy in July 2005, a payback p eriod of 2

years was estimated. This unit rate is noted over the 12 monthly billing periods from

July 2004 to July 2005. The Authors feasibility study was carried out using 2011 gas

prices and a pay back period of 2.8 years using the simple pay back method and net

present value was calculated.

The main benefits discussed by the author of operating a CHP plant is that the cost of

natural gas does not vary throughout the day unlike electricity which is more

expensive during peak times during the day depending on the tariff. The plant

lifecycle is estimated at 10-15 years which some might say is relatively short but a

plant that cost 300,000 to install can save an estimated 1,605,000 million euro in

energy costs its lifecycle.


D07114349 57

After discussions with F4 energy it was noted that CHP wasn’t sized on the site heat

demand, with the electrical peak electrical load calculated at 900kW and an average

load of 500kW, a detailed energy costs of pre CHP versus post CHP was calculated.

During the summer months some of the thermal energy from the CHP unit is

dissipated to the atmosphere by use of a blast radiator.

The author investigated whether on not the CHP plant could be operated at 75% to

reduce the thermal energy being wasted in the summer months but this results in the

loss of electrical efficiency of the CHP.

During the course of the investigation of the economic viability of a CHP plant in the

Osprey Hotel the author discovered several areas of the system improvements could

deliver even more savings per annum and a user- friendly system. By incorporating a

BMS can help collect information such as meter readings, flow and return

temperatures, a BMS can extract information and log it in a so it can be a source of

useful information and prepare for inspection and maintenance procedures.


D07114349 58

7.0 Bibliography

Bord Gais Energy. (2010). Business Energy - Large Business - Gas Price Plans.

Retrieved March 22, 2013, from Bord Gais Energy:

www.bordgasienergy.ie/business/high-volume/gas-price-plans/

Carbon Trust. (2004). Good Practice Guide, Combined heat and power for buildings.

Actionenergy . London, UK.

Carbon Trust. (2012, September). Introducing combined heat and power, Anew

generation of energy and carbon savings. Retrieved Feburary 4, 2013, from Carbon

Trust:

www.carbontrust.com/media/19529/ctv044_introducing_combined_heat_and_power.

pdf

CER. (2009). CER Strategic Plan 2010-2014. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from

Commission for Energy Regulation: www.cer.ie/en/about-us-strategic-

plan.aspx?article=d60a49e4-4119-95f7-99844e9f397a

CER. (2008). Revised Process for the Authorisation and Licensing of Generation

Stations-Clarification of Decision CER/07/128. CER.

CHPA. (2013). Advantages & Benefits of CHP. Retrieved Feburary 16, 2013, from

Combined Heat and Power Association: www.chpa.co.uk/advantages--benefits-of-

chp_183.html

CIBSE. (2004). CIBSE Guide F (Vol. 2). Norwich, Norfolk, Great Britian: CIBSE

Publications Department.

COGEN Europe. (2013). Retrieved February 13, 2013, from COGEN Europe:

www.cogeneurope.eu/mission-and-objectives_49.html

Dep. of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. (2009). Maximising

Ireland's Energy Efficiency, The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2009-2020.

pdf, Dublin.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. (2007). Ireland

National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012. Retrieved november 13, 2011, from

http://climate%change20%20stratege%20ireland%202007.pdf

Energylinx. (2000). Gas Conversion m3 to kWhs. Retrieved March 21, 2013, from

Energylinx: www.//energylinx.co.uk/gas_meter_conversion_meters.html


D07114349 59

Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Emissions Trading. Retrieved Feburary 8,

2013, from Environmental Protection Agency:

www.epa.ie/whatwedo/climate/emissionstrading/

ESB Networks. (2006, March 2). Conditions Governing Connection to the

Distribution System. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from

www.esb.ie/esbnetworks/en/downloads/conditions_governing_connection_embedded

_generation_mv_38kv.pdf

ESB Networks. (2010). Connect a Generator that will Operate in Parallel with the

Electricity Network. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from ESB Networks:

www.esb.ie/esbnetworks/en/generator-connections/gen_connection_no_export.jsp

Eurostat. (2012). Energy, transport and environment indicators. Belgium:

Publications Office of the European Union.

Fin, D. (2010). Cogeneration A Users Guide (Vol. 1). London, UK: The Institution of

Engineering and Technology.

Gaslink. (2008). Imbalance Price. Retrieved March 21, 2013, from Gaslink:

www.gaslink.ie/index.jsp?p=185&n=221&a=0

General Electric. (2013). Gas Engines-Power Geneation. Retrieved March 2, 2013,

from General Electric Company: www.ge-

energy.com/products_and_services/products/gas_engines_power_genration/

Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data analysis an introduction. London: Sage

Publications Ltd.

Hodkinson, D. O. (2008). Faber & Kell's Heating and Air-Conditioning of Buildings.

Oxford, Great Britain: Elsevier.

Horlock, J. (1997). Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power Thermodynamics and

Economics. Cambridge, Great Britian: Krieger Publishing Company.

IEA/OECD. (2007). Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland 2007 Review. Paris,

France: IEA Publications.

Irish Energy Centre. (2001). An Examination of the Future Potential of CHP in

Ireland. Retrieved February 23, 2013, from

www.seai.ie/uploadedfiles/InfoCentre/chpreport.pdf

Irish Statute Book. (1993). S.I. No. 44/1993 - Safety, Health and Welfare At Work

(General Application) Regulations, 1993. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from Irish

Statute Book: www.irishstatutebook.ie


D07114349 60

Itron. (2011, March 29). CF Echo 11 uitrasonic compact heat and cooling meter Qp

0.6-15m3/h. Retrieved 2013, from www.temetra.com/wp-

content/uploads/2011/10/CF-ECHO-11.PDF

PB Power for The Royal Academy of Engineering. (n.d.). The Cost of Generating

Electricity. Retrieved november 26, 2011, from

http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/pubblications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commenta

rty.pdf

SEAI. (2000). A Guide to CHP in Ireland. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from

www.seai.ie/Publications/Renewables_Publications_/CHP/Guide_to_CHP_in_Ire_lo

w_.pdf

SEAI. (2006, February). CHP in Ireland options for a national policy to 2010.

Retrieved Febryary 16, 2013, from

www.seai.ie/About_Energy/Energy_Policy/National_Policy_Drivers/CHP_Policy_Gr

oup_Report_18082006.pdf

SEAI. (2010, October 3). Combined Heat and Power Deployment Programme.

Retrieved February 12, 2012, from

www.seai.ie/Grants/CHP/CHP_Applications_Guide.pdf

SEAI. (2012). Combined Heat and Power in Ireland. Dublin: EPSSU.

SEAI. (2012). Energy in Ireland 1990-2011, 2012 Report. Retrieved February 16,

2013, from SEAI:

www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Energy_in_Ireland_1990_-

_2011.pdf

U.S. EPA. (2008, December). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat

and Power Partnership. Retrieved Feburary 16, 2013, from U.S. EPA:

www.epa.gov/chp/documents/catalog_chptect_full.pdf

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http://unfccc.int/2860

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Retrieved Feburary 8, 2013, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change: http://www.unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php


D07114349 61

8.0 Appendices

Figure 19 Bord Gais Energy, Gas Bill for November 2011


D07114349 62

Figure 20 Energia Electricity Bill for November 2011


D07114349 63

Figure 21 Bord Gais Energy Bill for December 2011 when CHP Was Out of Service


D07114349 64

Figure 22 Energia Electricity Bill for December 2011 when CHP Was Out of Service


D07114349 65

Figure 23 CHP Plant Specifications


D07114349 66

Figure 24 Schematic Diagram of the CHP plant Designed by Schmitt Enertec


D07114349 67

Figure 25 ESB Networks NC5 Application Form


D07114349 68

Figure 26 ESB Networks NC5 Application Form Part 1


D07114349 69

Figure 27 ESB Networks Application Fees for Embedded Generators, Approved by the CER


D07114349 70

Figure 28 Fossil and electric building benchmarks (CIBSE guide F)


D07114349 71

Figure 29 SEAI comparison of energy costs (SEAI)


D07114349 72

Figure 30 Business electricity prices in band IC in 2011

Figure 31 CHP Name Plate


D07114349 73

Figure 32 CO2 emissions conversion factors by fuel type (Part L2A Building Regulations)

Figure 33 CHP plant

Renewable

WasteHeat

Biomass

Natural Gas

LPG Oil CoalSmoke

lessFuel

GridSuppli

edElectri

city

GridDispla

cedElectri

city

CO2/kWh 0 0.018 0.025 0.194 0.234 0.265 0.291 0.392 0.422 0.568

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

CO

2 e

mis

sio

ns

(Kg

/k

Wh

)


D07114349 74

Figure 34 CHP user interface

Figure 35 CHP located beside the hotels main distribution board


D07114349 75

Figure 36 CHP water inlet

Figure 37 typical service reports


D07114349 76


Figure 39 Service report check sheet


D07114349 77



D07114349 78



D07114349 79

9.0 Thesis Schedule

9.1 Student-Supervisor Log Report

Student-Supervisor Log Report

Dates of Meetings

5/02/2013, 19/02/2013 12/03/2013, 12/03/2013, 9/04/2013,

16/04/2013,

Attendees Paul Derwin and Project Supervisor Mr. Tony Kealy

Items Discussed

6/02/2013 Kick off Meeting with Tony.

19/02/2013 Literature Review discussion.

12/03/2013 Meeting to discuss gas & electricity bills.

12/03/2013 Meeting to discuss CO2 emissions and efficiency

of the hotel.

09/04/2013 Progress report meeting.

16/04/2013 Progress report meeting.

30/04/2013 Progress report meeting

Tasks to be

Completed

19/02/2013 Literature review to be completed

9/04/2013 Data collection to be completed

30/04/2013 Data analysis and Discussion of

Results and conclusion to be completed

Site Visit 14/02/2013 & 14/03/2013

Site Visit Tasks

14/02/2013 Author meets Kieran Maher

(facilities manager), collects all relevant data

on the CHP system and takes photos

14/03/2013 Author records the work done in

kWh on the control interface of the CHP unit

for one month.


D07114349 80

9.2 Student Log Report for Thesis

Student Log Report for Thesis

November 2012

Contact facilities manager in the Lyrath Estate Hotel in

Kilkenny to request info on CHP, unable to help the

author.

Contact facilities manager in the Burlington Hotel to

request information on their CHP plant (unable to help

the author, recommends the Osprey Hotel.

January 2013

Contact Naas Osprey Hotel to request information on

the CHP plant. Date organised for meeting.

Collection of literature information

February 2013 Meeting with the facilities manager at the Osprey to

collect relevant data

March 2013

Deadline for the completion of the methodology and

literature review sections

Deadline for data collection

April 2013

30/04/2013 Data analysis and Discussion of Results

and conclusion to be completed

Proof reading and editing

May 2013

Format and print thesis document for binding

Prepare presentation power point for interview

May 7 2013, submission date for thesis document

Signature

barcelona 2

Documents

chp range202

chp plant302

chp description384

potential of chp

chp technology182

chp operation374

chp plant374

recent chp project