NURSING

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of THE HISTORY offor THE STUDY

BARBARA BATES CENTER

Cover Photo: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Collection, Two nurses in the J. William White private operating room, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1898.

years ago, the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing published its

first mission statement, stating that nursing’s past was a “prologue” to understand-ing the myriad of issues of the present day. As the Center has evolved, the one con-stant has been the positioning of the history of nursing as central to debates about health policy, practice, and the education of a new generation of clinicians, research-ers, and scholars. Through its extensive collections and fellowships the Center has provided considerable evidence and foundation for nurses and the nursing profes-sion to question traditional disciplinary paradigms and assumptions; to give voice to the historical power of the profession; and to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the local and global approaches to issues of health and illness. No longer content to exist on the invisible margins, nurses on a global scale enter the 21st century at the forefront of a changing healthcare landscape – shaping and transforming the future in the process.

As we move forward, the Bates Center seeks to play a vital role in this new era of growth for the nursing profession. The Center’s Strategic Plan contains three main goals that fully encompass our renewed mission to thoughtfully analyze the past in order to create and foster new ideas for the future while simultaneously promoting the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Nursing’s vision to advance nursing sci-ence and produce leaders that will transform healthcare globally. Though the road ahead promises challenges, the Center remains committed to excellence and expan-sion that will increase the role of nursing historical inquiry.

Photo: Mercy Hospital School of Nursing, Class of 1922: Standing-(left to right)Ellenteen E. Deas, Bertha Bryant, Adelaide Harty Fleming, Rosa Lee Turner, and Margie Anderson. Sitting-Irene Estella Morris, Bertha Ramsey Bolden, Lucille V. Darnell,and Oralee Brown Harris.

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Twenty-Five

Objectives1. BUILD an endowment that sustains the Center in perpetuity.

2. ESTABLISH an endowed Professorship in Nursing History.

3. CREATE a pre and post-doctoral fellowship in nursing history.

4. DEVELOP an interdisciplinary minor in history, public health & public policy.

5. INCREASE capacity for development of other nursing history centers and engagement of scholars in other countries in research that aligns with the mission of the Center.

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Objectives1. DEVELOP video conferencing capabilities to engage scholars internationally.

2. ENGAGE domestic and international scholars & students through conferences, scholarly work, and research initiatives.

3. STRENGTHEN collaborative work with emerging and existing nursing history and related centers.

4. PROVIDE resources for faculty, staff, and students to participate in global scholarship.

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Objectives1. BROADEN Center holdings to reflect the diversity of the nursing profession by actively seeking collections from racial, ethnic, and gender minorities, as well as collections from organizations and institutions that have broadened the nursing profession.

2. SUPPORT a full time archivist.

3. IDENTIFY targeted funding opportunities for preservation and conservation programs.

4. CREATE a public outreach plan for Center collections.

5. DEVELOP collaborative projects with local, regional, and national institutions and repositories.

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Ellen D

. Baer R

eading Room

The Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is the largest repository for primary and secondary source mate-rial on the history of nursing in the world. The Center holds an

extensive collection of materials from 19th to late 20th century hospital-based nursing schools, visiting nurse societies, voluntary non-profit as-sociations, professional groups, as well as the personal papers of nursing leaders and practicing clinicians. In addition, the archives contain a col-lection of over 8000 rare books, glass slides, textbooks, pamphlets, pho-tographs, audio tapes, films, and a smaller amount of fabric and artifact holdings.

Approximately 75% of the Bates Center collections are housed off-site at the University of Pennsylvania Records Center. The remaining 25% of the collections are housed onsite at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing’s Claire M. Fagin Hall. Our cataloging records are available through WorldCat and the University of Pennsylvania’s online catalog, FRANKLIN. In addition, the Center’s website has a listing of finding aids for the majority of the collections. These collections are among the most significant and frequently used by scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Some of the prominent items from the Center’s collections include the training school diary of Mary Clymer (1888-1889), the nurse featured in Thomas Eakins’ The Agnew Clinic; The Starr Centre and Visiting Nurse Association of Philadelphia institutional records and photo collections which provide a fascinating glimpse into the cultur-al evolution of Philadelphia at the turn of the century; and the records from the Mercy-Douglass School of Nursing, which was one of the most prominent African-American nursing training facilities in history.

Innovative Scholarship and ResearchCenter collections have been used by a diverse group of interdisciplin-ary scholars to position nurses, often historically invisible, as central figures in the history of women, heathcare institutions, and healing work with vulnerable populations. These scholars use the collections to call attention to the simultaneity of nursing’s social and medical mis-sions; to the negotiated processes that motivate such missions; and to increase interest of other public and private groups in nursing’s activi-ties. As a whole, the body of scholarship generated by the collections suggests that nursing’s strengths lie in the way it reflects, refracts, and realizes a society’s changing social, political, and economic imperatives.

Global InfluenceSince its inception, the Center has had an international reputa-tion of eminence, and its collections have been used by scholars around the globe, including Great Britain, Germany, Botswana, Is-rael, Denmark, and Spain. International scholars seek out the Cen-ter because of its careful attention to positioning nursing history in a global context. A deepening commitment to collaborative scholar-ship has inspired many Center faculty members to travel extensively to promote and expand the role of nursing in healthcare internationally.

Award-Winning FacultyFaculty at the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nurs-ing include some of the most prominent figures in the field of nursing history. With recognition from organizations such as the American As-sociation for the History of Nursing, the American Journal of Nursing, and the International Council of Nurses, the Center’s faculty are widely respected for their innovative and multidisciplinary approaches to histori-cal inquiry. Furthermore, their research has provided the building blocks for numerous important and award-winning books, articles, and disser-tations on topics ranging from: international nursing; home-based nurs-ing; care of the critically ill; institutional nursing; private duty and public health nursing; the evolution of the nurse practitioner role; nursing in di-sasters and epidemics; workplace professionalism; and the role of race, place, and identity in the development of a new work arena for women.

The Barbara Bates, Joan Lynaugh, and Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Collections

(Bates)Acquired 2009. Gift of Joan E. Lynaugh. (Lynaugh) Acquired 2008. Gift of Joan E. Lynaugh. (Buhler-Wilkerson) Acquired 2006. Gift of Karen Buhler-Wilkerson.

The Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is honored to have

acquired the personal papers of three extraordinary women whose contri-butions are incalculable: Barbara Bates, MD, Joan Lynaugh, PhD, FAAN, and Karen Buhler-Wilk-erson, PhD, RN, FAAN. Two of these women (Lynaugh and Buhler-Wilkerson) founded the Center over twenty-five years ago along with Ellen D. Baer, PhD, while the third (Bates) stood as one of its staunch-est supporters. Together, these col-lections are not only a living history and testament to the Center, but they also show the extraordinary and groundbreaking impact that these women exerted on shaping nursing and healthcare historical inquiry.

The scope of these three collections cover a wide range of topics relevant to scholars in multiple disciplines. The Bates collection, for instance, contains much of the research data compiled for her 1992 book Bar-gaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938. The Lynaugh collection includes a num-ber of rare books on nursing and the research findings from her work with the W.W. Kellogg Foundation. In ad-dition, the Buhler-Wilkerson collec-tion contains not only material from her groundbreaking research on pub-lic health nursing and home care, but also WWII era memorabilia that il-lustrates the evolving role of nursing and healthcare in the 20th century. In total, these three collections il-lustrate the importance of nursing historical inquiry to healthcare and medicine as a whole.

Association of Community Health Nursing Educators (ACHNE)

Acquired 2006, 2008, 2009. Gift of ACHNE.

F ormed in 1978, ACHNE has provided a platform for professionals in communi-

ty and public health nursing edu-cation, administration, research, and practice. During the early 1990s, the organization’s officers established an archives commit-tee in order to gather valuable records of the association. The committee approached Professor and then Center Associate Direc-tor, the late Karen Buhler-Wilk-erson to determine if the Center was interested in serving as the repository for ACHNE’s records. Shortly after, the organization agreed to donate its records to the Center and assist in collect-ing and maintaining the ACHNE archives.

The collection includes a number of important documents, such as: minutes of annual meetings; organizational materials such as by-laws; membership lists; financial records; institutional presentations; papers presented at ACHNE meetings; conference programs and proceedings; insti-tutional photographs; tapes and interview transcripts conducted in the course of the archives com-mittee’s emergent oral history program.

The holdings provide insight into the role of elected officers in guiding the organization and their participation, along with members, in committee work, publications, an annual Spring Institute, and affiliated organiza-tions, including the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing and the American Public Health Associa-tion. Since its acquisition by the Center, a number of researchers and Center Fellows have consult-ed these materials.

The Center was pleased to have had the opportunity to add sev-eral more increments to the ACHNE archives in 2008-2009. We continue to collaborate with the organization’s officers to plan further collecting activities.

Mary Starke Harper, RN, PhD, FAAN. (1919-2006), devoted her 60-

year career to nursing and leader-ship in health policy posts. Harper aspired to be a nurse from an early age and earned a nursing diploma from Tuskegee University in 1941. She received a bachelor’s degree in education (1950) and a master’s degree in nursing education with a psychiatric nursing clinical spe-cialty (1952), both from the Univer-sity of Minnesota, where she was the first African American gradu-ate and nursing instructor of the school of nursing. In addition she completed a doctorate in clinical psychology and medical sociology at St. Louis University (1963).

In the 1940s, Harper participated in the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study without being informed of the full nature of the study. When the details of the study became pub-lic in 1972, Harper later became an advocate for improving the in-formed consent process for govern-ment funded studies. In the same year, Harper began working at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). She was instrumental in organizing the first NIMH Minor-

Mary Starke Harper PapersAcquired 2006. Gift from Mary Starke Harper.

ity Fellowship program and went on to direct the program. Subse-quently, Harper served as an advi-sor on mental health and aging for Presidents Carter, Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton. Following her formal retirement in 1995, Harper served on the National Institute of Aging’s National Advisory Council and as a board member or advisor to numerous other organizations, foundations, and universities.

The collection of papers that Dr. Harper donated to the Bates Center shortly before her death consists primarily of research files, which she assembled during her years with NIMH (1972-1988) when she read, spoke, and wrote widely on all facets of geropsychiatric nurs-ing and the care of minority elderly.

The Center is indebted to Mary Starke Harper for donating her papers to the Center, and to her nephew, Paul Glover, who aided in transferring the papers from Harper’s last home in Columbus, Georgia.

Chloe Cudsworth Littlefield PapersAcquired 2002-2004. Gift of Elizabeth Pettus Losa.

Chloe Cudsworth Littlefield, 1883 graduate of Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia

School of Nursing, worked as a pri-vate duty nurse in the last two decades of the 19th century. The collection, which in-cludes Littlefield’s dia-ries and letters, offers a rare look at private duty nursing, the main occupational field in which early profes-sional nurses worked.

Between 1882 to 1883, Littlefield’s assign-ments took her to vari-ous locations in Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware. Upon completion of her training, Little-field returned to her hometown of Troy, New York, carrying letters of introduction from a former in-structor recommending her as a “competent and painstaking nurse, and [asking] for your favorable consideration.” She continued in private duty in Springfield, Massa-chusetts, where she moved in 1887.

Bates Center Fellow, Patricia D’Antonio, PhD, RN, FAAN, of-fered an excellent commentary on the Littlefield collection in the Center’s newsletter, The Chronicle (2003). As D’Antonio notes, the

papers do more than chronicle a life: they represent the world of an individual as she moved, rather fluidly, between social and domes-tic spheres. The collection is es-

pecially interesting in that it includes Littlefield’s own

thoughts as recorded in her diary as well as those of women with whom she corresponded, some of whom were also nurs-es.

The Center obtained the collection when Elizabeth

Pettus Losa, Litttlefield’s great- great niece had begun

the painstaking process of tran-scribing and organizing the col-lection. Seeking a suitable home for the collection, Losa shared the transcripts with Center staff.

The Littlefield collection provides an invaluable look into the working life of one early professional nurse, offering researchers primary source material on a critical period in the development of nursing as a profession and occupation.

The Alumni Association of the Hospital of the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania (HUP)

School of Nursing was established in the early 20th century, and since that time has actively worked to collect and preserve the rich and ground-breaking history of the school and its many graduates. Thanks to the efforts of the organization’s archi-vists and dedicated members of the alumni association, the Bates Center has had the privilege to obtain con-siderable holdings from the HUP School of Nursing that have been ac-cessible to researchers and scholars throughout the world.

One of the key acquisitions from the HUP alumni association has been the student registers for the HUP Training School for Nursing, as it was originally known, which span 1886 through 1920 (The HUP School of Nursing closed in 1978). The records contain key demo-graphic information on the students, as well as extensive remarks about the student’s personal characteris-tics and aptitude for nursing written by the faculty and supervisors. In addition, data from these records provides a glimpse into the trends of communicable diseases and the evo-lution of women’s roles in the work-place during this time period.

In 2009, the Center obtained an-other gift from the HUP alumni, which was a collection of books culled from the school’s Murphy Library. The contents range from a copy of Florence Nightingale’s clas-sic work, Notes on Nursing, to many pamphlets and booklets commemo-rating the history of HUP and its de-partments, for which we now have a comprehensive set.

The Center is also grateful to the HUP Alumni group for the 2010 acquisition of the Women’s Auxil-iary of the Hospital of University of Pennsylvania’s Ward G (Children’s Ward) minutes from 1917-1927. The Ward G auxiliary was a group of women who met periodically to discuss the needs of children being treated in the children’s ward which the members would then purchase. The minutes add to our understand-ing of public health nursing and pediatric care. In addition, these records contain vivid narratives re-lating the circumstances of individ-ual children and their families and the work of the department and its staff to provide social and nursing services to young patients in their homes.

The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) School of Nursing Collection

Acquired 1985-2012. Gift from HUP Alumni Association.

The papers of Irma Lou Hirsch have been a valu-able addition to the collec-

tions at the Bates Center. Hirsch was born in Clay Center, Kansas in 1934. Hirsch received her Bach-elor of Science in nursing in 1957, and her Master’s degree in nursing from the University of Washington in 1961. She next worked in faculty and administrative posts at Duke University, the University of Kan-sas Medical Center and the Univer-sity of Missouri.

In 1973, Hirsch began her work with the American Nurses Asso-ciation (ANA). During her time at the ANA, Hirsch worked on a number of significant program ini-tiatives such as the Social Policy Statement, the Taxonomy Task Force, and re-organization of the constituent members. Hirsch left the ANA in 1993.

The Hirsch papers are a rich source of data on a number of ANA proj-ects in which Hirsch was involved and were of critical importance to the profession. A major part of the collection consists of the project files for the ANA Quality Assur-ance Program of the 1970s imple-mented through workshop training and outreach program. The papers

also include a substantial number of ANA publications, such as an-nual meeting programs and news-letters many of which are difficult to locate from other sources and serve as a rich resource of materi-als on professional nursing activi-ties in the later decades of the 20th century. Of particular interest to researchers is the vast amount of data on issues raised by comput-erization and quality assurance requirements. The Hirsch papers contain a noteworthy amount of material on critical issues faced by the profession as well as the ways in which the ANA met the chal-lenges posed by a more complex system of healthcare delivery.

The Hirsch papers came to the Bates Center through the assis-tance of Dr. Jennifer Hobbs, a 2008 graduate of the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Nurs-ing, who uncovered the papers as part of her doctoral studies. The Bates Center was especially grate-ful to Hirsch for not only donat-ing her papers, but also presenting the Center with a processing grant enabling the Center to prepare the materials for researchers.

Irma Lou Hirsch PapersAcquired 2007-2010. Gift from Irma Lou Hirsch.

Opened for patients in 1852, the Episcopal Hospital, originally the Hospital of

the Protestant Episcopal Church of Philadelphia, provided care to a growing number of working poor Philadelphians moving into the Northeast area of the city along the Delaware River. Shortly after its establishment, the hospital served soldiers wounded in the Civil War. When the war ended, the hospital became a focal point for further philanthropic efforts and eventu-ally expanded to fill several city blocks. The hospital records document the history of the hospital from its founding through recent years. In-cluded are: hospital board minutes; medical board minutes; financial records and scrapbooks; photo-graphs of the hospital and patients, as well as many publications. These records expand the Center’s hold-ings on the history of institutional healthcare in this country into the period before 1860. Additionally the records offer insight into 19th-century American nursing in hos-pital settings.

The Episcopal Hospital School of Nursing was one of the first hos-

pital training schools for nurses in the region. Its graduates were instrumental in the formation of the Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (later the American Nurses Association) and the Pennsylvania State Nurses Association.

The collection includes an exten-sive body of administrative re-cords, faculty minutes, and curric-ulum files from the 1950s through 2009. The collection also includes a large number of photographs and student records, The Center also serves as the official repository for the school’s student transcripts.

Combined, the two collections of the Episcopal Hospital and the Episcopal Hospital School of Nurs-ing represent the largest nursing school collection obtained by the Center to date. Negotiations for the acquisition of the collection co-incided with the School’s closure in 2009.

The Bates Center is particularly grateful to the Nurses Alumni As-sociation of the Episcopal Hospital, which generously donated a signif-icant amount of funding for use to process the collection.

Acquired 2009-2010. Gift of Temple University Episcopal Campus.

Temple Episcopal Hospital School of Nursing & Temple Episcopal Hospital Collections

Betty M. Neuman is the originator of the Neuman Systems Model, a com-

prehensive and influential theory of nursing which has had global impact. Originally presented in an article published in the jour-nal, Nursing Research (Spring 1972) and further elaborated in the book, The Neuman Systems Mod-el: Application to Nursing Educa-tion and Practice (1982), the model was developed to provide unity and breadth in an entry course for graduate students in the UCLA program in community mental health nursing.

Neuman’s framework provides a structure that focuses on indi-vidual patients (clients) and how they function within a system that centers around the patient’s energy resources, including those shaped by their particular genetic make-up and factors that serve to protect (or weaken) the person’s resource structure. Neuman conceptualized the nurse as a stabilizing force whose role was to keep the individual’s ener-gy system in equilibrium for the goal of maintaining optimal health. The Neuman Systems Model is now in its fifth edition and has been adapted for use in many individual, family, and community client groups and in formulating a wide range of diagno-sis and treatment plans.

In addition to the Neuman papers, the Center has also acquired the records of the Neuman Systems Model Trustees Group, Inc., an organization dedicated to the sup-port, promotion, and integrity of the Neuman model. Included in the records are minutes of meet-ings, memoranda, correspondence, newsletters, and proceedings of workshops and symposia focus-ing on the NSM from the group’s founding in 1988 to the present. Additionally included are hun-dreds of master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, reports, and propos-als which the NSM Trustees have gathered over the years in order to document the development of the model and efforts made to apply its concepts and methods in nurs-ing education, practice, and re-search.

The organizational records and the collection of Neuman inspired lit-erature contain considerable infor-mation on research and adaptation of the NSM in the U.S. and other countries including Canada, Swe-den, the Netherlands, and Japan making it a collection of global im-portance.

Betty M. Neuman Papers &Neuman Systems Model Trustee Group, Inc. Collection

Acquired 2010. Gift from Betty Neuman & Neuman Systems Model Trustee Group, Inc.

In 2006, Drs. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson and Jean C. Whel-an began work on creating the

nursing, history and healthcare website. This project, completed with the support of the American Academy of Nursing’s Expert Pan-el on Nursing and History, includes informed historical analyses from collaborating nurse scholars from around the country as well as Bates Center faculty. The website focus-es on the evolution of the American healthcare system and the critical role of nurses, the largest group of healthcare professionals, in shap-ing this sytem.

The website is a lens through which scholars, students, clinicians, jour-nalists, policy makers, and con-sumers can understand the histori-cal roots of issues and challenges faced by the nursing profession as it devised ways and means of deliv-ering nursing care services to the American public. The site serves as the most accessible source of historical background information on essential issues regarding the nursing profession and their con-nection to public policy, providing deep historical contextualization to any user seeking to understand the connections between history and contemporary policy initiatives.

As both the public and scholars de-pend more and more on obtaining information electronically, a sig-nificant presence on the internet is essential for historians of nursing and healthcare. The Bates Center is vastly interested in pursuing future projects, as well as the considerable funding required for such projects, which both digitize historical data and provide historical analyses via the internet. The website, launched in September, 2011, is considered a growing project with additional content added to it on a periodic schedule.

The site is accessible through the Bates Center’s main website home page. From overviews on public health nurses to an examination on the increases in baccalaureate nursing degrees in the 20th century, NHHC covers a broad spectrum of topics that will aid scholars on a global level.

Funding for this site was re-ceived from the National Institute of Health, National Library of Medicine, Scholarly Work in Bio-medicine and Health Grant, 1 G13 LM008295 and the University of Pennsylvania Research Founda-tion.

Nursing, History, & Healthcare (NHHC): A Website

The Digitization Project of the Alumnae Association of the Philadelphia General

Hospital School of Nursing (PGH) Photo Collection, carried out in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania Libraries’ Schoen-berg Center for Electronic Text and Image (SCETI), is one of the most innovative projects undertaken by the Center. Led by Center Assistant Director Jean C. Whelan, PhD, RN this labor-intensive project has involved scanning, captioning and cataloguing of the photos. The end result will be a permanent digitized archive of the photos on the Penn Libraries and Center websites.

Founded in 1885 as the first school of nursing in Philadelphia estab-lished on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, the PGH School of Nursing enjoyed a long and excel-lent reputation as one of the na-tion’s major teaching centers for nurses.

The collection contains over 1,500 photos depicting life in the school and on the wards and campus of PGH from 1880 to the 1970s. The resulting website is user friendly, includes sophisticated search strat-egies and is attractively designed.

The website was launched in early 2012. To date approximately three quarters of the photos contained in the collection appear on the web-site. Scanning and cataloguing of the remaining photos in the col-lection is on-going.

In addition to providing accessi-bility to a larger audience, digiti-zation projects permit researchers to view the contents of a collection without sustaining the wear and tear inherent in physically han-dling the photos. The success of this initial digitization project car-ried out by the Bates Center has encouraged the faculty and staff of the Center to pursue addition-al projects, funding permitting, which will enhance the accessibil-ity of the images and documents owned by the Center to scholars of healthcare and nursing history worldwide.

Generous funding for this project was received from the Alice Fish-er Society Fellowship for Histori-cal Research in Nursing, Alumnae Association of the Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nurs-ing, the Baer Photoarchiving Fund and the Solomon and Sylvia Bronstein Foundation.

Digitization Project of the Alumnae Association of the Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing Photo Collection

Julie A Fairman, PhD, RN, FAANNightingale Endowed Professor of Nursing, Di-rector of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

Since 2006, Dr. Fairman has served as Director of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the His-

tory of Nursing. Dr. Fairman is the author of two criti-cally acclaimed books, Critical Care Nursing: A His-tory (University of Penn Press, 1998), authored with her mentor, Dr. Joan Lynaugh, and Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Mod-

ern Health Care (Rutgers University Press, 2008), an analysis of the American nurse practitioner movement. Her interdiciplinary work has led to many ground-breaking research opportunities. For example, Dr. Fairman is the second nurse to be funded by an RWJ Investigator in Health Policy fellowship, and the first nurse to receive funding for her historical work by the National Endowment for the Humanities. She is also the recipient of the Zula Mae Baber Bice lecture-ship and the Agnes Dillon Randolph Award from the University of Virginia for significant contributions in the field of nursing history. In addition, Dr. Fair-man was inducted into the Sigma Theta Tau International Hall of Fame in 2011.

Publications at a GlanceFairman, J. A. (2011). Patients and the rise of the nurse practitioner profession. In Hoffman, B. & Tomes, N. (Eds.), Patients as policy actors. (215-230). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Fairman, J.A., & Okoye, S.M. (2011). Nursing for the future, from the past: Two reports on nursing from the Institute of Medicine. Journal of Nursing Educa-tion, 49(6), 305-311.

Fairman, J., Rowe, J., Hassmiller, S. & Shalala, D. (2011). Broadening the scope of nursing practice. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3) 193.

Fairman, J.A., Sullivan-Marx, E.M., McGivern, D., & Greenberg, S. (2010). (Eds.) Nurse practitioners: The evolution and future of advanced practice. (5th edition). New York: Springer Pub.

Fairman, J.A. (2008). Making room in the clinic: American nurse practitioners and the evolution of modern healthcare. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Publications at a GlanceWall, B.M. (2011). American Catholic hospitals: A century of changing markets and missions. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Wall, B.M. (2011). Historical highlights in disaster nursing. In M. Truglio-Lon-drigan and S.B. Lewenson (Eds.), Health nursing: Practicing population-based care. (325-342). Boston, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett.

Wall, B.M. (2011). Catholics in a secular marketplace. Ethics and Medics, 36(6), 1.

Wall, B.M. & Keeling, A.W., (Eds.). (2010). Nurses on the front lines: When disasters strike, 1878-2010. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Wall, B.M. (2010). Conflict and compromise: Catholic and public hospital part-nerships. Nursing History Review, 18, 100-117.

Barbra Mann Wall, PhD, RN, FAAN Evan C. Thompson Endowed Term Chair for Excellence in Teaching Associate Professor of Nursing, Associate Director of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

Dr. Barbra Mann Wall is an Associate Professor of Nursing and the Associate Director of the Barbara

Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research illustrates the gendered story of hospital establishments and the nursing profession. The overriding theoretical founda-

tion is the interplay between religious and secular institutions and the place of that interplay in American social history. She has been funded by the NIH and private grants. Her award-winning book, Unlikely Entrepreneurs: Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace, 1865-1925, integrated history and nursing practice to inform how America’s two-tiered approach to health delivery (private and public) served a diverse American populace. Her most recent work, American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions, analyzes the hereto-fore invisible role of Catholic sister nurses as leaders of the largest not-for-profit healthcare system in the country and the tensions that developed as religious in-stitutions attempted to directly shape health policies in a diverse milieu. Dr. Wall is the book review editor for the Nursing History Review.

Publications at a GlanceD’Antonio, P., Whelan, J.C. (2009). Counting nurses: The power of historical census data. Journal of Professional Nursing, 18, 2717-2724.

Whelan, J., & Connolly, C. (2008). Funding for historical research. In E. Her-mann, & S. Lewenson (Eds.), Capturing nursing history: A guide to historical methods in research (181-197). New York: Springer

Whelan, J.C. (2004). A necessity in the nursing world: The Chicago nurses pro-fessional registry, 1913-1950. Nursing History Review, 13, 49-75.

D’Antonio, P. & Whelan, J.C. (2004). Moments when time stood still. Snap-shots of nursing in disasters. American Journal of Nursing, 104, 66-72.

Whelan, J.C. (2002). Smaller and cheaper: The Chicago hourly nursing service 1926-1950. Nursing History Review, 10, 83-108.

Jean C Whelan, PhD , RN Adjunct Assistant Professor, Assistant Director of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the His-tory of Nursing

Dr. Whelan’s research centers on the historical de-velopment of the U.S. nursing workforce, the is-

sues that shaped nursing’s development and policy implications involved in maintaining adequate nurse services. In particular, Dr. Whelan examines the ap-pearance of nurse shortages, identifying and analyzing solutions and strategies used to address past shortage

situations and problems in distributing nurses to the public throughout the 20th century. Dr. Whelan is the recipient of two NIH grants, one of which resulted in the creation of a website titled Nursing, History and Healthcare. Her recent publi-cations focus on demographic characteristics of the American nursing workforce and the distribution of nurses to the public. Through her work as Assistant Direc-tor at the Bates Center, Dr. Whelan has been instrumental in implementing key special projects that have been both innovative and informative. Dr. Whelan is also the media review editor of Nursing History Review and coordinates the Bates Center biweekly seminar series.

Cynthia A Connolly PhD, RN, PNP, FAAN Associate Professor of Nursing, Center Fellow of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the His-tory of Nursing

Dr. Connolly is a well known nursing historian whose research focuses on pediatric nursing issues. Dr.

Connolly has received funding from the NIH, as well as several major foundations. She is the recipient of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in

Health Policy Research, as well as a Commonwealth Foundation grant to analyze and synthesize the foundation’s child health program. Dr. Connolly has more than twenty years of experience teaching undergraduate pediatric nursing. Her many years of clinical practice in outpatient and inpatient acute and chronic care set-tings with children of all ages informs her approach to teaching. In addition, her scholarship on the historical and political context in which children's health and social welfare policy has had global influence. As a Fellow, Dr. Connolly plays a key role in the development of many Center events and coordinates development initiatives. Dr. Connolly serves as a mentor to researchers, fellows, and students.

Publications at a GlanceConnolly, C.A. (2011). Classics in Pediatrics: Pneumococcic meningitis: Complete recovery of a six month old infant treated with penicillin. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 165, 385-387.

Connolly, C.A. & Gibson, M.E. (2011). The “White Plague” and color: Children, race, and tuberculosis in Virginia 1900-1935. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 26, 230-238.

Connolly, C.A. & Golden, J. (2011). Remarkable improvement: Sulfa drugs and pediatric meningococcal meningitis, 1937-1949. Pediatrics, 127, 1011-1013.

Connolly, C.A. (2010). “I am a trained nurse”: The nursing identity of anarchist and radical Emma Goldman. Nursing History Review, 18, 84-99.

Connolly, C.A. (2008). Saving sickly children: The tuberculosis preventorium in American life, 1909-1970. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Patricia O'Brien D'Antonio PhD, RN, FAANKillebrew-Centis Endowed Term Chair in Under-graduate Education, Chair, Department of Family and Community Health, Center Fellow for the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

Dr. D’Antonio is a nurse and historian whose body of scholarship situates the professional work and

worth of nurses in both American hospitals and health-care agencies and in the fabric of families and communities. Her research is the first to call attention to nurses’ dual sources of power and her work analyzes how the profession can authoritatively use them in constructing the new relationships and alliances that will strengthen nurses’ agency, voice, and presence in debates about issues affecting patients, families, communities, and healthcare systems in the United States and around the world. In addition to her work as Chair of the Department of Family and Community Health (FCH) and Bates Center Fellow, Dr. D’Antonio serves as editor of the Nursing History Review. Prior to her ap-pointment as FCH Chair, Dr. D’Antonio was the Associate Director of the Center where she was instrumental in ushering in a dynamic era of growth and renewed interest in the Center’s collections.

Publications at a GlanceD’Antonio, P. (2010). American nursing: A history of knowledge, authority, and the meaning of work. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

D’Antonio, P. and Lewenson, S. (2010) (Eds.). Nursing interventions through time: History as evidence. New York: Springer Publishing.

D’Antonio, P., Connolly, C., Mann Wall, B., Whelan, J., and Fairman, J. (2010). Histories of nursing: The power and the possibilities. Nursing Outlook, 58, 207-213.

D’Antonio, P. (2009). Thinking about place: Researching and reading the global history of nursing. Texto & Contexto Enfermagem (Brazil), Florianópolis, Out-Dez, 18(4), 766-772.

D’Antonio, P., (2006). Founding Friends: Families, staff, and patients at the Friends Asylum in early nineteenth century Philadelphia. Bethlehem, PA: Le-high University Press.

J Margo Brooks Carthon, PhD, RNAssistant Professor of Nursing, Center Fellow of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

Dr. Brooks-Carthon is an Assistant Professor of Nursing. Following her doctoral studies, Dr.

Brooks Carthon entered a Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Penn in the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of His-tory of Nursing and the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, which she completed in June 2010. Dr. Brooks Carthon is currently a faculty member in the

Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research. Dr. Brooks Carthon's scholar-ship is focused on the effects of nursing care organization on health outcomes and how systems can be redesigned to work more efficiently to improve patient care for patients from diverse ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Her program of research is particularly concentrated on the care of our most vulner-able patient populations, especially those patients over the age of 65, with chronic health conditions, who are hospitalized for a medical-surgical reason. Dr. Brooks Carthon provides a fresh voice as a Fellow through her extensive research that has focused on many of the Center’s most widely used collections, such as the Starr Centre.

Publications at a GlanceBrooks Carthon, J.M., (2011). Life and death in Philadelphia’s Black Belt: A tale of an urban tuberculosis campaign. 1900-1930. Nursing History Review, 19(1), 29-52.

Brooks Carthon, J.M., Sumpter, D., (2011). Lost in translation: Student percep-tions of cultural competence in undergraduate and graduate curricula. Journal of Professional Nursing, 27(1) 43-49.

Brooks Carthon, M., McHugh, M., & Kang, X. (2011). Medicare readmissions policies and racial and ethnic health disparities: A cautionary tale. Policy, Poli-tics & Nursing Practice, 11(4) 309-316.

Brooks Carthon, M. (2011) Making ends meet: A historical account of commu-nity networks and health promotion among blacks in the city of Brotherly Love. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8) 1392-1401.

Publications at a Glance Lynaugh, J.E., Baer, E., Rinker, S. & D’Antonio, P. (2007). Nurses’ work: Issues across time and place. New York: Springer Publishing.

Lynaugh, J.E. (2007). The W.K. Kellogg Foundation and the nursing profes-sion: Shared values, shared legacy. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing.

Lynaugh, J.E., (2005) Common working ground. In Susan McGann and Barbara Mortimer (Eds.) New directions in the history of nursing: International perspec-tives. London and New York: Routledge.

Lynaugh, J.E. & Fairman, J.A. (1998). Critical care nursing: A history. Philadel-phia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Lynaugh, J.E. & Brush, B. (1996). American nursing from hospitals to health systems. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Joan E Lynaugh, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emerita of Nursing, Director Emerita of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the His-tory of Nursing

As founding director of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, Dr. Lynaugh

is a true pioneer who has put research and scholarship in nursing history on the map. Although “scholarship in history” distinguishes some of her contributions, she has dedicated more than fifty years of her career to issues in healthcare delivery and practice patterns for nurse prac-

titioners in primary care, as well as the history of nursing. In recognition of the multiple contributions she made to the profession and the provision of health care, Dr. Lynaugh was named a “Living Legend” by the American Academy of Nurs-ing in 2005. Her work at the Center has included establishing and directing the Center during its initial decades and insuring the Center’s continued growth and maintenance over its 25 year history. Dr. Lynaugh’s research and writing focuses on hospital development, the role of women in institution building, labor supply and demand phenomena, nurse-physician relationships, international nursing, and the development of higher education in nursing. She has written or co-authored nine books and 58 chapters and articles. Since her retirement, Dr. Lynaugh has remained an integral part of the Center through her role as mentor to a new gen-eration of scholars and as a valued colleague to Center faculty. In 2012, the Center held an anniversary symposium that brought together an international group of scholars to celebrate Dr. Lynaugh’s enduring legacy.

Julie A Sochalski, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Professor of Nursing, Center Fellow of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the His-tory of Nursing

Dr. Sochalski has directed a series of national and international studies funded by National

Institutes of Health (NIH) and other private and government foundations focused on the varia- tion in patient outcomes in both in-patient and out-inpatient settings and the factors associated

with nursing care that help to explain that variation. She has been the principal investigator on two NIH-funded studies evaluating the impact of a nurse-managed comprehensive geriatric outpatient rehabilitation program on the outcomes of frail elders. These studies involved the creation and use of statistically-matched control groups from national longitudinal Medicare databases to assess program outcomes and sys-tematically explored the role of race in the variation of outcomes. Dr. Sochalski is currently serving as Director of the Division of Nursing for the US Health Resources and Services Administration.

Publications at a GlanceSochalski, J., Riegel, B., & Lee, C. (2010). Developing an instrument to measure heart failure disease management program intensity and complexity. Circula-tion: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 3(3), 324-330.

Sochalski, J., Jaarsma, T., Krumholz, H.M., Laramee, A., McMurray, J.J.V., Nay-lor, M.D., Rich, M.W., Riegel, B., & Stewart, S. (2009). What works in chronic care management? The case of heart failure. Health Affairs, 28(1), 179-189.

Feudtner, J.C., Hexem, K.R., Shabbout, M., Feinstein, J.A., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J.S. (2009). Prediction of pediatric death in the year after hospitalization: a population-level retrospective cohort study. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(2), 160-169.

Sochalski, J., Konetzka, R.T., Zhu, J., & Volpp, K.G. (2008). Will mandated minimum nurse staffing ratios lead to better patient outcomes? Medical Care, 46(6), 606-613.

Winifred C Connerton, PhD, MSN, CNM, RNPost-Doctoral Fellow, Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research and The Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

Dr. Connerton has been an integral part of the Bates Center since her doctoral

studies at the School of Nursing. Her 2010 dissertation, “Have Cap, Will Travel; U.S. Nurses Abroad 1898-1917,” was awarded the Marion R. Gregory Award for excellence. In

addition to her dissertation work, Dr. Connerton has presented papers at the American Historical Association and the American Association for the History of Nursing. Futhermore, Dr. Connerton’s extensive clinical experience has included work at New York’s Bellevue Hospital, Califor-nia Pacific Medical Center, and the North Central Bronx Hospital. In addition to her work as Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsyl-vania School of Nursing, Dr. Connerton is a practicing midwife.

Connerton, W. (2012). International comparisons: The nursing-midwifery in-terface. In Borsay, A. and Hunter, B. (Eds.), Nursing and Midwifery in Britain since 1700. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Connerton, W. (2011). Book Review. [Get me out: A history of childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the sperm bank]. Nursing History Review, 19, 244-246

Connerton, W. (2010). Media Review. [Making visible embryos]. Nursing His-tory Review, 18, 209-211.

Publications at a Glance

The Barbara Bates Center supports undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students engaged in nursing history studies. Classes taught by Center faculty, such as History, Health and Social

Policy and Historical Thought in Nursing challenge students with aca-demically rigorous coursework that draws upon multidisciplinary sub-jects. The Center’s doctoral students come from diverse backgrounds and career paths, yet share a commitment to nursing historical scholar-ship that seeks to expand and diversify the scope of the field for future generations. In addition to our doctoral students, the Center welcomes researchers and scholars globally to conduct research using our col-lections. For instance, the Center provides three annual fellowships and a post-doctoral appointment to support research. Furthermore, the Center’s widely praised seminar series serves as a place where scholars come together to share their research and gain invaluable feedback from others, making the Center a vibrant place to learn and grow.

From top left (clockwise): Bates Center doctoral students: Briana Ralston, Linda Maldonado, Katharine Smith, Kathleen Nishida, and Amanda Mahoney.

Sandra L Chaff is the Archivist of the Center’s collections. Ms. Chaff works on Center projects designed to coordinate, track and improve the preservation of and access to Center collections. These include developing and maintaining a central database of Center collections, designing and implementing Center outreach initiatives and

identifying funding sources for Center activities. Ms. Chaff holds a JD from Rutgers University and a MS in LS from Case Western Reserve University. She received her archival training at the National Archives and American University, with an internship at the American Philo-sophical Society.

Tiffany H Collier is the Center’s Coordina-tor. She coordinates a wide range of administra-tive and programmatic activities for the Center, including strategic planning and goal tracking, student services, data management and report-ing, social media and communications operations, meeting planning and grant proposal processes. She also coordinates researcher visits to the Cen-

ter and oversees Center operational activities. In addition to her role at the Center, Ms. Collier serves as the assistant editor for the Nursing History Review. Ms. Collier holds a BA in Humanities from the University of Pennsylvania and a MA in English Literature from West Chester Univer-sity of Pennsylvania.

Gail E Farr is the Curator of the Center’s col-lections and has been an instrumental figure in the Center’s development through the years. A professionally trained archivist she oversees the collections, processing, services to re-searchers, and preservation of materials, books, and photographs. She also manages commu-nications and projects with other archives and museums and directs the School of Nursing’s

Records Management Program. Ms. Farr holds a MA from Utah State University and an Advanced Certificate in Information Studies and Technology from Drexel University. She is a member of the Academy of Certified Archivists.

The Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is a freestanding research center in the School of Nursing of the University of Pennsylvania. Center Leadership works closely with

the Advisory Board, which currently consists of thirteen members repre-senting the Center’s nursing, museum, archival and scholarly constitu-encies. Neville Strumpf was appointed Chair of the Advisory Board in 2011, succeeding previous Chair Ellen Baer who served from 2006-2010. Board members, all of whom have distinguished careers in the nursing, healthcare, academic and archival fields offer invaluable advice, counsel and support for Center activities. The Advisory Board meets twice a year, at which time the Center’s growth is reviewed, on-going and future pro-grams are discussed, and suggestions for continued Center progress are solicited.

Center Advisory Board MembersNeville Strumpf (Chair)

Ellen D. Baer (Associate Director Emerita)M. Louise Fitzpatrick

Dorothy del BuenoRuth Schwartz Cowan

Hannah HendersonJeanne KiefnerNadine Landis

Sandra LewensonMark Frazier Lloyd

Joan Lynaugh (Director Emerita)Marian MatezRosalyn Watts

University of Pennsylvania

School of Nursing

Barbara Bates Center for The

Study of The History of Nursing

Claire M. Fagin Hall

418 Curie Blvd, Floor 2U

Philadelphia, PA 19104-4217

www.nursing.upenn.edu/history

Phone: 215-898-4502

Fax: 215-573-2168

Email: nhistory@nursing.upenn.edu

Center Hours: Monday - Friday 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM

“ W h a t h a p p e n s i n t h e p r e s e n t i s n o t

a n a c c i d e n t . I t h a s a p a s t . I n o r d e r t o

u n d e r s t a n d a n d c h a n g e c o n t e m p o r a r y

h e a l t h s y s t e m p r o b l e m s , t h e B a r b a r a

B a t e s C e n t e r f o r t h e S t u d y o f t h e

H i s t o r y o f N u r s i n g e x a m i n e s h o w t h e s e

p r o b l e m s e m e r g e d , h o w t h e y i n f l u e n c e

t h e p r e s e n t , a n d h o w t o u s e t h a t

k n o w l e d g e t o d e s i g n b e t t e r s y s t e m s

f o r t h e f u t u r e . ” - J o a n L y n a u g h