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Coins, Arts, Sculpture and Jatra(Popular Drama)

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Coins

Arts

Sculpture

Jatra(Popular Drama)

Coins

A coin is basically a metallic piece as a medium of exchange having a

specific metallic weight standard and a certain metallic purity.

As coins are primarily required in exchange related activities, these

are invaluable sources for economic history, especially the history of

trade.

In the history of Bengal the coins are divided by some specific period

according there characteristics.

Coins(Ancient coins)

There are no clear evidence when the people of our sub continent first

started the use of coins.

The discovery of silver coin from Taxila

( near Kabul) from 5th century BC provides the

archeological evidence of the introduction of

minted metallic pieces as coined money in the Punch Marked coins

subcontinent. (Source: Banglapedia)

Cont’d…

Coins(Ancient coins)

These instead bear a number of symbols, which were punched on the

silver piece with separate punches; this is why these are called

punch marked coins.

These coins are uninscribed and do not carry any names of rulers, it is

likely that the earliest specimens could have been issued by

professional 'guild'-like bodies of merchants.

Cont’d….

Coins(Gupta Coinage)

The numismatic scenario in Bengal becomes much more illuminated

during the period from c 4th to the 7th centuries AD.

The most remarkable point is the availability of a large number of

Imperial Gupta (c320-570 AD) gold coins, generally of excellent

quality and execution.

The imperial Gupta rulers starting from Chandragupta I (c AD 320-35)

to Visnugupta (around the middle of the sixth century) issued gold

coins of different types with the maximum varieties of gold coins

being struck by Kumaragupta I (c 414-54).

Coins(Sultani Coins)

Sikka and Khutbah (right of issuing coins in the name of the ruling

king and announce his name in the sermons delivered during Friday

prayers) are considered symbol of sovereignty in the Islamic world.

bakhtiyar khalji, to commemorate his victory over Gaur, struck coins

in the name of Mohammad bin Sam in 1205 AD from Gaura.

That was the first Muslim coin struck in Bengal. From the conquest of

Bengal in 1205 to the independence of Bengal in 1338, Bengal had

been ruled as a province of the Delhi Sultanate for nearly 130 years.

Coins(Sultani Coins)

Provincial governors struck coins from Bengal in the names of their

respective Delhi rulers following the type of the Delhi coins.

There are two types of coins of the independent

sultans of Bengal: coins of the governors

appointed by the Delhi authority who proclaimed

independence during 1205 to 1338 AD and the Gold coins of Akbar

coins of the independent sultans of Bengal struck

during 1338 to 1538 AD.

Cont’d….

Modern coins of Bangladesh

After independence many new coins were introduced like 5’ 10, 25,

and 50 poisha.

First 1 taka coin introduced in Bangladesh in

1992 and there were four human figures and

a slogan, 'planned family-Food for all’.

2 taka coin was introduced first in 2004 and

first 5 taka coin was introduced in 1994.

Arts

Bangladeshi art has a long history which originated more than two

thousand years ago and is practiced even in this date.

Art in Bengal developed in varied and diverse ways during the nearly

two hundred years of British colonial rule.

Among the various forms of Bangladesh art, photography,

architecture, sculpture and painting are the most notable.

Arts(Architecture)

The remains of the ancient archaeological sites bear ample testimony to the fact

that the art of architecture was practiced in Bangladesh from very early period

of her history.

The Somapura Mahavihara, a creation of

of the Pala ruler Dharmapala, at

paharpur, Bangladesh is the largest

Buddhist Vihara in the Indian subcontinent, Somapura Mahavihara

and has been described as a pleasure to the eyes of the world.

Arts(Architecture)

The Kantajew Temple in Dinajpur, built in navaratna style contains

one of the finest examples of terracotta ornamentation of the late

period of the art.

The Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat has been described as "the most

impressive Muslim monument in the whole of the Indian subcontinent.

The Lalbagh Fort is considered as one of the greatest examples of

Mughal architecture.

Cont’d….

Arts(Folk Arts)

As in other countries of the world, the people of rustic, and primitive

ideas developed folk art in Bangladesh.

The environment and the agricultural activities greatly helped to

enrich the traditional folk-art of Bangladesh.

The folk art of Bangladesh has been largely contributed by the rural

women because of the artistic value as well as the quality of their

work.

Arts(Folk Arts)

Alpana and Nakshi kantha are some of the most attractive forms of

Bangladeshi Folk art.

Alpana artists or Nakshi kantha needlewo-

men were working within the home and

received no monetary recompense for their

labor. Nakshi Khatha

Pottery and Ivory are also some popular forms of the art.

The movement of modern art in Bangladesh has its roots in the early

20th century.

Cont’d...

Arts(Paintings)

The movement of modern paintings in Bangladesh has its roots in the

early 20th century.

There is a rich tradition of modern painting 

Which was pioneered by Zainul Abedin,

Kamrul Hassan, Anwarul Haque, Shafiuddin

Ahmed and S. M. Sultan. Zainul Abedin’s Painting

Zainul Abedin earned international fame for his sketches on famine

of 1943 in Bangladesh.

Sculpture

Sculpture have an indispensable part of Bangladeshi culture.

The earliest sculptures in Bangladesh discovered so far date back to

the 3rd century BC.

Sculptures have been a key a source of rendering the historic identity

of the ancient Bangladesh.

Even though the art of sculptures in Bangladesh began almost 2500

years ago, it mostly flourished during the Gupta, Pala and Sena

dynasty all of which belong to the early Middle Ages (1-1200 CE).

Sculpture(Gupta Sculpture)

The Gupta rulers were devoted Vaishnavas, and early Gupta

sculptures are found to be mostly representations of Vishnu or any of

his incarnations.

The Gupta sculptures of Bangladesh are mostly

icons and their forms were determined by the

characteristics of the gods as prescribed by the

priests of Central India. Sculpture of Gupta period

Some of the earliest sculpture of Gupta period found in Rajshahi

district and those were collected by Varendra Research museum.

Sculpture(Pala Sculpture)

During more than four hundred years of Pala rule (8th-12th century

AD), many centers of sculptural art flourished simultaneously in

different regions of the extensive empire of Bangladesh.

Thousands of sculptures of this period have been discovered and they

now form part of the collections of a number of museums in

Bangladesh.

Pala sculpture derives its origins from the late Gupta style, but later on

deviated from it.

Sculpture(Sena Sculpture)

A large number of sculptures representing Hindu gods and goddesses

belong to the phase of artistic activity initiated under the Sena rulers (c

1097-1223 AD).

From the artistic point of view, Sena sculpture is a continuation of the

Pala style in vogue till the late 11th century AD.

The slender body form of the late Pala period sculpture is retained in

the Sena period, but the modeling quality shows a marked

deterioration.

Sculpture(Materials of those Sculpture)

Most of the ancient sculptures discovered in Bangladesh are made of

terracotta, bronze, black stone etc.

The earliest sculptures were made of terracotta dating back as early as

3rd century BC.

The trend of using bronze for sculptures started from the 7th century.

The black stone sculptures also originated from that period.

Sculpture(Modern Sculpture)

Sculptures created after the independence of Bangladesh can be

referred as modern sculptures.

Most of this sculptures depict the gallant

struggle of Bangladeshis during the

liberation war of Bangladesh.

some of notable sculpture of modern

time are Aparajeyo Bangla, Shabash Bangladesh, Jagroto chowrongi

etc.

Jatra(Popular Drama)

Jatra a form of folk drama combining acting, songs, music, dance,

characterized by stylized delivery and exaggerated gestures and

orations.The jatra may be traced back to at least the 16th century.

In Chaitanyabhagavad (1548), Brindavan Das describes a dramatic

performance during which Sri CHAITANYA himself performed the

role of Rukmini.

Scholars such as Kapila Vatsayan believe this to be the birth of

Krishna Jatra.

Jatra(Popular Drama)

By the 18th century, a number of other forms of jatra had developed:

Shakti Jatra, Nath Jatra and Pala Jatra.

Perhaps the most important developments in jatra during the 18th

century were the introduction of comic characters such as Narada and

Vyasa.

A major change in jatra took place after the First World War when

nationalistic and patriotic themes became incorporated into the jatra.

Cont’d…

Jatra(Popular Drama)

Though religious myths and sentimental romances continued to

dominate the jatra, the nationalistic and patriotic spirit of Bengal also

found its expression in the jatra.

MUKUNDA DAS (1878-1934) and his troupe, the Swadeshi Jatra

Party, performed jatras about colonial exploitation, patriotism and

anti-colonial struggle, oppression of feudal and caste system etc.

Cont’d…

Jatra(Popular Drama)

Until the end of the 19th century, the adhikari used to write the play.

The adhikari would either buy the text

outright or would pay a royalty. Another

change that took place at this time

was the introduction of the character of

Vivek (conscience).

Jatra was an important form of entertainment in the rural society in the

past but nowadays it has been replaced by many modern forms of

entertainment.

Cont’d…

Conclusion

Bangladesh has a rich, diverse culture and its deeply rooted heritage is

thoroughly reflected in its architecture, dance, literature, music, painting

and clothing. It describes how enrich our culture is and how great nation

we are. Those important elements of culture makes us a unique nation of

all over the world.

ReferencesHN Wright, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Vol II, Calcutta, 1907Coins and Chronology of the Early Independent Sultans of Bengal, Cambridge, 1922Social and Cultural History, Sirajul IslamFolk art of Bangladesh: In the eye of an American”. The Independent (Bangladesh). Retrieved14 January2013Shatgumbad Mosque, Banglapedia, accessed January 12Alam, Shamsul Alam (2012). "Pala Sculpture". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.Bhattacharya, Asok K (2012). "Sculpture". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

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