bangalore university - kar
TRANSCRIPT
1
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
B. Sc., Chemistry Syllabus
I to VI Semesters
(w. e. f. 2014)
Department of Chemistry Central College Campus
Bangalore - 560 001
2
FOREWORD
As per the directive from the Bangalore University, the Chemistry syllabus for the B. Sc., degree
course (CBCS) had to be prepared. Guidelines for this were provided by the University.
In the Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College, with the help of the Chemistry
Teachers’ Forum, a Core Group involving the Teachers of the University Department and
affiliated colleges was constituted. This Core Group participated in work-shops held on
22.04.2014, 30.04.2014 and 19.05.2014, keeping in view the aims of the UGC Model
Curriculum in developing interdisciplinary skills in students linking general studies with
professional courses and allowing both vertical and horizontal mobility and also catering to local
needs the syllabus was prepared.
Teachers of different branches of Chemistry, namely Inorganic, Organic, Physical and
Biochemistry had separate and joint brainstorming sessions and arrived at a Draft Syllabus in
Chemistry for SIX semesters. The Chemistry Teachers’ Forum played a pivotal role during the
drafting of the syllabus. The Draft Syllabus in chemistry was brought to the attention of a wider
group of Teachers for further refinement on 23th May 2014. The final draft incorporating the
suggestions was placed before the Department Council on 02. 6. 2014 and then the Board of
Studies in Chemistry (UG) on 07. 6. 2014 for approval.
CHAIRMAN
Department of Studies in Chemistry
Central College Campus
Bangalore University
Bangalore-560 001
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Members of the Committee for the Preparation of the Chemistry Syllabus for the
B. Sc., Degree Course (Semester Scheme)
Chemistry Teachers’ Forum: Bangalore University, Bangalore
Physical Chemistry Section
Dr. Girija C R
Mr. Sripathi
Dr. Vasundara D E
Ms. Malathi M
Mr. S. Uday Kumar
SSMRV College, Bangalore
Vivekananada College, Bangalore
BMS College, Bangalore
Rural College , Kanakapura
Rural College, Kanakapura
Inorganic Chemistry Section
Mr. H B Mallesh
Mr. Vijaya Babu B.
Mr. Ramanna
Dr. Muddu Krishna K R.
Ms. Hamsini S
Ms. Vanitha G K
Mr. G R Rangappa
C Sanjeevarayappa
GFGC, Channapatna
GFGC, Vijayanagar
Kongadiappa College, Doddaballapura
Govt. First Grade College, Varthur, Bangalore
GFGC Chickaballapur.
GFGC, Doddaballapur
GFGC, Kolar
GFGC, Yelahanka
Organic Chemistry Section
Dr. Shylaja S
Dr. Rekha S
Dr. Shashikala Devi K
Dr. Prathima Rao
Ms. Shamsiya Rizwana
Mr. Sridhar B T
GFGC, K R Puram, Bangalore
VVS First Grade College, Bangalore
Maharani Science College, Bangalore
Vivekananda College, Bangalore
M E S College, Bangalore
Maharani Science College, Bangalore
Biochemistry Section
Dr. Nanda N
Ms. Radhika R
Ms. Kathyayini
BMS College for Women, Bangalore
GFGC, Channapatna
National College, Gowribidanur.
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Proceedings of the Meeting of Board of Studies in Chemistry (UG) held on 7th
June 2014 at 10.30 am in the Department of Chemistry, Central College
Campus, Bangalore-560 001.
The Chairman welcomed the members of the Board to the meeting and placed the agenda before
them for discussion.
Agenda: 1. Scrutiny and approval of the Syllabus for the B. Sc., Degree, Chemistry Course
(Semester Scheme).
2. Preparation of the BOE (UG) and Professional Courses for the Academic Year 2014-15.
The Chairman informed the members that, as per the directive from the Bangalore University,
the Chemistry syllabus for the B. Sc., degree has been prepared with the help of the Chemistry
Teachers’ Forum which constituted a Core Group form affiliated Colleges, is proposed to be
introduced from 2014 onwards. In this connection, the Core Group participated in workshops
held on three days: 22. 04. 2014, 30. 04. 2014 and 19. 05. 2014 and prepared a Draft syllabus.
The syllabus was then finalized in a workshop conducted on 23th May 2014 in the presence of a
wider group of Teachers represented by most of the colleges offering Chemistry at UG level. The
draft syllabus was then placed before the Department Council on 2. 6. 2014 for approval, the
approved syllabus is now placed before the Board for Scrutiny and approval.
The Board of Studies (UG) approved the Syllabus after some modifications.
The Board also prepared the BOE (UG) Chemistry and BOE Professional Course (BE.,
Chemistry).
The meeting ended with the vote of thanks by the Chairman.
The following members were present.
1. Dr. Shaheen Taj
2. Sri. R. Vinay Kumar
3. Sri. S. Vijay Kumar
4. Sri. H. B. Mallesh
5. Sri. G. Siddalingaiah
6. Smt. M. Malathi
7. Dr. Venkatesha, B. M (External Member)
8. Dr. Nanjundaswamy, N (External Member)
9. Dr. M. A. Pasha Chairman, (BOS, UG)
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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Title of the paper Contact
hours/Week
Exam.
hours
IA Marks Total
Marks
Credits
First Semester
Chemistry-I 4 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-I 3 3 15 35 50 1
Second Semester
Chemistry-II 4 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-II 3 3 15 35 50 1
Third Semester
Chemistry-III 4 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-III 3 3 15 35 50 1
Fourth Semester
Chemistry-IV 4 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-IV 3 3 15 35 50 1
Fifth Semester
Chemistry-V 3 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry- VI 3 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-V 3 3 15 35 50 1
Chemistry Practical-VI 3 3 15 35 50 1
Sixth Semester
Chemistry-VII 3 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry VIII 3 3 30 70 100 2
Chemistry Practical-VII 3 3 15 35 50 1
Chemistry Practical-VIII 3 3 15 35 50 1
6
B. Sc., – I Semester
Paper- I
UNIT-I Mathematical Concepts for Chemistry 4 hours
Logarithmic relations: Definition, some important relations like log(m+n), n
mlog , log mn,
change of base (loge2 →logex). Application in the calculation of pH.
Curve sketching: How a cure is sketched with a set of points: linear and non-linear (asymptotic)
with a set of points, sketching both linear and non-linear curves. Calculation of slope in the case
of linear curve.Extrapolation of linear curve and arriving at a limiting value.
Parabolic curve- maximum and minimum. Differentiation: Meaning and derivative of functions
like ex, log x, sin x, cos x,
x1 ,
x2, x
xand n , 0
dx
dy at maximum and minimum.
2nd
order differentiation: for maximum and minimum (derivation from first principles not
required). Rules of differentiation for y = u + v, y = uv, v
uy and y = ku, where k is constant.
Partial differentiation: Explanation, applications using the equation, H = U + PV and G = H
− TS.
Integration: Meaning and integrals of functions like, x, dx,,x
2, x1 , 2x
1 ,3x
1 , x
n, e
x, sin x and
cos x. simple problems from I and II order kinetics.
Exact and inexact differentials: Examples from internal energy and enthalpy. Definite integrals.
Probability: some definitions, examples from atomic orbitals, wave functions and entropy.
Gaseous state 9 hours
Introduction: Need for Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, mathematical expression for both
mole and molecule-explanation of the terms only. Explanation of velocity distribution curves
based on this law (no derivation). Mean free path, collision frequency and collision number.
Definition and expressions using SI units (no derivations). Derivation of expression for most
probable speed from Maxwell-Boltzmann equation Definitions and expressions for rms velocity
and average velocity, relationships between them. Problems.
Andrew’s isotherm on carbon dioxide and explanation of the curves (no experimental details).
Derivation of critical constants Tc, Pc and Vc from van der Waal’s equation and their
experimental determination by Cagniard de La Tour method for Tc and Pc. Amagat’s mean
density method for Vc. Problems on the calculation of Tc, Pc and Vc, a and b.
Law of corresponding states-statements, reduced equation of state and explanation, Joule-
Thomson effect-explanation. Joule-Thomson co-efficient, inversion temperature-definition (no
derivation).The application of Joule-Thomson effect to the liquefaction of air and hydrogen by
Linde’s process.
UNIT-II Photochemistry 4 hours
Laws of photochemistry. Grotthus-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, differences between
photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and
thermal reactions. Quantum yield of photochemical combination of (i) H2 and Cl2 (ii) H2 and Br2
(iii) dissociation of HI (iv) dimerisation of anthracene. Photosensitization, photostationary
7 equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states. Fluorescence, phosphorescence, luminescence,
bioluminescence and chemical sensors.
Beer-Lambert’s law and its applications. Numerical problems on absorption coefficient and
molar extinction coefficient.
Liquids and Solutions 9 hours
Properties of liquids-Viscosity, Surface tension and Parachor-Definition, mathematical
expression, numerical problems and factors affecting them.
Viscosity- Definition, mathematical expression, Coefficient of viscosity, effect of temperature,
size, weight, shape of molecules and intermolecular forces on it.
Surface Tension-Definition, mathematical expression, effect of temperature and solute on it
Parachor-Definition, Sugen equation, calculation and applications. Numerical problems.
Liquid Mixture: Review of Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Completely miscible liquids-Fractional distillation Tc curves for all the three types, azeotropic
mixtures -examples.
Completely miscible liquids-Critical solution temperature (Three types), examples. Effect of
addition of salt on CST of phenol-water system.
Immiscible liquids-Steam distillation and its applications.
Distribution law-Statement, partition coefficient and condition for validity of distribution of
distribution law. Application-solvent extraction
Dilute solutions- Review of colligative properties and concentration terms
Determination of molecular mass of a solute by: (i) Berkeley-Hartley’s method (); (ii)
Beckmann’s method (Tf) and (iii) Landsberger’s method. Numerical problems.
UNIT-III
Periodic Table and Periodic properties 9 hours
Review of the modern periodic table (with respect to classification of elements based on outer
electronic configuration)
Periodic properties: Atomic and ionic radii, ionisation energy, electron affinity and
electronegativity. Trends in the periodic properties. Applications in predicting and explaining
chemical behaviour. Factors affecting the values of ionisation energy. Determination of
electronegativity by Pauling’s method. Diagonal relationship between beryllium and aluminium.
Comparitive study of elements of alkali and alkalline earth metals, chalcogens and halogens
with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation energy, and
elecronegativity. Halides, oxides and carbonates of alkali and alkalline earth metals. Hydrides of
chalcogens and halogens.
Analytical Chemistry 4 hours
Errors: Classification, minimization of determinate errors, accuracy and precision. Significant
figures and their computations.
Equivalent weights of acids, bases, salts, oxidising and reducing agents. Methods of expressing
concentration of solutions in terms of Normality and Molarity. Numerical problems.
8
UNIT-IV Basic concepts in organic chemistry 4 hours
Bond cleavage – homolytic and heterolytic. Types of reagents – electrophilic and nucleophilic
reagents. Reactive intermediates - generation and relative stabilities of carbocation, carbanion,
carbon free radicals and carbenes – explanation for stability and reactivity based on inductive,
resonance and hyperconjugation effects.
Types of reactions - addition, substitution and elimination. Concept of isomerism - structural
isomerism, stereo isomerism - geometrical and optical isomerism, chiral center – definition and
examples. Tautomerism (keto – enol).
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 9 hours
Alkanes: Sources, Nomenclature of branched chain alkanes, preparation of symmetrical and
unsymmetrical alkanes- Corey- House reaction and Wurtz reaction - their merits and demerits.
Conformational analysis of n-butane - Sawhorse and Newman projection formulae to be used -
Energy profile diagram.
Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature. Method of formation. Explanation for stability based on heat of
hydrogenation data, Baeyer’s strain theory and its limitation, Sachse - Mohr theory of strain-less
rings; cyclopropane ring - banana bonds.
Alkenes: Preparation of alkenes by Wittig reaction-stereoselectivity. Addition of HX to
unsymmetrical alkene - Markownikov’s rule and Antimarkownikov’s rule with mechanism.
Reactions: Hydroboration- oxidation, reduction, oxymercuration - demercuration, epoxidation.
Mechanism of oxidation with KMnO4 and OsO4.Ozonolysis- mechanism and importance.
Dienes: Classification- isolated, conjugated, cumulated. Structure of allene and butadiene.1,2
addition and 1,4 addition reactions. Diels Alder reaction-1,3-butadiene with maleic anhydride.
Alkynes: Methods of preparation - Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal and geminal dihalides; and
higher alkynes from terminal alkynes. Reactions - metal ammonia reduction – significance.
Oxidation with KMnO4, acidic nature of terminal alkynes.
9
B. Sc., – II Semester
Paper- II
UNIT-I
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure 13 hours
Review of Bohr’s atomic model:
Derivation of expressions of for radius, energy and ionisation energies of hydrogen like atoms.
Numerical Problems.
Limitations of classical mechanics. Wave particle duality, Uncertainty principle.
New quantum mechanics-Sinusoidal wave (Explain sinusoidal wave.) equation (classical wave
mechanics); Schrodinger wave equation- derivation. Postulates of quantum mechanics.
Significance of terms- (i) Hamiltonian operator; (ii) eigen function (significance of and 2);
(iii) eigen values.
Application of Schrodinger equation: (i) to particle in one dimensional box (derivation required);
(ii) to the hydrogen atom (detailed solution not required)
Expressing the solution as a product of n, l. m (r, , ) = n, l. (r) l. m(, )
Explanation of quantum numbers (only qualitative). Radial probability distribution and angular
probability distribution. Orbitals
UNIT-II Chemical bonding 13hours
Ionic bond: Lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle, Born-Lande equation (derivation not required,
problems on Born-Lande expression to be worked out). Calculation of lattice energies of NaCl
and MgO,effect of lattice energy on solubility of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond: Valence bond approach: hybridization and directional characteristics of sp, sp2,
sp3, sp
2d, sp
3d
2. Shapes of BeCl2, BF3, SiCl4, PCl5, SF6.VSEPR theory: shapes of CH4, NH3,
NH4+, H2O, BrF3, ICl
2-.Molecular orbital theory: H2, He
2+, Be2, N2, O2, O
2-, O2
2-, O
2+ and CO
(bond order, stability and magnetic properties to be discussed). Polarization concept, Fazan’s
rule, bond length, bond angle and bond energy, polar and non-polar molecules, dipole moment.
Weak interactions: i). Hydrogen bond: Intra molecular and Intermolecular types, anomalous
properties of HF, H2O, NH3, alcohols, carboxylic acids, nitro phenols and bio molecules.
ii) van der Waal’s forces: Noble gases and molecular crystals (dry ice, Iodine and solid SO2)
Metallic bond: Band theory, electrical properties of metals, semiconductors and insulators.
UNIT-III Silicates 2hours Structure of SiO4
4-, Classification of silicates based on the structure. Zeolites: their structure and
applications.
Noble gases 3hours
Introduction, isolation of Helium from Natural gas, applications of Noble gases. Preparation
properties and structures of fluorides and oxides of Xenon (XeF2, XeF4, XeF6, XeO3, XeO4).
General study of d and f block elements. 8hours
Transition elements: electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation energy, oxidation
states, redox potentials, spectral and magnetic properties, catalytic activity, interstitial compound
formation.
10 Lanthanides and Actinides: Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic sizes, lanthanide
contraction and its consequences. Oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties, comparison
of oxidation states, complex formation and magnetic properties of d and f block elements. Ion
exchange method for separation of Lanthanides.
UNIT-IV Aromatic hydrocarbons 9 hours Nomenclature. Structure of benzene - using molecular orbital theory. Criteria for aromaticity-
Huckel’s rule (Examples: cyclopentadienyl anion, cycloheptatrieneylcation, benzene,
naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene). Antiaromaticity.
General mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution. Mechanism of nitration of benzene
including evidence for the formation of nitronium ion, energy profile diagram and isotopic
effect. Orienting influence of substituents in toluene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene and phenol.
Aromatic nucleophilic substitution via benzyne intermediate, mechanism with evidences for the
formation of benzyne by trapping with anthracene, Birch reduction.Side chain oxidation of
toluene to benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. Oxidation of naphthalene, anthracene and
phenanthrene. Diels-Alder reaction of anthracene with 1,2-dichloroethene.
Alkenyl benzenes: Styrene, cis- and trans-stilbenes and their preparations.
Biphenyl: Preparation-Ullmann reaction.
Organic halogen compounds 4 hours
Alkyl halides: Nomenclature. Nucleophilic substitution reactions - SN1 andSN2 mechanisms with
energy profile diagrams. Effect of (i) nature of alkyl groups,(ii) nature of leaving groups, (iii)
nucleophiles and (iv) solvents on SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. Elimination reactions - E1 and E2
mechanisms; Hofmann and Saytzeff eliminations with mechanism.
Aryl halides: Preparation by halogenation. Relative reactivity of alkyl, allyl, vinyl, aryl and
aralkyl halides towards nucleophilic substitution.
11
B. Sc., –III Semester
Paper III
UNIT-I
Chemical Kinetics 7 hours
Review of terms –Rate, Order and Molecularity.
Derivation of expression for the rate constant of a second order reaction with a = b and a b.
Expression for half-life of a second order reaction. Mean life for first order reaction to be
mentioned. Problems on rate constant, half-life period, mean life period and order of reaction.
Determination of order of reaction: differential method, method of integration, method of half-
life period and isolation method.
Theories of reaction rates: Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation,
concept of activation energy. Problems.
Simple collisions theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium
hypothesis). Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and thermodynamic
aspects. Steady state approximation and Lindemann’s hypothesis.
Experimental determination of kinetics of: (i) inversion of cane sugar by polarimetric method,
(ii) spectrophotometric method for the reaction between potassium persulphate and potassium
iodide.
Thermodynamics I 6 hours
Exact and inexact differentials. Review of terms, I law of Thermodynamics.
Work done (derivation with problems) in isothermal and adiabatic expansion and compression of
an ideal gas (IUPAC sign conventions to be used).
Heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure and constant volume: relation between P, V and T in
an adiabatic process to be derived. Derivation of Kirchoff’s equation. Numerical problems.
Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes.
Second law of thermodynamics: Limitations of I law of thermodynamics with illustrations. Need
for II law of thermodynamics, different ways of stating II law with respect to heat and
spontaneity. Other forms of II law of thermodynamics. Concept of entropy and its physical
significance-illustrations with order, disorder, physical and chemical processes and probability.
Heat engine-Carnot’s cycle and derivation of the expression for its efficiency. Problems based on
efficiency equation. II law in terms of efficiency (). Change in entropy in reversible and
irreversible processes (derivations required) . Calculation of entropy changes in reversible
isothermal and reversible adiabatic processes. Phase transitions in terms of Entropy (Fusion,
vaporization, sublimation and polymorphic changes) in terms of entropy. Limitations of the
entropy concept of spontaneity. Problem on Phase transitions
UNIT-II
Thermodynamics II 4 hours
Gibb’s free energy: Work function, chemical potential. Definition and relationship between free
energy and work function. Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. Gibb’s-Helmholtz
equation-Derivation. Change of free energy with respect to temperature and pressure. Mention of
temperature coefficient, van’t Hoff isotherm (derivations included), G = −RT lnKp. Problems.
12 Derivation of van’t Hoff reaction isochore and Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Its applications to
Tb and Tf determination (thermodynamic derivation not required).
Qualitative treatment of Nernst heat theorem and III law of thermodynamics-statement only.
Elementary concept of residual entropy.
Surface chemistry 4hours
Review of surface phenomena.
Theories of adsorption . Adsorption isotherms and BET equation (derivation included),
Adsorption indicators. Surface film on liquids.
Catalysis –Types and theories ((intermediate compound theory and adsorption theory).
Heterogeneous catalysis: surface reactions, unimolecular, bi-molecular surface reactions. pH
dependence of rate constant of catalysed reactions. Autocatalysis.
Organic and Inorganic Polymers 3hours
Differences between inorganic and organic polymers.
Polymerisation: types: addition and condensation polymerisation
Molecular weight of Polymers: Expression for Weight average and Number average
(experimental determination is not required)
Preparation and applications of the following types of polymers
1. Plastics: i)thermosetting plastics(Phenol-formaldehyde)
ii) thermo softening plastics(PVC)
2. Fibers: Acrylic, polyamide, polyester types: one example for each
3. Rubber: Neoprene,
4. Fluoro Carbons: Teflon
5. Silicones.
Compounds of some Nonmetals. 2hours
i) Boron and its compounds: Synthesis, structure and applications of Diborane, Borazole and
Boron trifluride.
ii) Halogens and its Compounds: Bleaching powder: manufacture and its applications.
UNIT-III
Metallurgy 5 hours
Ellingham’s diagrams: Salient features. Selection of reducing agents using Ellingham’s
diagrams.Extraction of the following metals.
i) Nickel from sulphide ore
ii) Thorium from Monazite sand
iii) Uranium from Pitch blende
iv) Plutonium from Nuclear waste.
Alcohols and Thiols 8 hours
Alcohols: Introduction and classification. Methods of preparation - (i) From carbonyl
compounds - reduction of aldehydes and ketones (by Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley reaction);
(ii) from acids and esters (by reduction with LiAlH4); (iii) From alkenes (by hydroboration-
oxidation with alkaline peroxide); (iv) hydration of alkenes. Reactions of alcohols: Acidic nature,
esterification, oxidation of alcohols with KMnO4. Comparison of the reactivity of 1°, 2° and 3°
alcohols- Lucas test, oxidation with K2Cr2O7.
13 Glycols: Preparation from alkenes using OsO4, KMnO4 and from epoxides. Oxidation of glycols
by periodic acid and lead tetraacetate with mechanisms. Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
Glycerol: Preparation from propene and from oils/fats. Uses. Reactions of glycerol: (i) nitration,
(ii) action of concentrated H2SO4 and (iii) oxidation by periodic acid.
Thiols: Nomenclature. Methods of formation and chemical reactions (with sodium, NaOH, metal
oxides, formation of thioesters and oxidation with mild and strong oxidizing agents).
Uses of dithianes. Introduction of umpolung character (reversal of polarity) in carbonyl
compounds.
UNIT-IV
Phenols 3 hours Classification. Acidic nature - Comparison of acidic strength of phenol with alcohols and
monocarboxylic acids. Effect of electron withdrawing –NO2 group and electron donating –CH3
group on acidity of phenols at o-,m-,p- positions. Pechmann reaction, Mechanisms of Reimer-
Tiemann and Kolbe-Schmidt reactions.
Industrial applications of phenols: Conversion of phenol to (i) aspirin, (ii) methyl salicylate,
(iii) salol, (iv) salicyl salicylic acid.
Ethers and Epoxides 4 hours
Ethers: Methods of preparation – (i) dehydration of alcohols, (ii) Williamson’s ether synthesis.
Reactions – Ethers as Lewis bases (complexation with metal ions), cleavage and auto-oxidation.
Ziesel’s method.
Epoxides: Preparation using per acids, Darzen’s reaction. Reactions of mono and 1,2-
disubstituted epoxides with (i) carbon nucleophiles, (ii) nitrogen nucleophiles, (iii) reduction
with LiAlH4.
Fertilizers 4hours
Introduction(need of fertilizers), functions of essential plant nutrients(N,P,K),
Classification of fertilizers with examples. Nitrogeneous, Phosphatic and mixed fertilizers with
suitable examples. Manufacture of urea and Super phosphate of lime, and their uses.
Fertilizer industries in India.
Organometallic compounds 2 hours
Preparation and synthetic applications of Grignard reagents, Organolithium compounds and
lithium dialkylcuprates.
14
B.Sc., IV -Semester Paper –IV
UNIT-I
Phase Equilibria 7 hours Statement and explanation of the terms with examples for phase (P), component (C) and degree of
freedom (F), Definition and significance of phase rule. Derivation of phase rule. Application of phase rule
to one component systems-water and sulphur, -modified form of phase rule to two component systems. Water–potassium iodide and lead-silver systems. Eutectic mixtures and their applications (examples:
freezing mixtures, desilverisation of lead by Patterson’s method).
Solid state 6 hours Crystalline state, Laws of crystallography. Symmetry elements in crystals, crystal systems.Weiss and Miller indices. X-ray diffraction of crystals-derivation of Bragg’s equation, . Problems
Liquid crycstals-Types with examples. Applications
Superconducting solids-High temperature superconductors. Applications.
UNIT-II
Water Technology 3hours Types of impurities present in water. Causes for the hardness of water. Permissible levels of ions present
in water. Treatment of water for domestic and Industrial purposes by the following methods. i) Demineralisation of water by Ion exchange method.
ii) by reverse Osmosis method.
Nuclear and Radiochemistry. 8hours Nucleus: Structure and stability, binding energy calculations. Instability of the nuclei, radioactive decay law, half life: numerical problems. Radioactive equilibrium, radioactive series. Artificial radioactivity:
Nuclear reactions induced by γ-radiation,α,n,p,and d particles. Nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear
reactors, Breeder reactors, atomic energy programme in India. Isotopes- use of radio isotopes in tracer
technique, agriculture, medicine, food preservation and Carbon dating-Numerical problems.
Powder metallurgy 2hours Advantages of powder metallurgy and its applications. Methods of production of metal powders.
production of Tungsten powder from Wulframite.
UNIT-III
Steel 5hours Iron-Carbon Phase diagram, Austenite, Ferrite, Cementite and Pearlite phases.
Alloy steels: Influence of Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Ti and W on the properties of Steel. Ferro alloys: Production of ferro chrome, ferro manganese, and ferro silicon and their applications.
Carbon steel: classification. Heat treatment: hardening, case hardening, carbiding, nitriding, tempering
and annealing.
Aldehydes and Ketones 8hours Nomenclature. Preparation of aldehydes: from acid chlorides (Rosenmund reaction), Gattermann-Koch aldehyde synthesis. Preparation of Ketones: From nitriles, from carboxylic acids with alkyl lithium, from
acid chlorides with metal alkyls.
Mechanisms of: Aldol condensation, Perkin condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Benzoin condensation and Acetal formation. General mechanism of condensation with ammonia and its
derivatives (NH2−R; R = −NH2, −OH, −NH−CO−NH2).
Reduction: Reduction by LiAlH4 and NaBH4. Mannich reaction. Mechanisms of Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions.
15
UNIT-IV
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives. 5 hours Nomenclature. Preparation: Acid hydrolysis of nitriles with mechanism. Acidic strength (pKa values) - Effect of substituents on the strength of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic
acids. (comparison of acidic strength of formic and acetic acids; acetic acid and monochloro, dichloro,
trichloro acetic acids ; benzoic and p-nitrobenzoic acid; benzoic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid) Reactions: Formation of esters, acid chlorides, amides and anhydrides. Hell-Vollhardt-Zelinski reaction,
Decarboxylation and reduction (using LiAlH4). (already included under preparation of alcohols from
acid)
Di and tri carboxylic acids: Action of heat on dicarboxylic acids (Oxalic to Adipic acids) Reactions of tartaric acid and citric acid. (action of heat, reduction with HI).
Reactions of acid chlorides (hydrolysis, reaction with alcohol, ammonia and lithium dialkylcuprates)
.Acid anhydrides (hydrolysis, reaction with alcohol, ammonia).Esters (alkaline hydrolysis, ammonolysis and alcoholysis).Amides (hydrolysis, reduction, Hoffmann rearrangement). Mechanism of ester
hydrolysis - acid and base catalysed (acyl O-cleavage: BAC2, AAC2; alkyl O-cleavage: AAL1 mechanisms).
Tautomerism and Enolates 4 hours Tautomerism in carbonyl compounds – Keto-Enol tautomerism. Acidity of -hydrogen atoms in aldehydes, ketones and active methylene compounds (example diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate and
acetyl acetone). Preparation of (from acetic acid) and synthetic applications of diethyl malonate (preparation of monocarboxylic acids - butanoic acid, dicarboxylic acid - Adipic acid, unsaturated acids -
cinnamic acid, ketones - butanone, cyclic compounds - barbituric acid)
Preparation of ethyl acetoacetate (from ethyl acetate). Synthetic applications of ethyl acetoacetate
(preparation of monocarboxylic acids - butanoic acid, dicarboxylic acid –succinic acid, unsaturated acids - crotonic acid, ketones - butanone).
Environmental Chemistry 4hours Depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. causes and remedial measures. The green-house effect and its
consequences. Acid rain, photochemical smog. Treatment of sewage and industrial effluents. Disposal of radioactive wastes.
16
B.Sc., - V Semester
Paper V
UNIT-I Stereochemistry 8hours
Elements of symmetry in chiral and achiral molecules, chirality, stereogenic centre. Fischer
projection formulae.
Enantiomers: Optical activity; use of +/–, d/l and D/L notations. Properties of enantiomers, chiral
and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers. Meso compounds. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog
sequence rules: R, S system of nomenclature.
Diastereomers: Threo and Erythro isomers.
Racemisation and resolution. Relative and absolute configuration.
Optical isomerism due to restricted rotation about single bonds- diphenyl systems.
Geometric isomerism: Determination of configuration of geometric isomers. Cis & trans, E, Z
system of nomenclature. Geometric isomerism in oximes.
Alicyclic compounds: Conformations of four to eight membered cycloalkanes and disubstituted
cyclohexanes.
Bicylic systems: Nomenclature and conformations of decalins and norbornane.
UNIT-II
Amines 5hours
Classification. Preparation of alkyl and aryl amines-reductive amination of carbonyl compounds,
Gabriel phthalimde synthesis. Basicity of amines in aqueous solution: Inductive, resonance,
steric and solvation effects on the basicity of amines. Reaction of amines as nucleophiles –
Methylation, quarternary salts, Hoffmann elimination with mechanism. Distinguishing reactions
of 1, 2 and 3 amines.
Diazotization and synthetic applications of diazonium salts.Sandmeyer’s reaction. (conversion to
chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and benzonitrile), hydrolysis, reduction (to phenyl hydrazine and
aniline), coupling reactions to give azo dyes (p-hydroxyazobenzene and 1-phenylazo-2-
naphthol).
Heterocyclic compounds 4hours
Introduction, classification, structures, resonance and aromatic character of furan, pyrrole,
thiophene and pyridine. Methods of preparation and reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene,
pyridine. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions. Comparison of basicity of pyrrole,
pyridine and piperidine. Preparation and reactions of indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.
UNIT-III
Chemistry of Natural Products 10hours
Carbohydrates: Introduction and classification.
Monosaccharides: Aldoses, structures of all the D-aldohexoses. Elucidation of open chain
structure of D-glucose.Mechanism of mutarotation and anomeric effect.Elucidation of ring
structure of D-glucose in detail.
Ketoses: Fructose, interconversion of glucose and fructose.
17 Disaccharides: Glycosidic bond. Structures of maltose, lactose and sucrose-Haworth and
conformational structures.
Terpenes and terpenoids: Occurrence, classification and isoprene rule. Elucidation of structure
and synthesis of citral and zingiberene.Structures of limonene, menthol, -terpineol, camphor, -
carotene, Vitamins-A and their uses.
Alkaloids: Introduction, classification and general characteristics. Structural elucidation and
synthesis of nicotine.Structures and uses of ephedrine, caffeine, cocaine, atropine, quinine and
morphine.
UNIT-IV
Spectroscopy of Organic compounds 8 hours
UV-Visible spectroscopy: Introduction. Chromophores and auxochormes; blue shift and red shift.
Graphical representation of spectra of 1,3-butadiene, benzene and lycopene. Influence of
conjugation on UV absorption-Comparison of UV spectra of acetone and methyl vinyl ketone.
IR spectroscopy: Introduction. Stretching frequencies of −OH (free and H-bonded), alkyl −C−H,
CC, C=C, C−C, C=O and C−O groups (by taking suitable examples). Graphical representation
of IR spectra of benzoic acid and methyl benzoate.
NMR spectroscopy: Basic principles of proton magnetic resonance: Nuclear magnetic spin
quantum number I, influence of the magnetic field on the spin of nuclei, spin population,
saturation using radio frequency. Nuclear magnetic resonance.chemical shift (δ values), uses of
TMS as reference. Nuclear shielding and deshielding effects.Equivalent and non-equivalent
protons.Effect of electronegativity of adjacent atoms on chemical shift values.Spin-spin splitting
and spin-spin coupling (qualitative treatment only).
Applications of NMR spectroscopy including identification of simple organic molecules.
Examples: Shielding and deshielding effects for (i) methane (ii) CH3−Cl (iii) CH2Cl2 (iv) CHCl3.
Spin-spin coupling in (i) Cl2CHCHO (ii) 1,1,2-trichloroethane (iii) CH3CH2Cl.
Industrial Organic chemistry 5 hours
Synthetic dyes: Introduction and classification. Colour and constitution. Synthesis of congo red,
malachite green, alizarin and indigo.
Drugs: Chemotherapy, classification of drugs. Synthesis and uses of paracetamol, diclofenac,
ranitidine, sulphanilamide and chloramphenicol.
Introduction to Green Chemistry: Principles of Green chemistry and its application to the
synthesis of paracetamol.
18
B. Sc., - V Semester
Paper VI
UNIT-I
Electrochemistry I 10 hours
Review of electrolytes and Conductance related terms
Methods of determination of molar conductance. Conductometric titrations (only acid-base type).
Transport numbers: definition – determination by moving boundary method. Causes of abnormal
transport numbers observed in certain systems. Ionic mobility. Problems on transport numbers.
Conductivity of water.
Kohlrausch’s law and its applications: (i) evaluation of from + and _(ii) evaluation of
degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte (iii) evaluation of of a weak electrolyte (iv)
determination of solubility from conductance of saturated solutions of sparingly soluble salts
(AgCl and BaSO4). Problems based on these.
Limitations of Arrhenius theory: qualitative account of Debye-Huckel theory, Debye-Huckel-
Onsagar equation for aqueous solutions of 1:1 electrolytes. Verification of DHO equation.
Galavanic cell: conventions of representing galvanic cells-reversible and irreversible cells,
derivation of Nernst equation for single electrode potential (free energy concept).
UNIT-II Electrochemistry II 5 hours
Weston-cadmium cell:Determination of emf of a cell by compensation method. Determination of
E of Zn/Zn2+
and Cu/Cu2+
electrodes.Liquid junction potentials, elimination of liquid junction
potential.
Types of electrodes: Metal and gas electrodes (chlorine), metal/metal insoluble salt electrodes,
redox electrodes. Reference electrodes-standard hydrogen electrode, calomel electrode,
quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Determination of pH using these electrodes.
Numerical problems.
Concentration cells: (i) emf of concentration cells (ii) determination of solubility of sparingly
soluble salts and numerical problems. Redox electrodes, emf of redox electrodes. Potentiometric
titration involving only redox systems.
Ionic equilibria 3 hours
Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and weak bases.Ionic product of water. Relationship between
Kh, Kw, Ka and Kb. Degree of hydrolysis and its relationship with Kh. Effect of temperature and
dilution on degree of hydrolysis. pH of salt solutions. Problems.
Common-ion effect, buffers, buffer action and buffer capacity. pH of buffers. Henderson’s
equation and its derivation. Solubility product and ionic product in precipitation and in
qualitative analysis.
Analytical and biological applications of buffers.
Theories of indicators.
19
UNIT-III
Physical properties and Molecular structures 5 hours
Polarization and orientation of dipoles in an electric field. Dipole moment. Induced dipole
moment (experimental determination of dipole moment not included). Clausius-Mossotti
equation (only statement).Dipole moment and structure of molecules (planar and non-planar).
Magnetic properties-paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic systems. Electrical properties
of solids: types of solids-metals, insulators and semiconductors. Pyroelectricity, piezoelectricity,
ferroelectricity, inverse piezoelectricity. Thomson effect, Seebeck effect and Peltier effect-
definition with examples.
Chemical Spectroscopy I 5 hours
The interaction of radiation with matter. Regions of electromagnetic spectrum and associated
spectroscopic techniques.
Origin of molecular spectra: Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules: Relationship between internuclear distance and
moment of inertia. Expression for rotational energy. Numerical problems. Criterion for
absorption of radiation-selection rule.
UNIT-IV
Chemical Spectroscopy II 4 hours
Vibrational spectroscopy: Hooke’s law- Expression for the frequency of SHO-force constant
and its significance. Expression for vibrational energy levels of SHO. Zero point energy.,
numerical problems. Degree of freedom of polyatomic molecules– modes of vibration for CO2
and H2O molecules.
Raman spectroscopy: 3 hours
Concept of polarisability. Pure rotation, vibration, qualitative study. Stokes and anti-Stoke’s
lines-selection rules.
Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR spectroscopy.
Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding molecular
orbitals. Electronic transitions –qualitative description of non-bonding orbitals and transitions
between them. Selection rules and Franck-Condon principle.
Electroanalytical Methods 5 hours
Voltammetry at a dropping mercury electrodes (DME)-Types of current obtained at DME.
Ilkovic equation and its applications. Current –potential relation for a cathodic process – half
wave potential.
Cyclic Voltammetry-Principles-Experimental set up-Quantitative analysis, determination of
diffusion coefficients.
20
B.Sc., - VI Semester
Paper VII
UNIT-I
Coordination and Organometallic compounds I 10 hours
Coordination compounds, ligands and their classification (mono, bi, tri, tetra, penta and hexa
dentate ligands) and ambidentate ligands, coordination number, nomenclature of coordination
compounds in detail. Theories of structure and bonding (Explanation for the formation of
complexes by Werner’s Theory in detail and its limitations). EAN rule, Valence bond theory-
postulates, low spin and high spin complexes with examples, limitations of VBT. Crystal field
theory (octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes). Crystal field splitting and crystal
field stabilization energies, limitations of CFT. Magnetic properties of [CoF6]3−
, [Co(NH3)6]3+
,
[Fe(CN)6]4−
, [Fe(CN)6]3−
. Spectral properties of [Ti(H2O)6]3+
, [Co(H2O)6]3+
, [CoCl4]2−
.
Isomerism-Structural: ionization, linkage, hydrate and coordination isomerism with examples.
Stereoisomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism with examples.
Organometallic compounds – ligands, classification (hapticity). Synthesis and structure of
K[PtCl3(η2-C2H4)] and [Fe(η
5 - C5H5)2],
UNIT-II
Coordination and Organometallic compounds II 4 hours
Metal carbonyls – Cr(CO)6, Co2(CO)8, Mn2(CO)10; eighteen electron rule and its deviations with
examples.
Applications of coordination/organometallic compounds: cis-platin in cancer therapy, Na2Ca
EDTA in the treatment of heavy metals (Pb, Hg) poisoning, Wilkinson’s Catalyst in alkene
hydrogenation, Monsanto acetic acid process.
Industrial Materials I 6 hours
Refractories: Properties, classification, determination of PCE values.
Abrasives – definition and classification with examples, applications, hardness, manufacture and
importance of carborundum and tungsten carbide.
Glass: Properties, types, manufacture of soda glass. Composition and applications of
borosilicate, metallic glass, optical glasses and polycarbonate glass, safety glass, fire and bullet
proof glasses.
Ceramics: Raw materials and their roles, varieties of clay, production of ceramic ware, glazing,
ceramic insulators.
Cement: Raw materials grades, manufacture of Portland cement (by wet process), setting of
cement.
UNIT-III Industrial Materials II 7 hours
Paints and Varnishes: Constituents of oil and emulsion paints and their role, constituents of
varnishes.
21 Fuels: Characteristics, Calorific value and its determination using bomb calorimeter, Coal-
Varieties, Gaseous fuels-advantages, constituents and their significance, production of Coal gas
and composition of LPG. Octane number.
Explosives: Classification, preparation of dynamite and TNT.
Propellants: Characteristics, classification and their applications.
Bioinorganic Chemistry 3 hours
Essential and trace elements in biological systems with reference to Na+, K
+, Ca
2+, Fe
2+, P, Cu, V
and Ni. Metallo-porphyrins with special reference to haemoglobin, myoglobin and chlorophyll.
Role of cobalamin (vitamin-B12coenzyme) in living systems.
UNIT-IV
Chemistry of Newer materials 10hours
Conducting polymers: Introduction, definition and examples-polyaniline, polyacetylene.
Mechanism of conduction. Qualitative treatment of doping,Properties: elasticity with high
electrical conductivities, Engineering and biological applications.
Super conductors: Introduction, definition, type1, type 2 and atypical. Preparation of high
temperature super conductor-Y1Ba2Cu3Ox±, BCS theory (qualitative treatment only) and
general applications of high temperature super conductors.
Fullerenes: Introduction, definition, preparation and isolation of C60. Structure and Chemical
reactions (redox reactions, electrophilic aromatic substitution and bromination) of
C60.Commercial uses of C60.Carbon nanotubes-Introduction, definition, examples and structure.
Nanomaterials: Introduction, definition and electronic structure. Different methods of
production: Sol gel synthesis, inert gas condensation, mechanical alloying (ball milling), plasma
synthesis, electrodeposition, and general applications.
22
B.Sc., - VI SEMESTER
Paper – VIII
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMSITRY 2hours
Contributions of Lavosier, Wohler, Emil Fischer, Louis Pasteur, Embden, Meyerhof, Parnas.
Hans Kreb, Michaelis and Menton, Watson and Crick, Chargaff, H.G. Khorana, Knoop, Pauling,
Hopkins and Miescher. Elemental and biochemical composition of living organisms. Role of
water in biochemical systems (mention the properties of water which makes water a solvent of
life).
CARBOHYDRATES 4hours
Structure and biological importance of derivatives of monosaccharides.
Amino sugars : β-D-glucosamine, galactosamine and their N-acetylated forms: N-
acetylmuramic acid (NAMA); N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)
Sugar acids–structure and biological importance of D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-
glucaric acid.
Sugar phosphates–structure and biological importance of Glucose-6-P, Fructose-6-P, Fructose-
1,6-di-P, β-D-ribose-5-P and β-D-deoxyribose-5-P.
Structure and biological importance of oligosaccharides – isomaltose, cellobiose, trehalose.
Polysaccharides - source, comparative account of partial structure and biological function of
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin and insulin.
LIPIDS 4hours
Introduction, Classification.
Fatty acids–definition, classification as saturated and unsaturated with examples and structure
(lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids ). Essential
fatty acids – definition with examples
Triglycerides–Structure of simple and mixed glycerides, properties of triglycerides- acid and
alkali hydrolysis, saponification number and its significance, iodine number and its significance,
rancidity ( oxidative and hydrolytic), biological importance of triglycerides.
Phosphoglycerides – general structure of 3-Sn–phosphatidic acid, lipid bilayer (as in cell
membrane), micelles, liposomes and its applications, structure and biological importance of
lecithin, cephalin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol.
Cholesterol – definition, types (HDL, LDL and VLDL)
Sphingolipids–structure and biological significance of ceramide.
UNIT-II
PROTEINS 5hours
α-amino acids: Introduction, structure, classification on the basis of polarity of R-groups,
essential and non essential amino acids, ionic properties and reactions of amino acids with
alcohol, nitrous acid and Ninhydrin.
23 Levels of organizations of Protein: Primary structure, Secondary structure (α-helix, triple helix
eg., Collagen and β-pleated sheet), tertiary structure and forces stabilizing it, quaternary
structure.
Denaturation and renaturation: Thermal renaturation-Aufinsen’s experiment with
ribonuclease.
Classification of proteins based on structure, composition and biological function (enzymes,
hormones, transport agents, antibodies, structural materials with examples).
NUCLEIC ACIDS 3hours
Types–Components of nucleic acids, bases, nucleosides and nucleotides with structures. Partial
structure of polynucleotide.
Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA. Biological roles of DNA and RNAs.
Protein-nucleic acid interaction- chromatin and viral nuclear capsid.
HORMONES 2hours
Definition.
Classification - a) amino acid derivatives (epinephrine and thyroxine); b) peptide (oxytocin and
vasopressin) and polypeptide hormones (insulin and glucagon); c) Steroid hormones
(progesterone, testosterone) with functions.
Role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis.
Mediators of hormone action – Ca2+
, cyclic AMP.
UNIT-III
ENZYMES 4hours
Introduction, Holo enzyme (apo enzyme and co enzyme).Active site, specificity.
Classification of enzymes (EC code number not required).
Enzyme substrate interaction- Fischer and Koshland models.
Enzyme kinetics–factors affecting rate of enzymatic reactions – enzyme concentration, substrate
concentration, pH and temperature (mention M. M. equation).
Allosteric enzymes–definition and example
Enzyme inhibitions-Competitive, noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibition with one
example for each.
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION 4hours
Bioenergetics- Introduction-stages of energy transformation. Exergonic and endergonic
reactions. Relationship between G and Keq.
High energy phosphates–definition, examples, structural features of ATP that makes ATP a
high energy phosphate (electro static repulsion, opposing resonance, solvation of ATP).
Examples of high energy phosphates other than ATP. Energy coupling in biological reactions
(explain the concept with suitable examples).
Biological oxidation – comparison of oxidation with combustion using glucose as an example.
Redox potentials of some biological important half reactions. Calculation of energy yield from
biological redox reaction (oxidation of NADH by oxygen, reduction of acetaldehyde by NADH).
Mitochondrial electrotransport chain, oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate level
phosphorylation.
24
BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 2hours
Principle and applications of:
Paper chromatography and TLC.
Electrophoresis–cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and PAGE.
UNIT-IV
METABOLISM 6hours
Catabolism and anabolism (explanation with an example) – Carbohydrate metabolism,
glycolysis, fate of pyruvate. TCA cycle, energetic.
Gluconeogenesis–definition, synthesis of glucose from lactate.
Fatty acid metabolism–activation of fatty acids, role of carnitine, β-oxidation pathway,
energetics.
Protein metabolism–general aspects of amino acid degradation – transamination, deamination
and decarboxylation. Urea cycle.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4hours
Central dogma of molecular biology–semi conservative replication and mechanism of DNA
replication, transcription, translation.
DNA finger printing – Definition and its applications.
----------------------
25
SUGGESTED BOOKS
Inorganic Chemistry
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition
F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann-John Wiley & Sons,
1999.
2. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition
J. D. Lee, Blackwell Science, 2001.
3. Inorganic Chemistry, 4th
Edition
J. E. Huhee, E. A. Keiter and R. I. Keiter, Pearson Education Asia, 2000
4. Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS 2nd
Edition
D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins and C. H. Langford, Oxford Univ. Press 2002.
5. Environmental Chemistry
A. K. De, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1999.
6. Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry
Sharma B. K, Goel Publishing House, 1987.
7. Modern Inorganic Chemistry
W. L. Jolly, McGraw Hill Co.
8. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry
B. R. Puri and L. R. Sharma, Jauhar S. P-S. N. Chand & Co., 1998
9. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd
Edition (ISE)
A G Sharpe, Addison Wesley, 1989.
10. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd
Edition
F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, P. L. Gaus-John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
11. Essential Chemistry, International Edition
R. Chang, McGraw Hill Co, 1996.
12. University Chemistry, 4th Edition (ISE)
B. H. Mahan & R. J. Myers, Addison Wesley, 1989.
13. Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry
C. M. P. Mingos, Oxford Univ Press, 1998
14. Chemistry, 3rd
Edition
P. Atkins &L.Jones, W. H. Freeman & Company, 1997.
15. Modern Chemistry, 4th Edition
D. W. Oxicby, H. P. Gills & N. H. Nachtrieb, Saunders College Publishing, 1998.
16. Fundamental Concepts of applied Chemistry,
Jayashree Ghosh, S Chand Publications.
17.Industrial Chemistry,
B. K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House
Organic Chemistry
1. Organic Chemistry, Paula YurkanisBruice, Prentice Hall, 2005.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry
F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, Plenum, 1990.
26 3. Organic Chemistry, Vol I & II
I. L. Finar, ELBS, 1986, 1991, 2005
4. Organic Chemistry
R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Prentice Hall, 1991
5. Organic Chemistry, Maitland Jones, Jr., W. W. Norton & Company
6. Advanced Organic Chemistry
O. S. Bahl and A. Bahl., S. Chand & Co. 1995
7. Advanced Organic Chemistry
J. March, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
8. Understanding Organic Reaction Mechanisms
A. Jacobs, CambridgeUniv Press, 1998.
9. Organic Chemistry
M. K. Jain, Nagin& Co., 1987
10. A Guide to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry
P. Sykes, Orient Longman, 2005.
11. Organic Spectroscopy
V. R. Dani, Tata McGraw Hill, 1998.
12. Organic Spectroscopy
W. Kemp, ELBS IV Edition, 1998.
13. Synthetic Drugs
G. R. Chatwaal, Himalaya Publications, 2000.
14. Steriochemistry of Organic Compounds ,
Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen, Wiley India Edition,1994
Physical Chemistry
1. Physical Chemistry, 7th Edition
P. W. Atkins and Julio de Paula, Oxford Univ. Press, 2002.
2. The Elements of Physical Chemistry, 3rd
Edition
Peter Atkins, OxfordUniv. Press, 2000.
3. Physcial Chemistry – A molecular Approach
Donal A. Mcquarrie and John D. Simon, Viva Low-priced Student Edition, 2001.
4. Introduction to Physical Chemistry, 3rd
Edition
Mark Ladd, Cambridge Low-Priced Edition, 1999.
5. Text Book of Physical Chemistry
S. Glasstone, MacMillan India Ltd., 1998.
6. Principles of Physical Chemistry, 4th
Edition
B. R. Puri and L. R. Sharma and M. S. Pathania, S. L. N. Chand & Co., 1987
7. Text Book of Physical Chemistry
P. L. Soni., S. Chand & Co., 1993.
8. Physcial Chemistry
Alberty R. A. and Silbey R. J. John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
9. Physical Chemistry
G. M. Barrow, McGraw Hill, 1986.
10. Physical Chemistry, 3rd
Edition
Gibert W. Castellan, Narora Publishing House, 1985.
27 11. Text Book of Polymer Science
Billmeyer, Dr. F. W. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
12. Basic Physical Chemistry
Walter J. Moore, Prentice Hall, 1972.
Biochemistry
1. Concise Text Book of Biochemistry
T. N. Pattabhiraman, All India Publishers, 2000.
2. Biochemistry
A. L. Lehningeret. al., CBS, 2000.
3. A Text Book of Biochemistry
A. V. S. S. Rama Rao, UBSPD, 1998.
4. Biochemistry
P. C. Champe and R. A. Harvey, J. B. Lipincott& Co, 1982.
5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry
J. L. Jain, S. Chand & Co., 1983.
6. Biochemistry
COSIP-ULP, Bangalore University, 1981.
7. Outlines of Biochemistry
Conn E. E and Stumpf P. K., John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
8. General Biochemistry
Weil J. H., Wiley Eastern
9. BiochemistryCampbell M. K., Harcourt Brace & Co.
28
Chemistry Practicals for B. Sc., Course
I Semester: Practical 1 (General Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Calibration of glass wares: (i) Pipette (ii) Burette (iii) Volumetric flask
2. Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard sodium oxalate solution.
3. Estimation of ferrous ammonium sulphate using standard potassium dichromate solution
with potassium ferricyanide as an external indicator.
4. Estimation of ferrous ammonium sulphate using standard potassium dichromate solution
with diphenyl amine as an internal indicator. (Change to ferroin indicator?)
5. Estimation of sodium thiosulphate using standard potassium dichromate solution.
6. Estimation of iodine using sodium thiosulphate and standard potassium dichromate
solution.
7. Determination of the percentage of available chlorine in the given sample of bleaching
powder.
8. Determination of percentage of manganese dioxide from pyrolusite ore.
9. Estimation of chloride by Mohr’s method (using potassium chromate as an adsorption
indicator).
10. Estimation of chloride by Volhard’s method.
11. Estimation of ferrous and ferric iron in a given mixture using standard potassium
dichromate solution.
12. Estimation of nitrogen in an ammonium salt using sodium hydroxide solution and
standard oxalic acid.
13. Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate in a given mixture.
Note: Standard solutions to be prepared for experiments 2 to 6.
II Semester: Practical II (Physical Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Determination of the density using specific gravity bottle and viscosity of a liquid using
Ostwald’s viscometer.
2. Determination of percentage composition of a binary liquid mixture by viscosity method.
3. Determination of molar mass of polymer by viscosity method.
4. Determination of the density using specific gravity bottle and surface tension of a liquid
using Stalagmometer.
5. Determination of molar mass of a non-electrolyte by Walker-Lumsden method.
6. Determination of degree of dissociation of an electrolyte by ebullioscopic method.
7. Determination of transition temperature of a salt hydrate by thermometric method.
8. Determination of distribution coefficient of acetic acid between water and butanol.
9. Determination of distribution coefficient of benzoic acid between water and toluene.
10. Effect of surfactants on the surface tension of water (Stock solution to be given).
29
III Semester: Practical III (Organic Chemistry) 3 hours per week
Preparation and purification of organic compounds
1. Recrystallisation and determination of melting point of solids (mixed melting point
determination and its importance may be mentioned).
2. Simple distillation and determination of boiling point of liquids.
3. Purification of solids by sublimation.
One stage preparation
(Preparation, recrystallization and melting point determination of the recrystallised sample)
4. Preparation of aspirin from salicylic acid.
(Note: Acetic anhydride is to be prepared freshly by distilling acetyl chloride and sodium
acetate mixture).
5. Preparation of paracetamol from p-aminophenol.
6. Preparation of dibenzalacetone from benzaldehyde (using acetone-alcoholic sodium
hydroxide).
7. Preparation of p-aminobenzoic acid from p-nitrobenzoic acid.
8. Preparation of m-dintrobenzene from nitrobenzene.
9. Preparation of benzoic acid from benzaldehyde.
Two stage preparations
10. Preparation of p-bromoaniline from acetanilide.
11. Preparation of p-nitroaniline from acetanilide.
12. Preparation of m-nitrobenzoic acid from methyl benzoate.
13. Preparation of methyl orange/methyl red by diazotization and coupling.
Chromatography
14. Paper chromatography: Extraction of spinach (using 1 : 1 alcohol and Whatmann filter
paper)
15. Thin layer chromatography: Separation of green leaf pigments/separation of a mixture
of two organic compounds.
16. Column chromatography: Separation of a mixture of two organic compounds
IV Semester: Practical IV (Inorganic Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Systematic semi-micro qualitative analysis of a mixture of two simple salts (with no
interfering radicals).
2. Separation of metal ions (Cu2+
, Co2+
, Ni2+
, Fe2+
)using paper chromatography and
calculation of Rf values (To be performed by the students)
3. Separation of Mg(II) and Fe(II) by solvent extraction technique.
4. Effluent analysis.
30
V Semester: Practical V (Organic Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Organic qualitative analysis of mono functional organic compounds through functional
group analysis. Determination of physical constant. Preparation and characterization of a
suitable derivative.
2. Isolation of lycopene from tomatoes.
3. Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves.
V Semester: Practical VI (Physical Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Determination of velocity constant for acid catalysed hydrolysis of methyl acetate and
determination of energy of activation.
2. Determination of velocity constant for the saponification of ethyl acetate (a = b).
3. The study of kinetics of potassium persulphate and potassium iodide colorimetrically.
4. Determination of equivalent conductivity of 0.1 N sodium chloride and verification of
DHO equation.
5. Determination of dissociation constant of monochloroacetic acid by conductivity method.
6. Conductometric titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
7. Potentiometric titration of potassium dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulphate.
8. Determination of Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC) by conductivity method.
9. Determination of pKa of a weak acid by pH metric method.
10. To construct the phase diagram of two component system (Ex. diphenylamine-
benzophenone) by cooling curve method.
11. Determination of percentage of sodium chloride by miscibility temperature method.
12. Estimation of Cu2+
colorimetrically and verification of Beer-Lambert’s law.
13. Determination of Oxidation and Reduction potential of K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6 system by
cyclic voltammetry.
VI Semester: Practical VII (Inorganic Chemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Estimation of percentage of iron in haematite using bariumdiphenylamine sulphonateas
an internal indicator.
2. Estimation of calcium in lime stone.
3. Estimation of copper in brass.
4. Estimation of zinc using EDTA.
5. Estimation of total hardness of water using EDTA.
6. Gravimetric estimation of barium as barium sulphate.
7. Gravimetric estimation of nickel as nickel dimethyl glyoximate.
8. Preparation of cuprammoniumsulphate and determination of max and hence CFSE.
9. Preparation of sodium trioxalatoferrate (III) and estimation of iron.
10. Estimation of nickel using EDTA and standard zinc sulphate.
11. Preparation of ferrous oxalate and its analysis (both iron and oxalate).
31
VI Semester: Practical VIII (Biochemistry) 3 hours per week
1. Preparation of buffers and determination of their pH values using pH meter.
2. Estimation of reducing sugars by Hegdorn-Jensen method.
3. Estimation of lactose in milk by Nelson-Somyogi’s method.
4. Estimation of creatinine by Jaffe’s method.
5. Estimation of inorganic phosphate by Fiske-Subbarow method.
6. Estimation of total reducing sugars by DNS (dinitrosalicylic acid) method.
7. Isolation of lactose and casein from milk and estimation of lactose by colorimetric
method.
8. Estimation of -amino acids using ninhydrin by colorimetric method.
9. Determination of blood group.
10. Separation of -amino acids by paper chromatography.
11. Isolation of DNA from onions.
12. Estimation of cholesterol by colorimetric method.
*******
BANGALORE UNVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
SYLLABUS
B. Sc., BOTANY
I – VI SEMESTER
2014
1
2
QUESTION PAPER FORMAT THEORY EXAMINATION
Number of question to beMasks for each question Answered Out of
Total Marks
A. 2 10 12 20B. 5 4 6 20C. 10 3 5 30
Total 70
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
B.Sc., Degree Examination December / January 20 (Undergraduate Credit Based Semester Scheme)
BOTANY
Paper:Time: 3 hours Max. Marks : 70
A. Explain / Define any ten of the following in two or three sentences: (10x2=20)
B. Write critical notes on any four of the following (4x5=20)
C. Give a comprehensive account on any three of the following (3x10=30)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
1. THEORY 30 MARKS – Attendance = 5, Assignment=5, Test =2 (ten marks each) 2. PRACTICAL 15 MARKS – Continues Assessment = 10, Test = 5
3
Frame Work
Semester I Paper I Dr. Venugopal.N, Govt. Science College, NrupathungaRoad, Bangalore – 560 001.
Semester II – Paper II Prof.Karthikeyan.A. K. G. F. First Grade College,Ooragaum, KGF – 563 120
Semester III – Paper III Ms.Pushpa.K. MES Degree College Arts, Commerce &Science, Malleshwaram, Bangalore 560 003.
Semester IV Paper IV Smt.Shylaja. K. S. Vijaya College, R. V. Road, Bangalore- 560 004.
Semester V – Paper V Dr.Abdul Khayum, Govt. College for Women, Chinthamani 563 125, Kolar District.
Semester V – Paper VI Sri.Shivashankaraiah, Govt. First Grade College, RPCLayout, Vijayanagar, Bangalore – 560 040.
Semester VI– Paper VII Sri.Annappa Swamy, H. K. E. Society, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore- 560 080..
Semester VI – Paper VIII Sri.Mohammed Atha Ulla, Govt. Science College, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore – 560 001.
4
I SEMESTER
PAPER – I: DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS - PART-I
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUSES, BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA AND PHYCOLOGY
52 hrs
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND VIRUSES 13 hrs Introduction, aim, objectives, scope of microbiology and significance. Branches of microbiology- Industrial, Medical, Agricultural and Environmental microbiology, Contributions of scientists to the field of microbiology (Anton von Leeuwenhock, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Alexander Flemming) Isolation of microbes from soil – brief account of culture media, serial dilution, pour plate method and colony characteristics of bacteria. Applied Microbiology- A brief account of Biofertilizers, Biopesticides, Biogas production, Bioremediation, and Bioconversion of waste products.A brief history of Virology – (Adolf Mayer, Iwanowsky, Beijerinks, W. M. Stanley, F. W. Twort), General composition and properties of viruses, Architecture of TMV & Bacteriophages, Multiplication & transmission. A brief account of Prions and ViroidsCommon plant diseases – Little leaf of Tomato and Vinca rosea, Yellow Mosaic of Beans, and Papaya leaf curl
UNIT II: STUDY OF BACTERIA 13hrs Introduction, Brief account of Bergey’s system of bacterial classification.
Occurrence, size and shape, arrangement of flagella and structure of Bacterial cell.
Reproduction – Binary fission and genetic recombination. A brief history of plasmids – definition, properties and types, structure and importance of Ti plasmid, bacterial nutrition, phototrophs and chemotrophs. Economic importance – Role of bacteria in agriculture, medicine and industry.Bacterial disease - Citrus canker.General account of Mycoplasma – Sandal spike disease. Immunology – Brief account of immune systems, application of immune techniques in agriculture and industry, monoclonal anti bodies (ELISA, Hybridoma techniques).
5
UNIT III: STUDY OF CYANOBACTERIA AND PHYCOLOGY – PART-I 13hrs Cyanobacteria: Introduction, general characteristics, outlines of classification, thallus structure, ultra structure of cell, photosynthesis, reproduction, economic importance of Cyanobacteria, SCP, Biofertilizers, role in water pollution and treatment. Type study: Anabaena, Spirulina, ScytonemaPhycology-Part-I: Introduction, general characteristics, outlines of classification (Fritsch – 1947), thallus structure, pigmentation, reproduction.Economic importance of algae in industry, agriculture and medicine. Toxic algae – Algal blooms, fish poisoning.
UNIT IV: PHYCOLOGY- PART –II 13hrs Occurrence, structure, reproduction and life cycle: Chlamydomanas,
Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Chara, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia
PRACTICAL PAPER – I
DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUSES, BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA AND PHYCOLOGY
Total Units - 13
1. Study of instruments: autoclave, inoculation chamber, hot air oven, incubator 2 units and inoculation loop. Sterilization of glass ware and media preparation (Nutrient Agar, Martin Rose Bengal Agar). Isolation of Bacteria from soil by pour plate method. 2. Colony characteristics of Bacteria to identify colonies obtained. 2 units Bacterial diseases - Tomato Leaf curl disease, citrus canker, Mycoplasma- sandal spike 3. Plant viral diseases- Little leaf of Tomato and Vinca rosea, Yellow Mosaic of 2 units Beans, and Papaya leaf curl Gram staining: a) Rhizobium from root nodules b) Lactobacillus from curds.4. Measurement of cell concentration – yeast cells / fungal spores using 2 units Haemocytometer. Type study of Cyanobacteria: Anabaena, Spirulina,
Scytonema 5. Type study of algae: Chlamydomanas, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Chara, 5 units
Sargassum and Polysiphonia
6
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER-I
DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUSES, BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA
AND PHYCOLOGY Max Marks – 35
1. Identify Given specimens A, B, C & D with labeled diagrams and reasons 4x3=122. Describe colony characteristics of given colony E and tabulate your
observations. 23. Prepare temporary slide of F, sketch, label and identify with reasons. Leave
preparation for evaluation. 5 4. Stain given material G by gram staining write the procedure and identify
with reasons. Leave preparation for evaluation 3OrCalculate the population of fungal spores / yeast cells G using haemocytometer
5. Identify Slide H and I with labeled diagrams with reason 2 x 2 ½ = 56. Record and Submission 5+3= 8
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Four specimens A, B, C, D- two from algae, one from Cyanobacteria and one specimen of diseases / Herbarium. (Identification – 1 mark, labeled diagram with reasons 2 marks)
2. Colony characters of the given colony E – 2 marks, 3. Specimen F from algae - mounting – 2 marks. Identification – 1 mark,
sketch with reasons 2 marks) 4. Specimen G – Gram staining (Staining, Procedure and result – each 1 mark).
ORCalculation of fungal spores / yeast cells using haemocytometer (Procedure 1mark, calculation – 2 marks)
5. Two permanent slides H & I - from algae / Cyanobacteria (Identification – 1 mark, sketch with reasons 1 ½ marks)
6. a) Record – 5 marks b) Submission of 3 algae / Cyanobacteria materials – 3 marks
7
REFERENCES
1. Aggarwal, S. K. 2009. Foundation Course in Biology, A one books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Aneja, K. R. 1993. Experiments in Microbiology, Pathology and Tissue Culture, Vishwa Prakashan, New Delhi.
3. Annie Ragland, 2012. Algae and Bryophytes, Saras Publication, Kanyakumari, India.
4. Basu, A. N. 1993. Essentials of Plant Viruses, Vectors and Plant diseases, New Age International, New Delhi.
5. Chopra. G. L. 1984. A text book of Algae, Rastogi publications,Meerut,India. 6. Desikachari, T. V. 1959. Cyanophyta, ICAR, New Delhi. 7. Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari. D.K. 2012. Practical Microbiology, S. Chand &
Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Fritsch, R. E. 1977. Structure and Reproduction of Algae, Cambridge University
Press,Londan.9. Kodo,C.I.and Agarwal, H.O.1972. Principles and techniques in Plant Virology,
Van Nostrand, Reinhold Company, New York. 10. Madhavee Latha, P. 2012, A Textbook of Immunology, S. Chand & Company Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Pandey B.P. 2001. College Botany Volume 1, S Chand & Company Pvt.Ltd, New
Delhi.12. Pandey. B.P. 2014 Modern Practical Botany, (Vol-I) S. Chand and Company Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi. 13. Pelzar, 1963. Microbiology, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi 14. Rangaswamy, G. 2009, Disease of Crop Plants in India, Prientice Hall of India,
New Delhi. 15. Sambamurty. A.V.S.S. 2006, A Text book of Algae, I. K. International Publishing
House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.16. Sharma, P. D. 2012, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication Pvt
Ltd., Meerut, India. 17. Singh, R. P. 2007. Microbial Taxonomy and Culture Techniques, Kalyani
Publication, New Delhi. 18. Smith .G. M. 1996. Cryptogamic Botany Volume I, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi. 19. Sundar Rajan. S. 2010.College Botany Volume I ,Himalaya Publications, Mumbai. 20. Vashishta, B.R. Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V. P. 1991. Algae, S. Chand and
Company,Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Web Sites http://www.phycology.net/http://www.algaebase.org/
8
II SEMESTER
PAPER II: DIVERSITY OF NON-VASCULAR PLANTS – PART - IIMYCOLOGY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
52 hrs
UNIT I: MYCOLOGY 13hrs Introduction: General characters, occurrence, thallus organisation, reproduction and classification. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Peziza, Puccinia and Cercospora.Economic importance: Role of fungi in Medicine, Agriculture and Industry Lichens: General account, Structure and reproduction. Ecological
and Economic importance. Mycorrhiza: General account
Saccharomyces - A model genetic organism. UNIT II: PLANT PATHOLOGY 13 hrs
General account of symptoms, pathogen etiology, mode of Infection.Management of fungal diseases: Koleroga, Coffee rust, Grain
smut of Sorghum, Blast disease of Rice, Red rot of Sugarcane. A brief account of Biopesticides: Neem, Trichoderma and Bacillus
thuerngiensis
UNIT III: BRYOPHYTA 13 hrs General characters. Study of distribution, structure, reproduction,
classification and alternation of generation in Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria
UNIT IV: PLANT ANATOMY 13 hrs Meristematic Tissues : Structure, function, classification, Organisation of Apical Meristems:Tunica-carpus theory and Histogen theory. Secretary Cells and Tissues: Structure, Classification and significance. Simple and permanent tissues Vascular tissues: A brief account Secondary growth: Dicot stem.Anomalous Secondary growth: A general account (Dracaena andBoerhaavia)
9
PRACTICAL PAPER – II
DIVERSITY OF NON-VASCULAR PLANTSMYCOLOGY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
Total units - 13 Units
I. Identification and classification of fungi members included in the theory 3 Units
II. Demonstration of mushroom cultivation Study of lichens,
Study of Mycorrhiza 2 Units
III. Study of plant diseases included in the theory 2 Units
IV. Study of forms of Bryophytes included in the theory 3 units
V. Normal and Anomalous secondary growth in Stem ex. Tridax,
Dracaena stem and Boerhaavia stem. 2 Units
VI. Field visit to study pathogen and host interaction 1 Units
VII. Report of Field visit: Project report of mushroom cultivation /
Application of Bio fertilizers
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER - II
DIVERSITY OF NON-VASCULAR PLANTSMYCOLOGY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 35
1. Identify the specimens A, B & C with labelled diagrams and reasons 3x3=92. Prepare a temporary Safranin stained T.S of the material D Sketch, label
and Identify with reasons, leave the preparation for evaluation 43. Write critical notes on E 24. Identify the Slides F,G,H & I with labelled diagrams and reasons 4x3=125. Record and submission. 5+3=8
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Two specimens from Fungi and one from Bryophyta (Identification -1 mark, Labelled diagram with reasons 2 marks)
2. Any one of the following may be given-stem of Tridax, Dracaena or Boerhaavia (Staining and mounting- 2 marks, sketch and labelling- 1 mark, Identification with reasons- 1 mark)
10
3. One diseased plant/Lichens/Mycorrhiza (Identification-1 mark & critical points1 mark)
4. Two from Bryophytes, One from Fungi and One from Anatomy (Identification & Classification -2 mark, labelled diagrams with reasons-2 marks)
5. Record & Submission: 3 Herbarium sheets from Plant pathology (marks 5+3)
REFERENCES
1. Alexopoulos, C. J. 1992. An introduction to Mycology, New Age International, New Delhi.
2. Alexopoulos, C. J and Mims, C. W. 1990. Introductory Mycology, 5 ed. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,,New Delhi.
3. Cutter, D.G.1971.Plant Anatomy-Part I & II, Edward Arnold, London. 4. Fahn, A.1985. Plant Anatomy,Pergaon Press, Headington Hill Hall,Oxford. 5. Jim Deacon, 2007, Fungal Biology 4 ed., First Indian reprint, Blackwell publishing Ltd.,
India.6. Katherine Easu, 1993. Anatomy 2 ed., Wiley Eastern Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Pandey, B. P. 2001. College Botany Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses,
Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand and Company Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
8. Parihar, N. S. 1970. An Introduction to Embryophyta, Vol. I Bryophyta Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
9. Rashid, A.1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
10. Sambamurthy, A. V. S. S. 2006. A text book of Plant Pathology, I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Sharma, O. P. 1992. Textbook of Thallophyta, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.
12. Singh, R. S 1978. Plant Diseases 4 ed., Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 13. Smith, G. M. 1994. Cryptogamic Botany Vol II, 2 ed., Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi. 14. Sporne, K. R. 1966. Bryophytes, 4 ed., B. I. Publishing Pvt., Ltd., India. 15. Thakur, A. K. and S. K. Bassi, 2008. A Textbook of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and
Cryptogams. S Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 16. Vashishta, B. R 1990. Botany for degree students: Fungi. S Chand and Company Ltd.,
New Delhi. 17. Vashishta. B. R. Sinha, A.K. and Adarsha Kumar. 2009. Botany for Degree Students:
Bryophyta. S Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 18. Watson, E. V. 1974. The Structure and life of Bryophytes, B. I Publication, New Delhi.
11
III SEMESTER
PAPER - III: PTERIDOPHYTES,PALEOBOTANY,ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 52 hrs
UNIT I: PTERIDOPHYTES 13 hrsIntroduction and general character with classification (As per Sporne). Study of diversity in morphology,anatomy and reproduction of the following groups in representative forms 1.Psilotopsida – Eg: Psilotum.2.Lycopsida – Eg: Lycopodium ,Selaginella.3.Filicopsida – Eg: Marsilea.
(Developmental stages not required) Brief account of Stelar evolution,heterospory and seed habit.
UNIT II: PALEOBOTANY 13 hrsContribution of Paleobotanist-Birbal Sahni.Outline of geological time scale with emphasis on Paleozoic and Mesozoic Era. Process of fossilization– Compression,Impression and Petrifaction. Type Study: Rhynia,Cycadeoidea and Pentaxylon.
UNIT III: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 13 hrsIntroduction and scope of Environmental Biology Ecological Factors: Climatic – Light,Temperature, Rainfall,Wind and Atmospheric humidity. Edaphic factors: Soil Formation, Soil Profile, Soil air, Soil Microorganisms Soil Erosion:Water and Wind. Soil Conservation:Biological – Contour farming,Mulching,Strip cropping,Terracing and Crop
rotation.Mechanical – Basin Listing,Construction of damsSoil reclamationsBiotic Factors – Positive and negative interactions. Ecosystem – Concept,Components,Study of marine,Grass land and
Crop land Ecosystems. Ecological Succession – Hydrosere and Xerosere. Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes and Parasites.
UNIT IV: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 13 hrsWater Shed Management. Conservation of natural resources:
Over Exploitation of Natural resources – eg:Forest Afforestation,Social Forestry and Agroforestry.
12
Conservation of plant diversity:In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation – National park,Sancturies and Bioreserves. Role of Seed Bank and Gene Bank.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHYPhytogeographical regions of India, Vegetational types of Karnataka.
PRACTICAL PAPER– III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Total Units – 13
1. Identification and Classification of Pteridophytes (examples studied in theory) 4 units2. Paleobotany – Study of specimens and slides (fossil material/slide) 1 unit3. Ecological Adaptations – Study of one example for each adaptation 2 units4. Estimation of chloride and dissolved oxygen content in the given sample 2 units5. Study of Quadrat method in Ecology and studying soil sample and analysis of soil sample for structure(texture) pH etc. 3 units 6. Marking of vegetation types of Karnataka on Karnataka map and 1 unit Phytogeographical areas of India7. Record & submissions: Submission of 3 slides of free hand sections (Pteridophytes / Ecological Specimens)
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER–III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Time : 3 hours Max Marks : 35
1. Identify and classify specimen A& B giving reasons. 2 x 3= 6
2. Identify the slides C, D, E with reasons and diagrams. 3 x 3 = 9
3. Comment on slide/specimen/photocopy/photograph of F. 34. Identify and comment on Ecological adaptation of G.
and H ( vegetation pattern of Karnataka). 2x2 ½ = 5
13
5. Estimate the Oxygen / Chloride content of the given sample I. 4 6. Record and Submission. 5+3 = 8
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Pteridophytes - ( Identification & classification – 1 mark, Reasons – 2 marks). 2. Pteridophytes - ( Identification – 1mark, Reasons – 1 mark, Diagram – 1 mark). 3. Fossil Material - (Identification – 1 mark,comment – 2 marks) 4. Specimen/Slide / Map - (Identification – 1 mark,comment – 1.5 marks) 5. Estimation – (Conducting experiment – 2 marks ,principle, procedure & result– 2
marks) 6. Record and Submission : 3 permanent slides of free hand sections of Pteridophytes and
ecological specimens (5+3 = 8 marks).
REFERENCES
1. Agarwal, K.C. 2001.Environmental Biology,Nidi Publications Ltd., Bikaner, London. 2. Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany, Plants of the past, their evolution,
paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Andrews, H.N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany, John Wiley, New York. 4. Asthana, D.K. and Meera Asthana 2013 A Text book of Environmental Studies, S.
Chand and Company Pvt Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Cain, S.A. 1944. Foundations of Geography, Harper and Bros. New York. 6. Good, R.D. 1974. The Geography of Flowering Plants. 3 edition. Long Mans,
London.7. Odum, E. P. 1971.Fundamentals of Plant Ecology. W. B. Snderson Co., Philadelphia 8. Parihar N. S. 1977. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot,
Allahabad9. Polumine, N. 1950. Introduction to Plant Geography. Longmans Publishers,
London.10. Rashid. A 1998. An Introduction to Pteridophyta. 2 edition., Vikas Pub. House Pvt.,
Ltd., New Delhi 11. Sharma. P. D. 1993. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Pub., New Delhi 12. Sporne, K. R. 1966. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. The structure of ferns and
allied plants. Hutchinson University Library, London. 13. Trivedi, R.K. 1995. Advances in Environmental Sciences and Technology, Ashish
Publishing House, New Delhi. 14. Valentine,D.H. 1972. Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution, Academic Press,
London15. Vasishta, B. R., Sinha,A.K. and Anil Kumar. 2005. Botany for Degree Students-
Pteridophyta. Multicolour Illustrative edition, S .Chand and Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 16. Wagnaer, K.D.1998. Environmental Management,W.B. Saundars Co., Philadelphia.
14
IV SEMESTER
PAPER–IV: GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
52 hrs
UNIT I GYMNOSPERMS 13hrsGeneral characters and classification. Economic importance of Gymnosperms with reference to wood, essential oils, resins and drugs. Morphology and Anatomy of vegetative structures- Root, stem and leaf (primary and secondary growth), Reproductive structures(Developmental Stages not required) and life cycles of Cycas , Pinus and Gnetum (Evolutionary significance of Gnetum)
UNIT II EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS – I 13 hrsIndian botanists and their contributions to Embryology–P.Maheshwari, BGL Swamy Structure – Typical Angiosperm flower, Androecium and Gynoecium Microsporangium-Development & structure of mature anther, Anther wall layers, Tapetum-types, structure& functions.Sporogenous tissue.Microsporogenesis - Microspore mother cells (mmc) , cytokinesis, microspore tetrads Abnormalities-Pollinia,compound pollengrains. Microgametogenesis – Formation of vegetative and generative cells,structure of male gametophyte. Abnormalities – Nemec phenomenon
UNIT III EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS – II 13 hrsStructure of Pistil – Placentation-definition and types. Megasporangium – Structure of ovule - Integuments(endothelium), Micropyle (Obturator),Nucellus (crassinucellate and tenuinucellate conditions). Types of ovule- Anatropous, Orthotropous, Amphitropous, Circinotropous. Megasporogenesis.Megagametogenesis – Types of development of Female gametophyte/embryosac- monosporic- Polygonum type, bisporic-Alliumtype, tetrasporic- Fritillaria type.Structure of mature embryosac- Structure and functions of synergids, egg, central cell and antipodals. Double fertilization – pollen germination, growth of pollen tube through style (solid and hollow styles), entry of pollen tube into ovule (porogamy, mesogamy, chalazogamy), entry of pollen tube into the embryosac, pollen tube discharge,syngamy, triple fusion. Significance of double fertilization, post fertilization changes. Endosperm – Types and its biological importance. Free nuclear (Arecacatechu ,Cocos nucifera), cellular (Cucumis), helobial types. Ruminate endosperm.
15
UNIT IV EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS–III 13 hrs Embryogenesis – Dicot (Capsella bursa-pastoris) and Monocot(Najas).Parthenocarpy. Polyembryony- definition and types. Seed – Structure of Dicot and Monocot seed. PALYNOLOGY- pollen morphology – pollen wall, aperture, shape, size and architecture, NPC system, pollen wall stratification. Applied Palynology – Aeropalynology, Mellissopalynology EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY - Definition, Totipotency, basic steps in plant tissue culture technique. Nutrient media- basic components , composition of MS & White’s media. Tissue culture techniques and their practical applications - Anther culture, Embryo culture, protoplast culture. Embryology in relation to Taxonomy- egs. Trapa, Exocarpus
PRACTICAL - IVGYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Total Untis – 13
1) Study of materials and permanent slides of Gymnosperms included in Theory 5 units
2) Permanent slides of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte 1 unit 3) Mounting of Pollen grains –Grass, Mimosa, Pollinia of Calotropis and Pollen
germination (hanging drop method) 1 unit4) Permanent slides of types of ovules,Megasporogenesis&embryosac
development 1 unit 5) Permanent slides of types of placentation—Axile, Marginal, Parietal, basal types .
Sectioning of ovary , for any two types of placentation. 1 unit 6) Mounting of embryo- Tridax and Cyamopsis. 1 unit7) Mounting of endosperm - Cucumis. 1 unit8) Mini project work in groups of 3-5 students, from the following list. 2 units
a) Study of pollen morphology of different flowers with respect to shape, colour,
b) pores etc. c) Pollen germination of different pollen grains andcalculate percentage of
germination. d) Calculating percentage of germination of one particular type of pollen grain
collected from different localities/ under different conditions. e) Study of placentation ofdifferent flowers. f) Any other relevant study related to Gymnosperms / Embryology.
Mini project work may be carried out in groups of 3-5 students, supervised by the batch in charge . The mini project report, about 5-6 pages (type written), to be prepared in following format and certified by the teacher in charge and HOD tobesubmitted in practical examination.
16
1.Introduction2.Aim of study 3.Materials& methodology 4.Observation5.Conclusion,Copies to be submitted separately by individual members of the group..
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER–IV
GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Time: 3 hours. Max Marks: 35
1. Identify and classify specimens A,B and C giving reasons - 3X3= 9 2. Identify the slides D, E & F with reasons and labeled diagrams 3X3=93. Mount the embryo/Endosperm of specimen G & comment. 54. Mount the pollinia/perform pollen germination of specimen
H & comment 45. Record & submission 5+3=8
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Gymnospem materials- . Cycas, .Pinus,.Gnetum (Identification & classification- 1 mark, reasons-2 marks).
2. One Gymnospem slide, one from T.S.of young anther/ mature anther, one from megasporogenesis/ stages of embryosac development, /placentation/ types of ovules included in theory.( Identification – 1 mark, Diagram-1 mark, reasons- 1mark).
3. Endosperm /Embryo mounting ( preparation- 3 marks, comment with diagram- 2 marks).
4. Pollinia / pollen germination (preparation-2 marks,comment with diagram- 2 marks)
5. Record & submission of mini project report (5 + 3 marks)
REFERENCES1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. Gymnosperms, New Age Publications, New
Delhi
2. Bhojuwani, S. S. and Bhatnagar, S. P 1979. The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Pub, New Delhi.
3. Chopra,G.L. and Verma,V.1988.Gymnosperms. Pradeep Publications, Jalandar, India.
17
4. Coulter and Chamberline, 1964. Morphology of Gymnosperms, Central Book Depot. New Delhi.
5. Davis, G.L.1966. Systemic Embryology of Angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.
6. Johansen,D.A.1950. Plant Embryogeny , Chronica Botanica Co., Waitham, Mass.
7. Johri, B. M 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer – ver lag,Berlin.
8. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms.Tata Mc Graw Hill, New York.
9. Maheshwari, P.1963. Recent Advances in Embryology, Intl.Soc.Pl. Morphol.,New York.
10. Pullaiah, T., Lakshminarayana, K. and Hanumantha Rao, K. 2001. Text Book of Embryology of Angiosperms, Regency Publications, New Delhi.
11. Raghavan, V.1979. Experimental Embryogenesis of Vascular Plants,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
12. Sinnott, E.W. 1960. Plant Morphogenesis. McGraw Hill Book Company,INC,NEW York.
13. Sporne, K. R 1974. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson & Co., London
14. Swamy B.G.L. and Krishnamurthy K. V, 1980. From flower to fruit: embryology of flowering plants. Tata Mc Grew- Hill Pub Co. New York.
15. Vashista, B. R. 1990 . Gymnosperms. S Chand & Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
18
V SEMESTER
PAPER-V: TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY 39hrs
UNIT: I CLASICAL TAXONOMY 13 hrs
Aim and Scope of taxonomy, Brief History, Broad outline of classification proposed by Bentham & Hooker, Engler & Prantl and their relative merits and demerits. Species concept: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus and family.
Biosystematics: Plant nomenclature, Binomial system, ICBN- rules for nomenclature. Taxonomic Tools, Herbarium and its techniques, Floras and their importance, Botanical gardens and their importance (one state level, one national level & one international level). (Examples: State: Lalbagh, National: Indian Botanical garden Sibpur, Calcutta, International: Royal Botanical garden, Kew, England). Chemotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy & application of computer.
UNIT: II TAXONOMY – I 13hrsTaxonomic studies of following families, according to Engler & Prantl system of classification and their economic importance
Monocotyledoneae Families: Poaceae, Arecaceae Musaceae, and rchidaceae
Dicotyledoneae Families: Archichlamydeae- Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae (Subfamilies: Papilionatae, Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae) Rosaceae & Euphorbiaceae.
UNIT: III TAXONOMY – II AND ECONOMIC BOTANY 13hrsMetachlamydeae - Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae & Lamiaceae.
Ethnobotany: A general account.
ECONOMIC BOTANY: Study of the following plants with Botanical names, Family, part used, and economic uses.
Edible oils: Groundnut, Coconut & Sesamum Sugar and Starch: Sugarcane, Beetroot, Potato & Tapioca Fibers: Cotton, Jute & Coir Paper & Pulp: Bamboo & Eucalyptus Beverages: Coffee, Tea &Cocoa
19
Spices: Ginger, Cardamom, Clove, Cinnamon, Asafoetida, Turmeric Saffron & Nutmeg
Timber: Teak & Rose wood Medicinal & Aromatic: Ashwagandha, Aloe vera, Indian Pennywort,
Holy Basil, Amla, Periwinkle, Margosa tree,Patchouli, Mint, & Lavender
PRACTICAL PAPER – V
TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Total Units: 13
1. Morphology of Angiosperms – Vegetative Structure and modifications of root, & leaf. 1 Unit
2. Morphology of Angiosperms – Inflorescence and flower 1 Unit3. Morphology of Angiosperms– Fruits (Simple, aggregate & multiple) 1 Unit4. Methods of identification of plants with Technical terms. 1 Unit5. Study of taxonomic characters of families included in theory (Minimum one genus from each family) 6 Units6. Study of economically important plants covered in theory to identify with Botanical names, families, parts used and Economic uses. 2Units7. Herbarium techniques. 1 Unit8. Study of local flora by arranging local collection trips. 9. Record & Submission of 6 Herbaria with field notes of plants included in theory.
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER- V
TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 35 1. Assign the specimens A, B & C to their respective families giving 3×3= 9 diagnostic features.2. Describe D in technical terms; draw the floral diagram with floral formula. 63. Identify the specimen E, F, G, H, I &J with their morphological, 6x2=12 Biological & Economic importance. 4. Record and Submission. (Herbaria with field notes) 5+3=8
20
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. One Archichlamydeae, one Metachlamydeae, one Monocot (Identification ½ mark, Classification 1 mark, Diagnostic features 1½ mark) 2. Dicot plant (Technical detail 2 marks, floral diagram 2 marks, floral formula 2 marks) 3. Root/ Stem/ Leaf modification/ Inflorescence/ Fruit and/ Economic Importance. (Identification ½ mark, diagram½ mark, description 1 mark, for economic importance, identification with family 1 mark, part use ½ mark economic uses ½ mark) 4. Record- 5 marks. 5. Submission of Six herbaria with field notes of family’s studies, ½ marks each-3 marks
REFERENCES
1. Bierhorst, D .W. 1971. Morphology of vascular Plants. Macmillan, New York. 2. Chandel, K.P.S, Shukla,G and Sharma,N. 1996. Biodiversity in Medicinal and
Aromatic plants in India: Conservation and Utilization, NBPGR, New Delhi.
3. Cronquist A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.Columbia University Press, New York.
4. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. SecondEdn.,New York Botanical Garden, New York.
5. Dutta. S.C.1988. Systematic Botany Wiley Easter, New Delhi. 6. Ernest M. Gifford, A S. Foster.1989. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants,
W.H. Freeman and Co., New York 7. Gamble. J.S. 1986. Flora of Presidency of Madras. Reprint - Bishen Singh and
Mahendra Pal Singh, Deharadoon 8. Heywood,V.H.and Moore,D.M. 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy,
Academic press, London 9. Hutchinson. J.1973.The Families of Flowering Plants 3 edition. Oxford University
Press, Oxford. 10. Kocchar, S.L.1998. Economic Botany of the Tropics.2 edition. Mac millan IndiaLtd.,
Deihi.11. Lawerence G.H.M,1951. Taxonomy of Vascular plants, Oxford & IBH publication,
New Delhi. 12. Naik ,V.K.1984. Principles and trends in the taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata
McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 13. Pandey, B.P.2014.Economic Botany,S.Chand and Company Pvt.ltd., New Delhi.14. Pandey and Misra 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Ane Books Pvt Ltd,New Delhi15. Pullaiah, T. 1998. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regency Publications, New Delhi. 16. Radford,A.E.,Dickinson W.C., Massey,J.R. and Ben.C.R. 1974. Vascular Plant
Systematics, Harper and Row, New York.17. Sambamurthy. A.V.S.S.2005.Taxonomy of Angiosperms, IK International publishers,
New Delhi
21
18. Sharma. O.P.1996. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. A.F.Hill adapted by P O Sharma). Tata McGraw Hill Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
19. Singh, S.K and Seema Srivastava, 2009. Taxonomy of Angiosperms: For B.Sc. and M.Sc. Students of Indian Universities. Campus Books International Publishers, New Delhi.
20. Stebbins, 1974. Flowering plants Evolution above the species level, Arnold press. London.
22
V SEMESTER
PAPER VI: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
39 hrs
UNIT I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 13 hrs Introduction, Discovery, Chemical nature& replication of genetic material, genetic code, non genetic RNA, Biosynthesis of proteins, Regulation of gene action in prokaryotes (Lac operon concept only).GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY: Steps in Recombinant DNA technology, Genomic libraries, application of genetic engineering technology in agriculture.A brief account on hazards & safe guards of genetic engineering technology with special reference to Bt Cotton. A brief account of Bioinformatics and its uses.
UNIT II MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 13 hrs Uses of microbes in industry and agriculture fermentation – production of ethanol, production of antibiotics – Penicillin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY- I – Water Relations: Importance of water, Diffusion, Osmosis, water potential, Osmotic Potential, Membrane and their Permeability.Absorption Of Water- Mechanisms of water absorptions, factors affecting rate of waterabsorption.Stress Physiology: Water stress, heat stress, salt stress and mechanisms ofPlant response to water and related stress.
UNIT III PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – II 13 hrs Mechanism of ascent of Sap – Vital and physical force theories. Transpiration – Loss of water, Types, Mechanisms, Stomatal Dynamics. Stomatal mechanism, Significance, Factors affecting transpiration, anti - transpirants, Guttation. Mineral Nutrition In Plants - Major& Minor elements, their deficiency symptoms in plants. Phloem Transport- Transport of organic solutes.Path of transport, vein loading and unloading.Transcellular or streaming hypothesis, contractive protein hypothesis, mass flow hypothesis,Source – Sink concept.
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PRACTICAL PAPER–VI
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Total Units – 13
1. Qualitative Test for Starch, Protein, Reducing Sugars and Lipids. 2 Units 2. Determination of Osmotic potential of the cell sap by Plasmolytic method. 1 Unit3. Determination of Stomatal Index. 1 Unit4. Structures of Stomata in Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. 2 Units 5. Streaming of Protoplasm to show Cyclosis. 1 Unit 6. Determination of pH of Plant Samples by using Indicators. 1 Unit 7. Study of Osmosis & Transpiration Experiments. 3 Units 8. Study of Phloem Transport by Ringing Experiment. 2 Units
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER–VI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Time 3 hours Max. Marks 35
1. Conduct the biochemical test of sample A and B. 3 x 3= 62. Determine the osmotic potential of the cell sap by plasmolytic method 8
/ stomatal index of material C3. Determine the pH of the given sample D. 24. Set up and comment on the experiment E. 65. Comment on experiment F and G. 4+4 = 86. Record. 5
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Samples – Starch, Protein, Reducing Sugar and Lipids (Positive Test - 1 mark, Negative Test – 2 marks).
2. Conducting the Experiment – 3 marks; Principle – 2 marks; Procedure – 1 mark; Result –2 marks.
3. Extract from Root, Stem, Leaves of a Plant to be given (Determination of pH – 1 mark, Comment – 1 mark).
4. Experiments of E: a. Potato Osmoscope. b. Thistle Funnel experiment. c. Farmer’s Potometer. d. Ganongs Potometer.
24
(Requirements – 1 mark, Principle – 1 mark, Procedure & Conducting Experiment –3marks, Result – 1 mark)
5. Experiments of F & G: a. Streaming of Protoplasm (Cyclosis). b. Balsam Plant experiment. c. Bell Jar experiment. d. Transpiration Pull. e. Mass Flow Hypothesis. f. Ringing Experiment. (Identification – 1 mark, Comment – 3)
6. Record 5 marks.
REFERENCES
1. Buchanan, B. B, Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. I 2004. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Dey and Harborne, J. B. (eds.) 1977. Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
3. Dubey, R. C. 2014. Advanced Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Hall, D. O. and Rao, K. K. 1999. Photosynthesis. 6 edition, published in association with the Institute of Biology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.
5. Harborne, T. C 1981. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London.
6. Lodish, Berk, Matsudaira, Kaiser, Kriega, Scott. Zipursky Darnell, 2004. Molecularcell Biology Fifth Edition, W. H. Freeman and company, New York.
7. Moore, T. C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. 2 edition.Springer – Verlag, New York.
8. Moore, T. C. 1974. Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual, Springer. Verlag, Berin.
9. Peter Snustad, D and Michael. J. Simmons 2006. Principles of Genetics. 4 edition.Waley and Sons – INC.,New York.
10. Plummer, D. T. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw – Hill Pub. Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Ramawat, K. G and Shaily Goyal, 2010. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, S.Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
12. Singhal, G. S. Renger. G. Sporty S. K., Irrang, K. D and Govindjee. 1999 Conceptsin Photobiology, Photosynthesis and Photo morphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
25
13. Stumpf, P. K. and Conn, E. E. (eds). 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants – AComprehensive treatise. Academic Press. New York.
14. Taiz L & Zeiger E. 1998. Plant Physiology. 2 edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massabhusetts, USA.
15. Taiz, I., & Zeiger, E 2003. Plant Physiology, 3 Edition. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi/ Bangalore
16. Thomas, B. and Vince – Prue, D. 1997. Photoperiodism in Plants. 2 edition.Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
17. Wilkins M. B (eds.) 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology. Pitman publishing Ltd., London
18. Wilson, K and Goulding, K. H. (eds.). 1986. A Biologists Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
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VI SEMESTER
PAPER–VII: CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
39 hrsUNIT 1 CELL & CHROMOSOME BIOLOGY 13 hrs
Cell as a fundamental unit of life and organism. Structure of eukaryotic chromosome;centromere,kinetochore and telomere. Nucleosome and its importance in the organisation of eukaryotic chromosome. Types of Chromosomes; biarmed and holocentrictypes.Cell Division - Phases, mitotic apparatus, cytokinesis, mitotic inhibitors, significance of mitosis; Meiosis- phases of meiotic cycle cytological proof of crossing over, synaptonemal complex. Brief study on Apoptosis (PCD).
UNIT II MENDELIAN GENETICS 13 hrs Biography of Mendel in brief: Mendel’s experiments:Monohybrid cross – law of dominance, law of segregation, purity of gametes .Homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, monohybrid test cross, Dihybridcross-law of independent assortment, dihybrid test cross, incomplete dominance(Mirabilis jalapa, Snapdragon).Modification of Mendelian ratios:(With reference to plant examples). Interaction of genes epistasis (dominant & recessive); supplementary factors, complementary factors: Polygenic inheritance in Maize (Self Sterility inNicotiana), Linkage & Crossing over (in Maize).SEX DETERMINATION: Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination methods. XX –XY, ZZ – ZW & XX – XO (Sex determination in Melandrium)and genetic problems related to topics.
UNIT III EVOLUTION 13 hrsOrigin of life, theories of evolution, modern concepts of evolution, role of mutations in evolution, Gene duplication (2R hypothesis), Big Bang theory.Numerical changes in chromosome number, polypioidy and aneuploidy - trisomics and monosomics and Chromosomal aberrations.PLANT BREEDING Historical account and objectives of plant breeding.Vegetative propagation methods (underground plant parts and isolated plant parts - cutting, grafting, layering, gootee, clones) Hybridization ( intergeneric and interspecific), maintenance of germplasm, pollen banks, quarantine methods.
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PRACTICAL PAPER – VII
CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
Total Units - 13
1. Preparation of cytological stains - Aceto carmine &Aceto orcein. 1 Unit
2. Mitosis from Allium root tips—Aceto orcein. 3Units
3. Meiosis from Allium flower buds- Aceto carmine. 3Units
4. Karyotype and Idiogram : Camera Lucida drawing. 1 Unit
5. Permanent slides of Mitosis. 1Unit
6. Permanent slides of Meiosis. 1 Unit
7. Emasculation and bagging of the flower buds of available species. 1 Unit
8. Genetic problems. 2Units
9. Record and Submission- 6 Slides (3 Mitosis and 3 Meiosis.)
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER- VII
CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 35
1. Prepare a temporary mitotic, slide from material A identify the stage with diagram. 6
2. Prepare a temporary meiotic slide from material B identify the stage with diagram. 6
3. Identify and comment on C along with a sketch (only Karyotype). 44. Identify and comment on slides D and E with suitable sketches 3+3=65. Solve the Genetic Problem F 56. Record and Submission 5+3=8
Scheme of Valuation
1. Preparation- 4 marks, identification of stage - 1 mark and diagram 1 mark 2. Preparation - 4 marks, identification of stage - 1 mark and diagram 1 mark 3. Karyotype - slide or sketch, identification-1 mark, diagram- 1 mark, comment- 2
marks
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4. Slides from meiosis and mitosis identification 0.5 mark, sketch 0.5 mark and comment 2 marks.
5. Genetic problems from i. Dihybrid cross and test cross ii. Incomplete dominance iii. Complementary factors iv. Supplementary factors v. Epistasis - 5 marks
6. i. Record - 5 marks ii. 3 Mitotic and 3 Meiotic permanent slides ½ mark each - 3 marks
REFERENCES
1. Benjamine A. 2012, Genetics- conceptual approach 4 edition.W.H.Freeman and company, New york.
2. Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts andPeter Walter 2007, Molecular Biology of the Cell: 5 edition. Garland Science,1526 illustrations. Package with Media DVD.
3. Chaudhari, H.K.1983. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding, TMHpublishers Co., New Delhi
4. De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.FJr, 2002. Cell and MolecularBiology, USA cippoctt,
5. Gardener E.J.and Sanstad D.P.1984. Principles of Genetics ,John wileyPublishing Co., New Delhi
6. Goodenough, U.1990.Genetics,3 edn., Saunders College Publishers, New York. 7. Gupta.p.k.1994, Genetics, Rastogi publications,New Delhi. 8. Jain J, Sanjayjain, I and Nitin jain,2005. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,
S.Chand & company Pvt Ltd.,New Delhi. 9. Jha,A. P. 1993, Genes and Evolution. Mac Millan India Ltd., New Delhi. 10. John Ringo, 2004. Fundamental genetics, India Cambridge univ.,New Delhi 11. Mahesh.S.2008. Plant Molecular Biotechnology, New age Int.Publ, NewDelhi, 12. Nelson D,I and Cox, M. M.1996. Principles of Biochemistry. Macmillan worth
Publications,New Delhi 13. Sadhu M.K.1996. Plant propagation, New age international publishers,New
Delhi.14. Sharma, J.R. 1994. Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishers, New Delhi 15. Shukla R.S.and P.S.Chandel,2004.Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding
S.Chand and company Pvt Ltd., New Delhi
29
16. Shukla.R.S. and P.S.Chandel,2005,Cytogenetics, Evolution& Plant BreedingS.Chand & co, New Delhi
17. Sinnot, E.W., Dunn,.L.C. &Dobzonsky,T.1958. Principles of Genetics. TataMc Graw Hill, NewYork.
18. Strickberger, M.W.2002.Evolution.Jones and Barlett Publishers,Sudbury.
http/www/desica/de/plantbreeding/
http/www/bilogyariozona.edu/mendeliangenetics/htm/
30
VI SEMESTERPAPER –VIII: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III
39 hrs
UNIT I ENZYMES 13 hrsNomenclature, classification, chemical composition, prosthetic groups coenzymes, cofactors , vitamins properties of enzymes , mechanism of enzymes action, enzyme kinetics, factors affecting enzyme activity, Inhibition of enzyme action (Competitive, Non Competitive, feedback), Allosteric enzyme. Nitrogen Metabolism:Sources of nitrogen, Nitrogen fixation, nif genes in relation to symbiotic fixation in Rhizobim. Synthesis of amino acids and Nitrogen cycle.
UNITII BIOENERGETICS 13hrsPhotosynthesis – Introduction, ultra structure of the chloroplast,photosynthetic apparatus, principle of light absorption, Emerson’s enhancement effect, photosystems I & II, Light reaction – Hill reaction, photophosphorylation (cyclic, non-cyclic), carbon reactions (Calvin Cycle, C4
– Pathway, CAM), Factors affecting the process. Photorespiration – Organelles involved, mechanisms and significance. Respiration- Introduction, mechanism of aerobic respiration – glycolysis,TCA cycle, ETS and oxidative phosphorylation, mechanism of anaerobic respiration(alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation), Respiratory Quotient and its significance, factors affecting respiration.
UNIT III PLANT GROWTH AND GROWTH REGULATORS 13hrs Definitions of growth, Kinetics, Factors affecting growth, Phytohormones, Metabolism, Physiological effects, mode of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and ABA. Applications of these hormones in agriculture and horticulture. Plant movements – A brief account on the classification and types of movements. Photobiology – A brief account of dormancy, Photoperiodism, phytochrome and its role, Florigen concept, Vernalization, Defence mechanisms – A brief account of Secondary metabolites (Phenolics, Flavonoids and alkaloids) and their role in plant defence.
31
PRACTICAL PAPER – VIII PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III
Total Units : 13
1. Separation of Photosynthetic pigments by paper chromatography and measurement of Rf Values. 1 unit2. Determination of rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light. 1 unit3. Determination of rate of photosynthesis at different concentrations of CO2 1 unit4. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in a plant sample. 1 unit5. Determination of RQ of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 1 unit6. Study of geotropism, phototropism and hydrotropism. 2 unit7. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis. 1 unit8. Evolution of CO2 during respiration. 1 unit9. Kuhne’s fermentation vessel. 1 unit
10. Moll’s half leaf Experiment. 1 unit11. Evolution of heat during respiration 1 unit12. Determination of the rate of growth using Arc Auxanometer 1 unit13. An industrial visit to study the manufacture of alcohol / antibiotics / enzymes. Bioinformatics/ Molecular biological lab.
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER – VIII PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-III
Time: 3hours Max Marks: 35 1. Separate the photosynthetic pigments from sample A by paper
chromatography and measure their Rf values. 8 marks2. Estimate the ascorbic acid content in the sample B. 8 marks3. Set up and comment on experiment C. 6 marks 4. Identify and comment on physiological set up D&E. 2x 2 ½ 5 marks5. Record and submission 5+3 = 8 marks
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. A. Requirement-1 mark, principle- 2 marks, procedure and conducting the experiment- 3 marks, Rf values- 2 marks.
2. B. Requirements- 1 mark, principle- 2 marks, procedure and conducting the experiment- 3 marks, Result- 2 marks.
3. C. Identification-1 mark, set up- 2 marks, comments-2 marks, labelled Diagram-1 mark
4. D. Identification-½ mark, comments-1 mark, labelled diagram- 1 mark.
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E. Identification- ½ mark, comments-1 mark, labelled diagram- 1 mark. 5. Record and Submission of field report (hand written field report only) 5+3
marks
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR C.
i. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis. ii. Evolution of CO2 during respiration.
iii. Moll’s half leaf Experiment. iv. Evolution of heat during respiration (Thermos flask Experiment)
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR D&E.
i. Photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light ii. Photosynthesis at different concentrations of CO2
iii. Respirometer experiment for RQ iv. Kuhne’s fermentation vessel v. Hydrotropism vi. Phototropism vii. Geotropism viii. Arc Auxanometer
REFERENCES
1. Buchanan, B.B, Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L.2004. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of plants. I.K.International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2. Dey and Harborne, J.B. (eds.) 1997. Plant Biochemistry. Academic press, New York.
3. Hall (1980), Photosynthesis. 4 edition Atlas publishers, New Delhi 4. Hall, D.O. and Rao, K.K. 1999 Photosynthesis. 6 edition, published in association
with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K. 5. Harborne, T.C 1981 Phytochemical Methods: A guide to Modern Techniques of
Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London. 6. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiely and Sons,
New York. 7. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. 2 edition
Springer-Verlag, New York, USA. 8. Moore, T.C.1974. Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A laboratory
Manual. Springer. Verlag, Berlin.
33
9. Muheyi, S and Ghosh, A.K. 2005 Plant Physiology New Central Book Agency (p) Ltd. 8/1 Chintamonu Das Lane, Kolkata 2009. India.
10. Plummer, D.T.1998. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Purohit, S.S.2009 Biochemistry-Fundamentals and Applications. Gobies (India) 12. Salisbury and Ross. 2005. Plant Physiology, Thomson Wads Worth. 13. Singhal G.S., Renger G., Sopory S.K., Irrang K.D. &Govindjee 1999. Concepts in
Photobiology: Photosynthesis & Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi.
14. Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E. (eds.) 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants- A Comprehensive treatise. Academic Press, New York.
15. Sunderajan, S. 1997. College Botany Vol.III, Himalaya Publications. 16. Taiz and Zeiger 2004. Plant Physiology 3 edition. Panima Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi/Bangalore. 17. Taiz C and Zeiger E .1998 Plant Physiology. 2 edition Sinauer Associates, Inc,
Publishers, Massachusetts, USA 18. Taiz. L. and Zeiger, E. 2003. Plant Physiology. 3 edition. Panima Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi. 19. Thomas B. & Vince-Prue D. 1997. Photoperiodism in plants. 2 edition.
Academic press, San Diego, USA. 20. Wilkins, M.B. (eds). 1989. Advanced plant physiology. Pitman Publishing Ltd.,
London21. Wilkins,M .B. 1998. Advanced physiology, ELBS, Longman 22. Wilson, K and Goulding, K.H. (eds.) 1986. A Biologist Guide to Principles and
Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
34
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
PROPOSED CURRICULUM IN ZOOLOGY FOR B.Sc. (UG)
(I to VI SEMESTERS)
CBCS 2018-19 and Onwards
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
1
PROPOSED CURRICULUM IN ZOOLOGY FOR B. Sc. (UG) 2018-19 Onwards DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
JNANABHARATHI CAMPUS, BANGALORE-56 BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
THEORY
Sem Paper Title of the paper Total Hours Marks Internal Total
Code number /week Assessment* Marks
Of
hours
I Paper-I Non Chordata-I 52 04 70 30 100
II Paper-II Non Chordata-II 52 04 70 30 100
III Paper-III Chordata 52 04 70 30 100
IV Paper-IV Comparative anatomy,
Human anatomy, Cell 52 04 70 30 100 Biology and Histology
V Paper-V Environmental Biology 40
03
70 30 100
and Ethology
Paper-VI Genetics and 40
03
70 30 100
Biotechnology
VI Paper- Developmental biology 40
03
70 30 100
VII and Organic Evolution
Paper- Animal Physiology and 40
03
70 30 100
VIII Techniques in Biology
Internal Assessment marks*- 30
PRACTICAL
Sem Paper Title of the paper Total Hours/ Marks Internal Total
Code number week Assessment* Marks
Of hours
I Paper-I Non Chordata-I 45 03 35 15 50
II Paper-II Non Chordata-II 45 03 35 15 50
III Paper-III Chordata 45 03 35 15 50
IV Paper-IV Comparative
anatomy, Human
anatomy, Cell 45 03 35 15 50
biology and
Histology
V Paper-V Environmental
Biology and 45 03 35 15 50
Ethology
Paper-VI Genetics and 45 03 35 15 50
Biotechnology
VI Paper- Developmental
VII biology and 45 03 35 15 50
Organic Evolution
Paper- Animal Physiology
VIII and Techniques in 45 03 35 15 50
Biology
Internal Assessment marks*- 15
2
Zoology UG Credit System a) I/II/III/IV Semester B.Sc.
Subjects Paper Hours/week Duration of Exam
(hrs) IA Exam Total Credits
1 Optional papers with 1 practicals of 1
credit each
1 Theory 1 Practical
1 x 4 1 x 3
3 3
1 x 30 1 x 15
1 x 70 1 x 35
1 x 100 1 x 50
2 1
b) V/VI Semester B.Sc.
Subjects Paper Hours/week Duration of Exam
(hrs) IA Exam Total Credits
2 Optional papers with 2 practicals of 1
credit each
1 x 2 Theory 2 Practical
2 x 3 2 x 3
2 x 3 2 x 3
2 x 30 2 x 15
2 x 70 2 x 35
2 x 100 2 x 50
2 x 2 = 4 (2 + 2) 2 x 1 = 2 (1 + 1)
Semester Theory Practical Total Credits per Semester
I/II/III/IV Semester 2 1 3 V/VI Semester 4 2 6
PROPOSED CURRICULUM IN ZOOLOGY FOR B.Sc.,(UG)
CBCS 2018 – 19 ONWARDS
I SEMESTER
PAPER – I: NON-CHORDATA: PART – I -52 hrs
Unit: I - Animal Architecture and Protozoa: -13 hrs
a) Animal Architecture -06 hrs
(To be taught citing suitable examples and keeping in view the evolutionary trends
and significance)
1.1. Body symmetry: Definition and types – spherical, radial, biradial and bilateral - 01 hr
symmetry
1.2. Body organisation: Hierarchical organisation of animal complexity – protoplasmic - 01 hr
level, cellular level, tissue level and organ level of organisation.
1.3. Germ layers: Definition, types - diploblastic condition (apparent and absolute) and - 01 hr
triploblastic condition.
1.4. Body coelom: Definition, origin and types – acoelom, pseudocoelom, eucoelom - 01 hr (enterocoelom and schizocoelom).
1.5. Metamerism: Definition and types – pseudometamerism, true metamerism - - 02 hrs
homonomous and heteronomous.
b) Protozoa: The Animal-like Protista -07 hrs
1.6. General characters of the phylum up to classes with examples. - 01 hr
1.7. Nutrition: Holozoic, holophytic, saprozoic, mixotrophic and parasitic with an example - 02 hrs
for each.
1.8. Locomotion: Locomotory organelle – Pseudopodia, cilia and flagella. Modes of - 03 hrs
locomotion – Amoeboid movement (walking movement and sol-gel theory), flagellar
and euglenoid movement, ciliary movement (Paddle stroke theory).
1.9. Reproduction: Conjugation in Paramoecium caudatum, significance of conjugation. - 01 hr
Unit: II – Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora - 14 hrs
a) Porifera: The Sponges – Nature’s dead end - 06 hrs
2.1. General characters of the phylum up to classes with examples. - 01 hr
2.2. Sycon: Morphology, microscopic structure of body wall and sexual reproduction. - 03 hrs
2.3. Canal System and its evolution: Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid and rhagonoid types. - 02 hrs
b) Coelenterata and Ctenophora: The Radiate Animals - 08 hrs
2.4. General characters of the phylum Coelenterata up to classes with examples. - 01 hr
2.5. Aurelia: Morphology, reproduction and life cycle - 03 hrs
2.6. Polymorphism: Definition and significance. Example: Halistema. - 01 hr
2.7. Coral reefs: Definition, types and theories of coral reef formation - 01 hr
2.8. Ctenophores: General organisation and affinities. - 02 hrs
3
Unit: III – Helminthes and Annelida
10 hrs
a) Helminthes - 05 hrs
3.1. General characters of the phylum Platyhelminthes up to classes with examples. - 01 hr
3.2. Planaria: Externals, digestive system, excretory system and nervous system. - 03 hrs
3.3. General characters of the phylum Nematoda with examples. - 01 hr
b) Annelida - 05 hrs
3.4. General characters of the phylum up to classes with examples - 01 hr
3.5. Earth worm (Pheretima) - Morphology, digestive system, excretory system, - 04 hrs
reproductive system and development.
Unit: IV – Parasitology and Economic Importance of Annelids -15 hrs
a) Parasitology: -13 hrs
4.1. i) Definition of parasitism and types with examples - 01 hr
ii) Occurrence, disease caused, mode of transmission, life cycle and preventive - 10 hrs
measures of the following:
Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania donovani, Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium,
Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti.
iii) Parasitic adaptations - Flat worms and leech - 02hrs
b) Economic Importance of Annelida - 02 hrs 4.2. Leech - Economic Importance
Earthworm - Vermiculture and Vermicompost
REFERENCES: 1. R.L.Kotpal. 1998. Volumes Protozoa to Echinodermata, Rastogi Publications.
2. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma. 2002. Invertebrate Zoology, S. Chand and Company
limited.
3. P.S. Dhami and J.K Dhami. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology, R. Chand and Company limited.
4. A manual of Zoology by Ekambarnath and Vishwanathan (1971). 5. S.N. Prasad. Invertebrate Zoology(1995). 6. Parker and Haswel. Invertebrate Zoology(1995).
7. Marshall, A.J. and Williams, W.D. (Eds.). 1995. Text book of Zoology –
Invertebrate VII Ed., Vol. I, A.I.T. B.S. Publishers. 8. Hymann, L.H. 1940-67. The Invertebrate, Vol. I-IV. Mc Graw- Hill, New York.
9. Barrington, E.J.W.1967. Invertebrate structure and function. Neelson, London.
4
10. Economic Zoology by Shukla and Upadayana(2016). 11. Economic Zoology by Reena and Mattur(2006)
I SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
NON-CHORDATA: PART – I
15 Units
1. Use of microscopes – Simple, Compound, Oil immersion and 01 Unit Stereozoom
02. Preparation and observation of plankton culture (also Protozoans). 01 Unit
03. Protozoa: Study of permanent slides of Amoeba, Euglena, Noctiluca, 01 Unit
Paramoecium, Vorticella and Radiolarian - Foraminiferon ooze
(Elphidium)
4. Porifera: Sycon, Euplectella, Hyalonema, Spongilla and Euspongia. 01 Unit Permanent slides of T.S. of Sycon, spicules and gemmule.
05. Coelenterata: Hydra, T.S. of Hydra, Obelia colony, Obelia medusa, 01 Unit
Physalia, Aurelia and Ephyra larva.
06. Coelenterata and Ctenophora: Corals–Fungia, Corallium, Meandrina, 01 Unit
Gorgonia and Pennatula, Ctenophora – Pleurobrachia W.M.
07. Helminthes: Planaria, Liver fluke and Tape worm. Ascaris – Male, 01 Unit
female and T.S of male and female Ascaris.
08. Annelida: Types of Earthworm species, T.S of earthworm, Nereis and 01 Unit
Heteronereis, T.S of parapodium.
09. Observation of systems/ organs in earthworm– Nervous system, 02 Units
ovary and setae (Use of permanent slides, models or photographs).
10. Observation of systems/ organs in leech– Digestive system, jaw and 02 Units
testicular nephridium (Use of permanent slides, models or photographs).
11. Parasitology: Permanent slides of Entamoeba, Leishmania, life history 03 Units
stages of liver fluke (Miracidium, Redia, and Cercaria) and tape worm
(Bladder worm).
5
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
I SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY; NON-CHORDATA – I
Duration: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 35
01 Systematics: Identify, classify and comment on A to E with labelled 20marks
diagrams
02 Project Report: Economic Zoology/ Parasitology* 05 marks
03 Observation of systems/organs: Identify and describe the given 05 marks
system or organ ‘F’ with a neat labelled diagram. Or Mount and stain
the plankton (or protozoan) culture given, identify and comment on any
one specimen.
04 Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
Note: Project topics - Economic Zoology: Corals and Coral reefs, Parasitic adaptations
and economic importance of Leech, Vermiculture and vermicomposting.
Parasitology:
Entomoeba histolitica, Leishmania donovani, Taenia solium, Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris
lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti
6
II SEMESTER B.SC ZOOLOGY
PAPER – II: NON-CHORDATA: PART – II 52 hrs
UNIT: I – ARTHROPODA 17hrs
1.1. General characters of the phylum and classification upto classes with 02 hrs
suitable examples
1.2. Peripatus - Systematic position, unique features, affinities with Annelida 02 hrs
and Arthropoda.
1.3. Prawn (Palaeomon) - Morphology, structure of a typical appendage, 08 hrs
structure and function of appendages, concept of serial homology,
circulatory system, reproductive system and life cycle.
1.4. Respiratory organs – Gills, book gills, trachea and book lungs. 02 hrs
1.5. Sense organs – Simple eye and compound eye. 01 hrs
1.6. Metamorphosis – Definition and types with suitable examples. 02 hrs
10 hrs
UNIT: II - MOLLUSCA
2.1. General characters of the phylum and classification upto classes with 02 hrs
suitable examples
2.2. Unio: Morphology, structure of shell (sectional view), digestive system, 08 hrs
circulatory system, respiratory system, reproduction and life cycle.
14hrs
UNIT: III – ECHINODERMATA AND HEMICHORDATA
A Echinodermata 10 hrs
3.1. General characters of the phylum and classification upto classes with 02 hrs
suitable examples.
3.2. Sea Star (Asterias) – Morphology, digestive system, water vascular 06 hrs
system, reproduction and life history.
3.3. Echinoderm larvae: Structure and significance of: Bipinnaria, 02 hrs
Ophiopluteus, Echinopluteus and Auricularia.
B Hemichordata 04 hrs
3.5. Balanoglossus – Morphology, coelom, and Tornaria larva. 03 hrs
3.6. Affinities and systematic position of Hemichordata. 01 hrs
11 hrs
UNIT: IV - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - II
4.1. Sericulture: Species of silk worm, rearing and management practices, 04 hrs
pests of silkworm, by-products of sericulture. 4.2. Apiculture: Species of honeybee, bee keeping and management 03 hrs
practices, bee products, pests of honey bees.
4.3. Prawn Fisheries: Types of prawn fishery, prawn culture and farming, 03 hrs
preservation and processing of prawn.
4.4 Pearl culture. 01 hr
Note: field visit recommended for all topics of economic zoology
7
REFERENCES: 1. R.L.Kotpal. 1998. Volumes Protozoa to Echinodermata, Rastogi Publications. 2. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma. 2002. Invertebrate Zoology, S. Chand and
Company limited. 3. P.S. Dhami and J.K Dhami. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology, R. Chand and
Company limited. 4. A manual of Zoology by Ekambarnath and Vishwanathan(1971). 5. S.N. Prasad. Invertebrate Zoology(1995). 6. Parker and Haswel. Invertebrate Zoology(1995). 7. Marshall, A.J. and Williams, W.D. (Eds.). 1995. Text book of Zoology –
Invertebrate VII Ed., Vol. I, A.I.T. B.S. Publishers. 8. Hymann, L.H. 1940-67. The Invertebrate, Vol. I-IV. Mc Graw- Hill, New York.
9. Barrington, E.J.W.1967. Invertebrate structure and function. Neelson, London. 10. Economic Zoology by Shukla and Upadayana(2016). 11. Economic Zoology by Reena and Mattur(2006).
II SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
PAPER – II : NON-CHORDATA: PART – II
15 Units
01. Arthropoda: Penaeus, Palaeomon, lobster and crayfish. Crustacean 01 Unit
larvae - Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis
02. Arthropoda: Scorpion, spider, Limulus, Peripatus, Millipede & 01 Unit
Centipede.
03. Arthropoda: Honey bee – Queen, drone and worker. 01 Unit
04. Mounting: Mounting of pollen basket and sting in Honey Bee. 01 Unit
05. Silk worm: Life history of Bombyx mori. 01 Unit
06. Observation of systems or organs in Cockroach (Use of permanent 03Units
slides, models or photographs):
a. Mouth parts, b. Salivary apparatus, c. Nervous System.
07. Mollusca: Mytilus, Chiton, Aplysia, Octopus, Sepia and Glochidium 01 Unit
larva.
08. Mollusca: Shell pattern: Unio, Pila, Ostrea, Cypraea, Murex, Nautilus 01 Unit
and Dentalium
09. Observation of systems or organs in Unio (Use of permanent slides, 02 Units
models or photographs): a. Digestive system, b. Pedal ganglion
10. Echinodermata: Asterias, Ophiothrix, Echinus, Cucumaria and Antedon. 02Units
Bipinnaria and Echinopluteus larva.
11. Hemichordata: Balanoglossus – Specimen, T.S through proboscis, 01Unit Tornaria larva
8
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
II SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
NON-CHORDATA : PRACTICAL – II
Duration: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 35
01 Systematics: Identify, classify and comment on A to E with labelled 20 marks diagrams
02 Project Report: Economic Zoology* 05 marks
03 Mounting: Honey bee – Mounting of pollen basket and sting apparatus 05 marks
or
Observation of systems/organs: Identify and describe the given system or
organ ‘F’ with a neat labelled diagram.
04 Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
Note: Project Topics
Economic Zoology-II: Sericulture, Apiculture, Prawn fisheries, Pearl culture, Mytilus culture, Oyster culture
9
III SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER - III: CHORDATA
52 hrs
UNIT: I 12 hrs
PROTOCHORDATA 7 hrs
1.1. Basic Chordate characters and outline classification upto classes. 1 hr
1.2 Urochordata: Herdmania – Morphology, tadpole of Herdmania and 4 hrs
retrogressive metamorphosis.
1.3. Cephalochordata: Amphioxus – Morphology, feeding and circulatory 2 hrs
system.
AGNATHA – THE JAWLESS VERTEBRATES 2 hrs
1.4. General characters of Agnatha 1 hr
1.5. Ammocoete larva and its significance. 1 hr
PISCES 3 hrs
1.6. General characters and classification upto subclasses - Chondrichthyes 1 hr
and Osteichthyes
1.7. Dipnoi: Interesting features and their evolutionary significance. 1 hr
1.8. Migration in fishes: Catadromous and anadromus 1 hr
UNIT: II 19 hrs
AMPHIBIA 5 hrs
2.1. General characters and classification of living Amphibians upto orders, 2 hrs
with suitable examples
2.2. Origin of Amphibia: Transition from water to land. 1hr
2.3. Frog Osteology: Skull, lower Jaw, vertebral column, pectoral and pelvic 2 hrs
girdles, limb bones(except bones of hand and foot)
REPTILIA 7 hrs
2.4. General characters and outline classification of modern reptiles with 2 hrs
suitable examples
2.5. Adaptive radiation in extinct reptiles with suitable examples 2 hrs
2.6. Temporal fossae in reptiles 2 hrs
2.7. Interesting features of Sphenodon. 1 hr
AVES 7 hrs
2.7. General characters, differences between Ratitae and Carinatae. 2 hrs
2.8. Interesting features of Archaeopteryx. 1 hr
2.9. Flight adaptations in birds 2hrs
3.0. Migration in birds 2 hrs
UNIT: III 11 hrs
MAMMALIA
3.1. General characters and classification upto subclasses (Prototheria, 2 hrs
Metatheria and Eutheria) with suitable examples.
3.2. Type study: Rat- Morphology, digestive system, circulatory system 9 hrs
(arterial and venous), brain and cranial nerves, urinogenital system (male
and female).
10
UNIT: IV
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY-III 10hrs
4.1. Pisciculture: 3 hrs
a. Definition of Aquaculture and Pisciculture, inland and marine fisheries,
inland Pisciculture - Procedure, composite fish forming and
significance.
b. Fish processing and preservation.
4.2. Poultry: 4 hrs
a. Definition, Breeds of Fowls – indigenous and exotic breeds (birds of
American class, birds of English class, and birds of Mediterranean
class).
b. Diseases of poultry birds: Ranikhet, Fowl Pox, Fowl Cholera and
Fowl Typhoid.
c. Poultry products and bi-products.
4.3. Dairy: 3 hrs
a. Breeds of cattle: Indigenous and Exotic breeds b. Improvements in cattle breeding – Artificial insemination, MOET. c. Milk and its bi-products, Pasteurization and Gobar gas.
(For all topics of Economic zoology, field visit is recommended)
REFERENCES:
1. Sedgwick Volumes(2010) 2. Parker and Haswel Vol. II(1995) 3. Kotpal Volume- Vertebrates(2016) 4. A manual of Zoology by Ekambarnath and Vishwanathan(1971) 5. Economic Zoology by Shukla and Upadayana(2016) 6. Economic Zoology by Reena and Mattur(2006) 7. Protochordata by Bhatia(1972) 8. Ascidiand by Kurian and Sebastian(1981) 9. Comparative Anatomy by Romer(1977) 10. Comparative Anatomy by Eten and Kent(1954) 11. Vertebrate by Young.(1962)
III SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
CHORDATA: PAPER-III
15 Units
01. a. Protochordata: Herdmania and Amphioxus, T.S. of Amphioxus 01 Unit
through pharynx and intestine.
b. Cyclostoma: Petromyzon, Ammocoete larva and Myxine.
02. Pisces: 03 Units
a. Cartilaginous Fishes: Narcine, Trygon, Pristis, Myolobatis (any two)
b. Bony Fishes: Hippocampus, Muraena, Ostracion, Tetradon,
Pleuronectus, Diodon, Echeneis and Angler fish (any three).
11
c. Accessory respiratory organs: Saccobranchus, Clarias and Anabas
03. Amphibia: 03 Units
a. Bufo, Ambystoma, Axolotl larva, Necturus and Ichthyophis.
b. Endoskeleton of Frog: Skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, pectoral and
pelvic girdles, limb bones (except bones of hand and foot).
04. Reptilia: Turtle, Varanus, Poisonous snakes – Cobra, Krait, Russell’s 01 Unit
viper and Hydrophis.
05. Aves: 02 Unit
a. Endoskeleton – Heterocoelous Vertebra, Synsacrum, Sternum.
b. Types of feathers.
06. Mammalia: Mongoose, Squirrel, Pangolin, Hedge Hog, and Loris. 01 Units
07. Mounting: Preparation of whole mount of fish scale/ coelenterate 02 Units
colony/ mouth parts of insects
08. Observation of systems in shark and rat (Use of dissected animal/ 02 Units
photograph/ chart/model)
a. Shark: Afferent and Efferent branchial systems; Glossopharyngeal
and Vagus nerves, and Brain.
b. Rat: Urinogenital system of both male and female rat.
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
III SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
CHORDATA : PRACTICAL – III
Duration: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 35
01 Systematics: Identify, classify and comment on the specimens A, B, C, D 20
and E (E is from endoskeleton of frog/bird) with neat labelled diagram. marks
(5x4)
02 Whole mount: Prepare a whole mount of the given material. 05
marks
03 Observation of system/organ/chart/model: Identify and describe F with 05
a neat labelled diagram. marks
04 Class Records 05
marks
Total 35
marks
12
IV SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER IV: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, HUMAN ANATOMY, CELL BIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
52 hrs
UNIT: I 09 hrs COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
1.1. Respiratory organs in Fishes (gills and swim bladders), Respiratory organs in Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals (lungs).
1.2. Circulatory system:
a. Evolutionary trends of heart in vertebrates.
b. Evolutionary trends of aortic arches in vertebrates.
UNIT: II
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
2.1. Evolution of kidney in vertebrates: Pronephros, Mesonephros and Metanephros types in different classes of vertebrates.
2.2. Evolution of brain in vertebrates: Shark, Frog, Lizard, Bird and Rabbit.
UNIT : III
HUMAN ANATOMY 3.1. Digestive system, Lung, Heart, Kidney, Brain, Eye and Ear.
3.2. Limb bones (except bones of hand and foot). 3.3. Human osteology: Skull, lower jaw, vertebral column, sternum, rib,
pectoral and pelvic girdles,
03 hrs
06 hrs
07 hrs
02 hrs
05 hrs
11hrs
08 hrs 03 hrs
UNIT: IV 15 hrs
CELL BIOLOGY
4.1. Ultra structure of an animal cell: 07 hrs
a. Plasma membrane: Chemical composition, structure -Fluid mosaic model, role of lipids in maintaining fluidity of cell membrane. Functions – transport across cell membrane: passive transport (simple and facilitated diffusion; osmosis) and active transport (Na
+, H
+ and
Ca2+
pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis -phagocytosis and pinocytosis);
b. Nucleus.
c. Cytoplasm: Ultra structure and functions of mitochondrion, golgi
complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and
centrosomes. 4.2. Cell cycle and regulation 01 hr 4.3. Biology of cancer: Introduction, general properties of cancer cells, 02 hrs
carcinogens, prevention and regulation; chemotherapy, radiotherapy and
gene therapy 4.4. Cell senescence and Apoptosis 01 hr
Immunology: 04 hrs
13
a. Active and Passive immunity. b. Hypersensitivity and allergy. c. Autoimmune diseases: Myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis.
UNIT: V 10 hrs
HISTOLOGY
5.1. Histological features of mammalian organs: Tongue, Stomach, Pancreas, 10 hrs
Liver, Kidney, Ovary, Testis, Pituitary, Thyroid and Adrenal.
REFERENCES:
1. Comparative Anatomy by Romer(1977)
2. Comparative Anatomy by Eten and Kent(1954)
3. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J Tortora and Nicholas P.
Anagnostakos. 6th
Ed(1990)
4. Cell biology by C.B. Power Vol I and II(2010)
5. Cell biology by Tomer(2005)
6. Cellular and Molecular Biology Rastogi publication(2017)
7. Bloom and D. Faweett. 1972. Text book of histology. 10th
Ed.
8. Janis Kuby. 1997. Text book of Immunology. 3rd
Ed. 9. Histology by Bailey(1975)
10. Histology by Bevelander(1979)
11. Histology by Ham(1987)
12. Histology by Berry(2015)
13. Atlas of Histology Papero
14. Atlas of Histology Freeman(1966)
14
IV SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
PAPER – IV: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, HUMAN ANATOMY,
CELLBIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 15 Units
01. Comparative study of derivatives of integument in Vertebrates: Carapace and 01 Unit
Plastron of Tortoise/Turtle, horn of Sheep/Goat/Cow, hoof of Sheep/ Goat/Cow.
02 Comparative study of skin of Vertebrates – Fish, Frog and Rat. 01 Unit
03. Comparative study of heart of Vertebrates: Fish (Shark), Amphibian (Frog), Bird 01 Unit
(Pigeon) and Mammal (Rat).
04. Comparative study of brain of Vertebrates: Fish (Shark), Amphibian (Frog), Bird 01 Unit
(Pigeon) and Mammal (Rat).
Human Osteology: Skull. Lower jaw, vertebral column, sternum, rib, pectoral 04 Units
and pelvic girdles, limb bones (except bones of hand and foot).
CELL BIOLOGY
01. Preparation of Squash: Onion root tip for mitosis/ Grass hopper testis for 02 Units
meiosis.
HISTOLOGY
01. Permanent slides of sections of mammalian organs- Tongue, Stomach, Pancreas, 05 Units
Liver, Kidney, Ovary, Testis, Pituitary, Adrenal and Thyroid.
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION IV SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY,
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, HUMAN ANATOMY, CELLBIOLOGY
AND HISTOLOGY: PRACTICAL – IV
Duration: 3 hrs. Max.Marks: 35
01. Comparative Anatomy: Identify A and B and comment on the 08 marks evolutionary trends with labelled diagrams.
02. Human osteology: Identify C and D and comment with labelled 05 marks diagrams.
03. Cell Biology: Prepare a temporary squash of the given material. 05 marks
Identify and comment on the observed stage. (3+2)
04. Histology: Identify and comment on the histological features of E, F 2 marks
and G with neat labelled diagrams (3x4)
05. Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
15
V SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER – V:ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ETHOLOGY
40 hrs
UNIT: I
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 15 hrs
1.1 Fundamentals of Ecology: 04hrs
a. Sub-divisions and Scope of Ecology.
b. Concept of habitat: Micro-habitat and Macro-habitat. c. Concept of Ecological Niche: Spatial, Trophic and Multidimensional. d. Abiotic factors: Light, Temperature and Soil.
1.2 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem: First and Second law of thermodynamics. 01hr
1.3 Primary and Secondary productivity in an ecosystem. 01hr
1.4 Population Ecology: Density, Natality, Mortality, Age distribution, Growth, 02hrs
Dispersion and Biotic Potential. 1.5 Community Ecology: Interspecific interactions – Negative (Antibiosis, Competition,
Parasitism and Predatism) and Positive (Commensalism, Proto 02hrs Co-operation and Mutualism).
1.6 Ecological succession: a. Definition, Causes, Types, Examples – Hydrosere and Xerosere. 02hrs
b. Concept of climax – Monoclimax theory, Polyclimax theory and Climax
pattern hypothesis. 1.7 Current Environmental Issues:
a. Greenhouse effect and Global warming: 03hrs • Introduction. • Greenhouse gases and their main anthropogenic sources.
• Global warming and its impact on climate change (sea level change,
crop yield, water balance) and human health. • Mitigation/control measures.
b. Acid rain: • Introduction. • Nature of acid rain.
• Impact of acid rain on human health, aquatic environment, terrestrial
environment, and the built environment. • Mitigation/control measures.
c. Ozone layer depletion: • Introduction. • Ozone layer depletion process.
• Consequence of Ozone layer depletion– human health,
animals, terrestrial plants, aquatic ecosystems and climate. • Mitigation/control measures.
UNIT II 12hrs 2.1 Toxicology:
a. Definition. 02hrs
b. Toxins–Types: Insecticides (Chlorinated hydrocarbons,
Organophosphates and Carbamate), Rodenticides, Herbicides, Fungicides and Heavy metals (Lead, Mercury, Cadmium & Arsenic)
16
c. Concept of Biomagnification and Biotransformation
2.2 Integrated pest management (IPM): Definition and types. 01 hr
2.3 Energy Resources: 03 hrs
a. Types: renewable and non-renewable. b. Non-Conventional renewable sources of energy: Solar, Tidal, Wind,
Geothermal, Biogas, Biodiesel, Hydrogen –the fuel of future. c. Nuclear energy and Nuclear reactions: Definition, risk of nuclear
accidents, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants. 2.4 Solid waste management: Disposal and recovery (Collection centres, Land 01hr
filling, Incinerations, Recycling of Wastes and construction of Sanitary
Latrines).
2.5 Wild life conservation and its management: 03 hrs
a. Red data book. b. In situ conservation: Wild life sanctuaries, National parks and
Biosphere reserves. c. Ex situ conservation: Zoological gardens, Botanical gardens, Seed
banks, Pollen storage and Tissue culture. 2.6 a. Remote sensing: Definition, types (Satellite remote sensing and 02 hrs
Microwave remote sensing) and applications.
b. Geographic information system (GIS): Definition, components and
applications.
UNIT III - ETHOLOGY (ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR) 3hrs
3.1 Introduction to animal behaviour, historical perception, aims and objectives. 01hr
3.2 Stereotyped and Acquired behaviour: 02 hrs
a. Stereotyped behaviour: Kinesis, Taxes, Reflexes, Instincts and Motivation with suitable examples.
b. Acquired behaviour (Learnt behaviour): Imprinting, Habituation, Trial and Error learning.
3.3 Pheromones (Chemical communication): Definition and types, Pheromones 01hr
in insects and vertebrates.
3.4 Social behaviour: 02 hrs
a. Social behaviour in Insects – Honey Bees and Termites.
b. Social system in Primates: Monkeys and Apes.
3.5 Biological rhythms: Definition, Circadian rhythm and Biological clock. 01hr
3.6 Communication in Animals: Dances of Honey Bees, Alarm calls, Eco- 02 hrs
location or Sonar in Bat, Aggression and Bioluminescence.
3.7 Parental care: Fishes and Amphibians (two examples each) 01hr
3.8 Special/ unique behaviour: 03 hrs
• Courtship behaviour
• Altruism
• Kin selection
• Mimicry
References:-
1. Animal behaviour by Alock(2013) 2. Survival strategies by R. Gadakar(1997) 3. Introducton to Animal behaviour by Manning A. & M.S.Dawkins(2012)
4. Animal Behaviour by Robert A(1966)
17
5. Learning and instinct in animals by Thorpe(1956)
6. Ethology bu Reena Mattur(1998) 7. Ecology by Charles J. Krebs(2009) 8. Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. Odum(1953) 9. Elements of Ecology by Clarke(2015).
V SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
PAPER- V ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ETHOLOGY 15 Units
I. Limnological studies: 06 units
1. Examination of water samples from near by ponds and tanks for the identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton.
2. Estimation of dissolved oxygen by Winkler’s method. 3. Estimation of dissolved salt by Mohr’s method. 4. Estimation of dissolved organic matter.
5. Estimation of total hardness. 6. Estimation of pH using pH meter/ pH paper/ Titrimetry.
II. Ecological Adaptations: 03 units
1. Tubiculous worms: Arenicola and Chaetopterus. 2. Fossorial (Burrowing) forms: Dentalium. 3. Sedentary forms: Sea anemone and Lepas. 4. a. Passive fliers: Exocoetus and Draco.
b. Active fliers: Insects and Bat 5. Animal associations:
a. Polymorphic forms: Physalia b. Facultative mutualism: Hermit crab and Sea anemone
6. Desert forms: Phrynosoma 7. Arboreal for: Hyla
III. Ethology: 03 units
1. Demonstration of Drosophila behaviour: Response of Drosophila flies to different culture media. (ripe banana, rava, curds)
2. Social behaviour in termites: Study of different castes. 3. Mimicry/Camouflage: Stick insect and Chameleon.
IV. Project report submission: 03 units
a. Toxicology- Analysis of water (polluted), Solid waste management, Air pollution (Tie up with Pollution control Board, BWSSB, PG dept of Environmental Science, DST and NGOs is recommended)
b. Rain water harvesting c. Visit to Wild Life Sanctuary, National Park, Bio-reserve and Sacred Grove. d. Social organisation in Termites and Primates (monkeys and apes).
(Field/ industrial visits for the topics related to project report, is recommended)
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SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION,
V SEMESTER : B.Sc ZOOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ETHOLOGY: PRACTICAL - V
Duration: 3 hrs. Max.Marks: 35
01 Limnology: 08 marks
Identify and comment on the observed Plankton/s in the given
water sample.
OR
Estimate ------ in the given water sample and discuss the result.
(experiment from serial number 2 to serial number 6 of Unit I)
02 Ecological adaptations: Identify, draw a neat labelled diagram 12 marks
and comment on the ecological adaptations of A, B, & C. (4x3)
03 Ethology: Identify and discuss on the behaviour of D & E 5 marks
(21/2+21/2) 04 Project Report submission 05 marks
05 Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
Note: Question 3- Ethology- D from 2 of unit-III;
E from 3 of unit-III
19
V SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER VI: – GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
40hours
UNIT I 13 hrs
GENETICS
1.1 Heredity and Environment: Concept of genotype, phenotype, 02 hrs
phenocopy, Norm of reactions (Experiments on Potentilla glandulosa,
Fur colour in Himalayan Rabbit, studies of Human twins).
1.2 Introduction to Mendelism: Mendelian principles- Law of segregation 02 hrs
and Law of independent assortment.
1.3 Deviation from Mendelism: 08 hrs
a. Multiple allelism (Ex: Inheritance of ABO blood groups), Rh factor and its inheritance, significance of Rh factor: Erythroblastosis foetalis.
b. Interaction of genes: Inheritance of comb shape in poultry. c. Multiple factor inheritance: Inheritance of skin colour in man.
d. Sex linkage:
• X – linked inheritance, Eye colour in Drosophila, Colour blindness and Haemophilia.
• Construction of pedigree charts for colour blindness and haemophilia. • Y – linked inheritance: Hypertrichosis in man.
1.4 Cytoplasmic inheritance: Kappa particles in Paramecium, Coiling of 01 hr
shells in snail.
UNIT II 13 hrs
2.1 Giant chromosomes: Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes. 02 hrs
2.2 a. Chromosomal basis of sex determination: Types with examples. 02 hrs
b. Genic balance theory. c. Gynandromorphs and Free Martins.
2.3 a. Numerical aneuploidy– Down’s syndrome, Cri du Chat 03 hrs
syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.
b. Genetic diseases: Alcaptonuria, Albinism, Thalassemia,
Galactosemia and Cystic fibrosis.
2.4 Concept of gene: Fine structure of gene: Cistron, Recon and 01 hr Muton, Operon concept: Inducible Operon (E.g. Lac Operon)
2.5 Gene mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, CIB method of 03 hrs
detection of mutations, Physical, Chemical and Biological mutagens.
2.6 a. Eugenics: Definition, aspects of positive eugenics and negative 02 hrs
eugenics.
b. Euthenics and Euphenics.
UNIT III 14 hrs BIOTECHNOLOGY
3.1 Genetic Engineering / Recombinant DNA (rDNA)Technology 04 hrs
a. Molecular tools: Restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, Alkaline phosphatase.
b. Vectors: Plasmids, Bacteriophages and Cosmids. c. Host cells: Prokaryotic hosts and Eukaryotic hosts.
d. Bioreactors: Definition, types (mention) and applications. e. Methods of gene transfer: Microinjection, electroporation, of DNA,
20
lipofection and direct transfer of DNA.
3.2 Applications of Biotechnology: a. Transgenesis: 01 hr
i. Introduction – Meaning and significance. ii. Transgenesis in mice, Knock out and Knock in technology.
b. Animal improvement: 02 hrs
i. Super ovulation and embryo transfer: Steps, benefits and
limitations of embryo transfer. ii. Artificial insemination 02 hrs
c. Gene therapy:
i. Somatic cell gene therapy, Embryo cell gene therapy and Germ
cell gene therapy. 01 hr
ii. In vivo and ex-vivo gene therapy. 01 hr
d. Stem cells: Introduction, features, types, sources and applications 01 hr
e. Hybridoma technology: Monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
f. DNA fingerprinting: Definition, steps involved and applications.
3.3 PCR technique: Definition, steps involved and applications. 02 hrs
RFLP, RAPD and AFLP: Definition and applications.
References:-
1. Genetic Engineering by Sandhya Mitra(2015) 2. Gene cloning by Brown(2016) 3. Molecular biotechnology by Sathyanarayana U(2008) 4. Biotechnology by S.S. Purohith(2012)| 5. Transgenic animals by M.M.Ranga(2006) 6. Animal Biotechnology by M.M. Ranga(2007) 7. Molecular Biotechnology by Chennarayappa(2007) 8. Human Genetics by Mange and Mange(1993) 9. Principles of Genetics by Robert H Tamarin Ta Ta McGraw- Hill pub(2004). 10. Genetics by Monroe W. Strickberger , Mac Millan Pub(2008)
21
V SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL - VI
PAPER – VI - GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15 Units
1. Drosophila Genetics: 04 Units
a. Sexual dimorphism and Mutant forms – Vestigial wing, White eye, Bar eye, Sepia eye, Yellow body and Ebony body.
b. Mounting of Polytene chromosome (Salivary gland chromosome) c. Mounting of Sex comb and Genital plate. d. Genetic problems: Monohybrid cross, Dihybrid cross, multiple alleles, gene interaction e. Sex linkage (Construction of pedigree charts for colour blindness and haemophilia)
2. Human Genetics: 04 Units
d. Blood typing e. Preparation of Buccal smear for sex chromatin f. Preparations of Blood smear for identification of cell types and
comment on the types of leucocytes. 3. Biotechnology: 03 Units
g. Staining and identification of Bacteria (Gram staining)
h. Biochemical analysis to determine the interaction of bacteria
with different substrates.
i. Isolation of plasmid DNA
4. Isolation of DNA from animal tissue. 01 Unit
5. Qualitative detection of acetic acid in Yeast culture
(Student is required to prepare the culture) 01 Unit
6. Study of polyploidy in Onion root tip using Colchicine 01 Unit
7. Translocation in Rheo. 01 Unit
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
V SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: PRACTICAL - VI
Duration: 3 hrs. Max.Marks: 35
01. Drosophila Genetics: 05 marks
a) Identify and comment on A and B with neat labelled diagram:
(Drosophila male/female/mutants- any two) (21/2+21/2) b) Mounting: Polytene Chromosome (Salivary Gland Chromosome) or 07 marks Sex comb or Genital Plate.
or
Genetic problems (any two) (4+3 marks)
02. Human Genetics : from d to f (any one) 06 marks
03. Biotechnology: 06 marks
c) From g, h and i (any one) 06 marks d) From 5, 6, 7 and 8 (any one)
04. Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
22
VI SEMESTER B.SC ZOOLOGY
PAPER VII – DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION
40hours
UNIT I 13 hrs
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1.1 Introduction: Definition and scope, Historical review – Preformation theory, 01 hr
Epigenetic theory, Baer’s Law and Biogenetic law.
1.2 Types of eggs: Based on amount of yolk and distribution of yolk with examples. 02 hrs
Mosaic and regulative eggs, Cleidoic egg (e.g., Hen’s egg) and its significance.
1.3 Reproductive cycles: Oestrous and Menstrual cycles and their regulation 02 hrs
1.4 Patterns of development: Oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity with examples. 01 hr
1.5 Fertilization: 03 hrs
a. Definition, Types, Mechanism of fertilization and significance. b. Polyspermy: pathological and physiological polyspermy with examples. c. Mechanism to block polyspermy in monospermic forms (fast block
and slow block). 1.6 Cleavage: 02 hrs
a. Definition, planes of cleavage – meridional, vertical, equatorial and latitudinal.
b. Patterns of cleavage – radial, biradial, spiral and bilateral cleavage with examples.
c. Influence of yolk in cleavage. 1.7 Blastulation: Comparative account with reference to Amphioxus, Frog and Chick. 02 hrs
UNIT II 15hrs
2.1 Fate maps and cell lineage: 02 hrs
a. Presumptive organ forming areas and fate maps in Frog and Chick.
b. Cell lineage in Nereis.
2.2 Gastrulation in Amphioxus, Frog and Chick. 03 hrs
2.3 Frog: Neurulation, post-neurular development and metamorphosis. 02 hrs
2.4 Role of organizers in development: Transplantation experiments of Spemann and 02 hrs
Mangold, Chemistry of Organiser.
2.5 Foetal membranes in Chick - formation, structure and function. 01 hr
2.6 Placenta: Types - Yolk sac and Chorio-allantoic placenta; Deciduate and non- 02 hrs
deciduate placenta; morphological and histological placental types with suitable
examples
2.7 Parthenogenesis: 02 hr
a. Definition.
b. Natural parthenogenesis (arhenotoky and thelytoky)
c. Artificial parthenogenesis
d. Significance of parthenogenesis.
2.8 Regeneration:
a. Definition and types – morphollaxis and epimorphosis with examples. 01 hr
b. Regeneration in Planarians (Polarity, dominance of head, Axial gradient theory of Child).
23
UNIT III 12 hrs
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
3.1 Neo-Darwinism: Concept of gene pool and gene frequency, Hardy- Weinberg law 01 hr
– Definition and significance.
3.2 Role of Evolutionary forces in speciation: 04 hrs
a. Sexual reproduction b. Mutation c. Genetic drift d. Natural Selection- Introduction, Stabilizing selection, Directional
selection and Disruptive selection. e. Isolation and Isolating mechanisms –
i. Geographical isolation. ii. Reproductive isolation:
• Prezygotic/Premating isolation – Ecological, Seasonal, Ethological,
Mechanical, Physiological and Gametic mortality.
• Post zygotic/Postmating isolation – Cytological, Zygotic mortality, Hybrid inviability, Hybrid sterility.
f. Speciation: Introduction; Phyletic, Allopatric and Sympatric speciation.
3.3 Evidences of Organic Evolution: 05 hrs
a. Paleontological evidences: Fossils i. Fossil formation and types (Petrification, preservation, impressions,
moulds and casts). ii. Dating of fossils–Lead method, Carbon method, Potassium–Argon
method, Fission Track method. b. Morphology and Comparative anatomy: Homologous structures (Fore limb of
vertebrates, mouth parts of insects), analogous structures (cephalopod eye and vertebrate eye, wing of insect and bird), atavism and adaptive radiations.
c. Embryological evidences.
3.4 Human evolution: Salient features of important fossil stages of man: 02 hrs
Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Rhodesian man, Neanderthal man
and Cromagnon man
References:
1. Introduction to Embryology by Balinsky B.L.(1970) 2. Development by Beril N J and Karpotata(1978) 3. Developmental biology by Gilbert(2016) 4. Embryology by Gilbert and Raunio(1997) 5. Embryology by Barath 6. Chick Embryology by Patten(1971)
24
VI SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
PAPER – VII - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 15 Units
I. Developmental Biology: 09 units
1. Early development of Frog: Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula and Neurula.
2. Late development of Frog: Metamorphosis (Tadpole to young Frog) 3. Development of Chick: 18 hrs, 24 hrs, 36 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs incubation stages 4. Mammals: T.S. of uterus and fallopian tube 5. Placenta: Morphological and histological types.
II. Organic evolution: 06 units
1. Study of Homologous organs: a. Fore limb bones of terrestrial Vertebrates (Frog, Lizard, Bird, Rat or Rabbit or
Human). b. Mouth parts of Cockroach, House fly, Butterfly and Mosquito.
2. Study of Analogous organs:
a. Cephalopod Eye and Vertebrate eye. b. Wing of Insect and Bird
3. Study of Vestigial organs: Appendix, Coccyx and Molar tooth. 4. Study of Connecting links: Peripatus and Tornaria larva.
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION VI SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ORGANIC
EVOLUTION: PRACTICAL - VII Duration: 3 hrs. Max.Marks:35
01 Developmental Biology: Identify and comment on A, B, C and D 16 marks
with neat labelled diagrams. (4x4)
(Any one larval stage of Frog to be compulsorily included in the
question)
02 Organic Evolution: Identify and comment on the evolutionary 06 marks
trends of E and F with neat labelled diagrams. (Note: From 1 and (3x2) 2)
03 Organic Evolution: Identify and comment on ‘G’. 03 marks
(Note: Any one from 3 and 4)
04 Viva voce: Based on the questions of the practical examination 05 marks
(Minimum of 3 to 4 questions)
05 Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
25
VI SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY PAPER VIII – ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
40 hrs UNIT I
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 16 hrs 1.1 Digestion: 02 hrs
i. Neural-Hormonal control of digestive glandular secretion. ii. Symbiotic digestion in Ruminants.
1.2 Circulation: 02 hrs
i. Respiratory pigments: Major types and their features. ii. Fuld and Spiro’s theory of blood clotting.
1.3 Respiration: 03 hrs
i. Regulation of respiration.
ii. Transport of O2 and CO2.
iii. Oxygen dissociation curve: Definition and factors affecting the Oxygen
dissociation curve (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Temperature, pH, Body
size and Organic phosphate compounds – Bohr effect and Haldane
effect to be highlighted).
1.4 Excretion: 02 hrs i. Ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism with examples. ii. Formation of Ammonia (Deamination of amino acids),
Urea (Ornithine cycle) and Uric acid (Purine degradation) 1.5 Muscle Physiology: 03 hrs
i. Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle.
ii. Chemical composition of muscle. iii. Physico-chemical aspects of muscle contraction. iv.Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
1.6 Neuro-Physiology: 02 hrs
i. Propagation and conduction of nerve impulse – Axonal and Synaptic.
ii. Neuro-transmitters.
1.7 Physiology of Sense organs: 02 hrs
i. Vision
ii. Hearing
UNIT II 15 hrs
2.1 Homeostatic functions:
a. Endocrinology: 05 hrs
i. Chemical nature of hormones. ii. Endocrine glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal
glands; secretions and their actions, effect of hyposecretion and hypersecretion.
iii. Concept of neuro-secretion with examples. 03 hrs b. Concept of Homeostasis and role of feedback mechanism:
i. Positive – Oxytocin secretion. ii. Negative – Thyroid secretion (details of regulation required)
c. Hormonal control of metamorphosis in Insects and Amphibians. 01 hrs d. Osmoregulation: 02 hrs
i. Types of osmoregulatory mechanisms with examples.
ii. Osmoregulation in migratory fishes. e. Thermoregulation in Homeotherms: Methods of heat loss and heat gain, 02 hrs
26
Role of Hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
2.2 Common disorders in man: Renal failure and dialysis, Anaemia, Diabetes 02 hrs
mellitus and Obesity.
UNIT III
TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY 09 hrs
3.1 Microtechnique: Introduction and procedure – fixation, embedding, 01 hr
microtomy,
staining – simple and differential and mounting
3.2 Immuno assay: Principle and applications. 01 hr
3.3 Separation techniques: Principle and applications of Centrifugation, 02 hrs
Chromatography, Fractionation and Electrophoresis (Details of types and
techniques to be avoided).
3.4 Autoradiography: Principle and applications 01 hr
3.5 Microscopy: 02 hrs
a. Principle – magnification and resolution.
b. Types: Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescent and Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM).
3.6 Micrometry: Principle and applications. 01 hr
3.7 Endoscopy: Principle and applications. 01 hr
References:-
1. Animal Microtechniques by Humason(1962) 2. Animal Cell culture a practical approach by R.W. Masters(2000) 3. Biostatistics by Khan and Khannum(1994).
4. Elements of Biostatistics by Prasad(2016) 5. Medical Physiology by Grabowski and Tortora(2003) 6. Animal Physiology by Hoar(1966) 7. Review of Medical Physiology by Ganong(2012) 8. Human Physiology by A.C. Guyton(2006) 9. Human Physiology Vol I & II by Chatterjee(2016)
10. Animal Physiology by Randol(2001).
27
VI SEMESTER B.Sc., ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL
PAPER – VIII - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
15 Units
I. Physiology Experiments: 08 Units 1. Qualitative analysis of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.
2. Qualitative analysis of Nitrogenous wastes – Ammonia, Urea and Uric acid. 3. Quantitative estimation of Oxygen consumption by fresh water Crab. 4. Quantitative estimation of salt gain and salt loss by fresh water Crab. 5. Detection of glucose, albumin and ketone bodies in urine. 6. Qualitative analysis of digestive enzymes in human saliva.
7. Estimation of muscle glycogen (Anthrocin method). II. Techniques in Biology: 05 Units
1. Paper Chromatography for separation of amino acids and proteins. 2. Demonstration of Rocket electrophoresis technique for detection of
specific antigens. 3. Scientific drawing of microscopic specimens using a prism
type Camera Lucida. 4. Differential counting of blood cells using haemocytometer 5. Micrometry of cell types
III. Project report on: Dialysis, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Cardio vascular diseases and Anaemia. 02Units
SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION VI SEMESTER B.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER –VIII - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN
BIOLOGY PRACTICAL-VIII
Duration: 3 hrs. Max.Marks : 35
01. Physiology Experiment 12 marks
02. Techniques in Biology 08 marks
03. Project Report submission 05 marks
04. Viva-voce ( On Project submitted) 05 marks ( Minimum of 3 – 4 questions )
05. Class Records 05 marks
Total 35 marks
28
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
Scheme of examination for I, II, III, IV, V and VI Semesters (B.Sc Zoology) – Theory
Duration of examination: 3hrs
1. PART A Comprising of TEN compulsory questions, requiring one word or one sentence answers of ONE mark each. (Questions should be from all units)
10x1=10
2. Part B Comprising of SEVEN questions, with internal choice of any FIVE, requiring short answers of fifty words of THREE marks each. (Questions should be from all units)
5x3=15
3. PART C Comprising of SEVEN questions, with internal choice of any FIVE, requiring descriptive answers of one hundred and fifty words, of FIVE marks each. (Questions should be from all units)
5x5=25
IV PART D
Comprising of FOUR questions, with internal choice of any TWO, requiring essay type answers of two hundred and fifty words, of TEN marks each. (Questions should be from all units)
2x10=20 _________________
TOTAL: 70 Marks
_________________
29
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
ZOOLOGY B.Sc (UG) 2018-19 0nwards BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER I
NONCHORDATA PART-I
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1 Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
IA Animal 06 01 01 1 - 09 Architecture:
IB Protozoa 07 01 01 01 1 19
IIA Porifera 06 01 01 01 ½ 14
IIB Coelenterata 08 02 01 01 1 20 and
Ctenophora
IIIA Helminthes 05 01 01 ½ ½ 11½
IIIB Annelida 05 01 - ½ ½ 8 ½
IVA Economic 02 - 01 01 - 08 Zoology
IVB Parasitology 13 03 01 01 ½ 16
Total 52 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER II NONCHORDATA PART-II
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Arthropoda 17 03 03 02 01 32
II Mollusca 10 02 01 02 01 25
IIIA Echinodermata 10 02 01 ½ 1 17½
IIIB Hemichordata 04 01 01 ½ - 06 ½
IV Economic 11 02 01 02 1 25
Zoology
Total 52 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
30
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER III -CHORDATA
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
IA Protochordata 7 01 01 01 ½ 14
IB Agnatha 2 01 - ½ - 3 ½
IC Pisces 3 - 01 ½ -
5 ½
IIA Amphibia 5 01 01 01 ½ 14
IIB Reptilia 7 02 01 01 ½ 15
IIC Aves 7 02 01 01 ½ 15
III Mammalia 11 02 01 01 1 20
IV Economic 10 01 01 01 1 19 Zoology
Total 52 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER - IV – COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY, HUMAN ANATOMY, CELL BIOLOGY, AND HISTOLOGY
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Comparative 09 02 01 01 01 20
Anatomy
II Comparative 07 02 01 01 ½ 15
Anatomy
III Human 11 02 01 01 1 20
Anatomy
IV Cell Biology 15 02 02 02 1 27
V Histology 10 02 02 02 ½ 23
Total 52 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
31
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER – V
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ETHOLOGY
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Environmental 15 03 03 03 1 ½ 42
Biology
II Toxicology 12 04 02 02 1 ½ 35
III Ethology 13 03 02 02 01 29
Total 40 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER – VI
GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Genetics 13 03 02 02 2 39
II Genetics 13 02 02 03 1 33
III Biotechnology 14 05 03 02 1 34
Total 40 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
32
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER VII
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Developmental 13 03 02 03 1 34
Biology
II Developmental 15 04 03 02 02 43
Biology
III Organic 12 03 02 02 1 29
Evolution
Total 40 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
BLUE PRINT FOR PREPARATION OF QUESTION PAPER VIII
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
Number of Questions
UNIT Teaching 10 07 07 05 Total
(hrs) (1Mark) (3Marks) (5Marks) (10Marks) Marks
I Animal 16 04 03 03 1½ 43 Physiology
II Animal 15 03 02 02 2 39
Physiology
III Techniques 09 03 02 02 ½ 24
in Biology
Total 40 1x10=10 03x07=21 05x07=35 4x10=40 106
33