bangalore university · hagp 405 hydrogeology and meteorology and micropalaeontology 8 4 70...

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BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Jnanabharathi, Bangalore – 560 056

CBCS REGULATIONS

AND

PROPOSED SYLLABUS

MSc, APPLIED GEOLOGY

(Semester Scheme) (Effective from the Academic Year 2014-15)

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BANGALORE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore – 560 056

REGULATIONS DURATION OF THE COURSE: Four Semesters (Two Academic Years)

ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION

For admission to MSc Applied Geology course there shall be two modes of admission:

Mode I: 50% of the seats are reserved for those who have studied Geology at BSc degree and

should have secured 50% of marks in Geology and an aggregate of 50% in the optional subjects.

Mode II: 50% of the remaining seats are reserved for those who have studied BSc with any

other optional subjects and should have secured 50% marks in aggregate. In case of SC/ST

students, relaxation is allowed as per the university regulations. If vacancy arises in either of the

modes, inter mode filling up of seats may be allowed.

ATTENDANCE, LEAVE, PROGRESS AND CONDUCT

As existing in the regulations of Bangalore University applicable to P.G. courses in Science.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

I SEMESTER (THEORY)

Paper Code Paper Title Instruction

(hrs)/Week

Duration

of Exams

(hrs)

Marks

Credits

IA+Exam Total

HAGT 101 Crystallography

and Mineralogy 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 102 Geodynamics and

Geomorphology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 103 Structural Geology 4 3 30+70 100 4 HAGT 104 Palaeontology and

Stratigraphy 4 3 30+70 100 4

SAGT 105 Environmental

Geology 3 3 30+70 100 2

PRACTICALS


(hrs)/Week Duration

of Exams

(hrs)

Practicals Records &

Viva-voce Total

Credits

HAGP 106 Crystallography,

Mineralogy and

Geomorphology

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

HAGP 107 Structural Geology

and Palaeontology 8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

Total 700 26

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II SEMESTER (THEORY)


(hrs)/Week

Duration

of Exams

(hrs)

Marks Credits

IA+Exam Total

HAGT 201 Igneous Petrology and

Geochemistry 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 202 Fuel Geology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 203 Exploration Geology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 204 Remote Sensing and GIS 4 3 30+70 100 4

SAGT 205 Sequence Stratigraphy and

Engineering Geology 3 3 30+70 100 2

PRACTICALS


(hrs)/Week Duration

of Exams

(hrs)


Viva-voce Total

Credits

HAGP 206 Igneous

Petrology,

Petrochemical

Calculation and

Geochemical

Exploration

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

HAGP 207 Geophysical

Exploration,

Remote Sensing

and GIS

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

Total 700 26

III SEMESTER (THEORY)


(hrs)/Week

Duration

of Exams

(hrs)

Marks Credits

IA+Exam Total

HAGT 301 Sedimentary and Metamorphic

Petrology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 302 Stratigraphy of India and Mineral

Economics 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 303 Mining Geology and Mineral

Processing 4 3 30+70 100 4

OE 304

OE 304

The World of Rocks and Minerals

OR

Water Resources

4 3 30+70 100 4

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PRACTICALS

Paper

Code Paper Title

Instruction

(hrs)/Week Duration

of Exams

(hrs)


Viva-voce Total

Credits

HAGP 305 Sedimentary and

Metamorphic

Petrology

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

HAGP 306 Environmental

Geology,

Geostatistics and

Surveying

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

Total 600 24

IV SEMESTER (THEORY)

Paper

Code Paper Title

Instruction

(hrs)/Week

Duration of

Exams (hrs)

Marks Credits

IA+Exam Total

HAGT 401 Hydrogeology and

Meteorology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 402 Micropalaeontology and

Marine Geology 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 403 Ore Geology and

Analytical Techniques 4 3 30+70 100 4

HAGT 404 Dissertation (Evaluation

and Viva-voce) 8 – 30

(viva)+70

(Evaluation)

100 4

PRACTICALS


(hrs)/Week Duration

of Exams

(hrs)


Viva-voce Total

Credits

HAGP 405 Hydrogeology and

Meteorology and

Micropalaeontology

8 4 70 30(20+10) 100 4

HAGP 406 Ore Geology, Ore

Reserve Estimation

and Field Report

Evaluation

8 4 65 10+5 100 4

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Total 600 24

Note: Each theory paper shall be taught 4 hours/week. Each practical paper shall be conducted 4 times a week with 3 hours

duration.

HAGP, Hard Core Applied Geology Practical; HAGT, Hard Core Applied Geology Theory; IA, Internal Assessment; OE, Open

Elective; SAGT, Soft Core Applied Geology Theory.

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Total Credits – 100, Total Marks – 2600

DECLARATION OF RESULTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUCCESSFUL

CANDIDATES

The results of successful candidates at the end of each semester shall be declared on the basis of

percentage of aggregate marks and in terms of Grade Point Average (GPA) and alpha-sign grade.

The results at the end of the fourth semester shall also be classified on the basis of percentage of

aggregate marks and on the basis of the Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) obtained in all

the four semesters and corresponding overall alpha sign grade. An eight point grading system,

alpha-sign grade as described below shall be adopted.

First class with distinction 70% and above (A+,A++or O)

First class 60% and above but less than 70% (A)

High second class 55% and above but less than 60% (B+)

Second class 50% and above but less than 55% (B)

Pass class 40% and above but less than 50% (C)

EIGHT POINT ALPHA-SIGN GRADING SCALE

Grade Point

Avg.

<4 4– <5 5–< 5.5 5.5– < 6 6– <7 7– <8 8–< 9 9–10

Alpha-Sign

Grade

D C B B+ A A+ A++ O

Note on Continuous Evaluation

1. The breakup of the continuous evaluation marks are as follows:

Theory tests 15

Assignment 10

Attendance 05

Total 30 marks

a. Continuous tests

One hour every week, is put aside in the timetable as a „test period‟. These tests start

after completion of the first month of course work. These tests go in a sequential order,

such that in the first week, the students have a test in paper I, the second week in paper

II, in the third week in paper III and in the fourth week in paper IV and V. The cycle

keeps repeating such that every student appears for three tests in every theory paper.

All tests are compulsory. Since it is in the timetable and the students know the schedule

of tests before hand, they are prepared for the tests. If the „test day‟ happens to be a

holiday, the test is shifted to another period in the week itself, based on the convenience

of the students and the teacher concerned. The test is generally for 15 marks and

consists of objective type questions and / or short notes. These test marks are entered in

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the register kept in the office by the teacher concerned. For the purpose of continuous

evaluation, the total of the three tests are calculated and then converted taking into

account that the maximum for continuous tests is only 15 marks. Previously, three tests

were given and the best two were taken for calculation. This was to ensure that students

who had missed one test for genuine reasons test if they had done the first two tests

well, thus defeating the very purpose of continuous evaluation.

However, whether the best two or all three should be taken into consideration for

calculation can be decided at the level of the departmental council. If need be, one

“repeat test” can be given at the end of the semester to all those students who have

missed any one test, so that the average of three tests can still be calculated. This can be

held at the convenience of the department.

b. Assignment

Every student submits an assignment/makes a presentation to the class/conducts a

seminar etc for every paper. The list of topics is given at the beginning of the semester

and students choose their topic. This is evaluated by the subject teacher for 10 marks

and these marks are entered in the Internal Marks Register.

c. Attendance

Minimum percentage of attendance to be able to write the exam is 75%. Marks for

attendance are as follows:

95 – 100% 05

90 – 94% 04

85 – 89% 03

80 – 84% 02

75 – 80% 01

Every month, the percentage of attendance for each student is read out in class, so that

students who are on the borderline can make up.

2. Practicals

Record 20

Viva-voce 10

Total 30 marks

The format of giving marks for attendance is the same as for the theory papers.

At the end of the semester, the continuous evaluation marks are put up on the Notice Board

and students are asked to verify the marks and bring any discrepancies to the notice of the

chairperson. The Internal Marks Register can also be checked by the students to ensure that

the marks entered are correct.

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I SEMESTER

PAPER HAGT 101: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY (1:3 or 4 hrs/wk)

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 52 hrs

Introduction 1 hr

Space lattice 1 hr

Crystal elements, symmetry in crystals 1 hr

Hermann-Mauguin notation and indices 1 hr

Classification of crystals into 32 classes 3 hrs

Crystal forms 2 hrs

Crystal projections 2 hrs

Twinning 1 hr

X-ray crystallography 1 hr

MINERALOGY

Physical properties of minerals 3 hrs

Structure of silicates 3 hrs

Classification of minerals based on chemical composition

Study of the following groups of minerals and their industrial applications:

Ortho and ring silicates: olivine, garnet. 3 hrs

Chain silicates: pyroxene and amphiboles 4 hrs

Ring silicates: epidote 3 hrs

Sheet silicates: mica and clay minerals 3 hrs

Frame work silicates: feldspars, feldspathoids and quartz 3 hrs

Native elements, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates. 4 hrs

Gemstones

Principles of optics 3 hrs

Optical instruments and accessories 3 hrs

Pleochroism

Birefergence 3 hrs

Isotropism and anisotropism

Extinction angle 3 hrs

Optic axial angle, optic orientation

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REFERENCES

Phillips, F.C, 2001: An introduction to crystallography, John Wiley and Sons.

Tareen, J.A and Kutty, 2000: Elements of Crystallography, T.R.N. University Press.

Azaroff, 1974: Elements of X-ray Crystallography, McGraw Hill Book Company.

Woolfson, M.M, 1996: An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography, Cambridge University.

Wahlstom, 2002: Optical X-ray Crystallography, B.B. Elsevier Scientific Company.

Donald Bloss, 1999: Optical X-ray Crystallography, Mineralogical Society of America.

Dana, 2003: Text Book of Mineralogy, Wiley Bastern Ltd.

Deer, W.A, Howie, R.A and Zussman. J, 1996 : The Rock Forming Minerals, Longman.

Klien, C and Huribut, Jr. C.S, 2003 : Manual of Mineralogy, John Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 102: GEODYNAMICS AND GEOMORPHOLOGY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

GEODYNAMICS 52 hrs

The broad features of the Earth including layered structure. 2 hrs

The Continental Crust: Structure based on seismological data 2 hrs

Isostatic equilibrium and Gravity anomalies 2 hrs

The Oceanic Crust: structure based on seismic data, velocity - depth distribution. Ocean floor

spreading, oceanic ridges and continental margins. 2 hrs

Dynamic evolution of continental and oceanic crust. 2 hrs

The Mantle: Seismological methods of investigating mantle structure. Temperature-depth

distribution. Composition of mantle. 2 hrs

The Core: Its Structure, Physical state and composition. The earth‟s magnetic field, main field

and secular variation. 2 hrs

Terrestrial Heat Flow: Measurement of heat flow. The pattern of heat flow. Thermal properties

of rocks. The Earth‟s internal sources of heat. Transfer of heat within the earth. 2 hrs

Plate Tectonics: Continental drift – Geological and palaeomagnetic lines of evidence, ocean

floor spreading, subduction zone, collision of continents, mid-oceanic ridges and transform

faults. 6 hrs

The Origin of Earth’s Surface Features: Contraction hypothesis. Expanding earth hypothesis.

The convection hypothesis. 2 hrs

Orogeny and epirogeny processes, anatomy of orogenic belts. 1 hr

Tectonic elements of Indian subcontinent. 1 hr

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Introduction and concepts in Geomorphology. 2 hrs

Geomorphic processes – Epigene processes: degradation and aggradation. Hypogene processes -

Diastrophism and volcanism: Extra terrestrial processes - meteorites and tektites. 2 hrs

Weathering – Mechanical, chemical, biological weathering. Factors controlling weathering. 2 hrs

Soil formation - soil profile, classification and geomorphic significance. 3 hrs

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Slope: slope profiles, hill, Slope development, slope stability. 2 hrs

Drainage Basin: Drainage network, basin morphology, basin denudation and evolution. 2 hrs

Fluvial Processes: River channels, sediment in channels, the Quasi - equilibrium condition,

channel patterns, rivers, equilibrium and time. 2 hrs

Fluvial Land Forms: Flood plain, fluvial terrain, fans and pediments, deltas. 2 hrs

Eolian Processes and Landforms: Erosional and depositional landforms. 2 hrs

Glacial Processes and Landforms: Erosional and deposition features. 2 hrs

Karst Processes and Landforms: Process and controls, drainage characteristics, surficial

landforms and limestone caves. 2hrs

Coastal Processes and Landforms: Processes, beaches, coastal topography, shoreline changes. 1 hr

Geomorphology of Indian sub-continent. 2 hrs

REFERENCES

Moores. E and Twiss. R.J., 2000: Tectonics. Freeman.

Keary. P and Vine. F.J., 2003: Global Tectonics. Blackwell.

Storetvedt. K.N., 2005: Our Evolving Planet: Earth‟s History in New Perspective. Bergen (Norway).

Alma Mater Fortag.

Valdiya. K.S., 1998: Dynamic Himalaya. Universities Press. Hyderabad.

Summerfield. M.A., 2000: Geomorphology and Global Tectonics. Springer Verlag.

Naqvi, S.M. 2005, Geology and Evolution of the Indian Plate (From Headen to Holocene-4 Ga to 4Ka).

Capital Publishing Company.

Willam.D, Thornbury, 2004: Principles of Geomorphology. Wiley Eastern.

Drury, G.H. 2006: Essays in Geomorphology. Heinman Educational Books Ltd.

Hart, M.G. 2000: Geomorphology Pure and Applied. Allen and Unwin

Walther Penck, 2004: Morphological analysis of Landforms. Hafner Publishing Co.

Derbyshire, E. Gregory, K.J. and J.R. Hills, 2000: Geomorphological process. Dawson & Sons Ltd.

Manglesdorf, Weib Scheurmann, 1990: River Morphology. Springer - Verlag.

Anderson, M.G. (Ed) 2000: Modelling of Geomorphological Systems. John Wiley.

Hemalatha Singh, 2002: Study in Applied Geomorphology. Anupam Publishing.

Condie, K.C 2001: Plate Tectonic and Crustal Evolution. Elsevier Publications.

Condie, K.C 2005: Earth as an evolving Planetary System. Elsevier Publications.

Monroe, 2006: Physical Geology – Exploring the Earth. Elsevier Publications.

PAPER HAGT 103: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (4 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Introduction – Geological structures and their significance 3hrs

Concept of stress and strain, Strain ellipsoid and geological significance 5 hrs

Folds, types of folds, classification, geometry of folds, mechanism of folding, superimposed

folds. Recognition of folds in field. 8 hrs

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Faults, geometrical and genetic classification of faults, gravity faults, normal faults, thrust faults

and strike – slip faults, recognition of faults in the field. 8 hrs

Joints, types of joints, classification of joints. 6 hrs

Cleavage, Schistosity, Foliation, lineation and their relation to major structures. 8 hrs

Unconformities, types, recognition and significance. 6 hrs

Shear zones, types of shear zones and geometry of shear zones. 5 hrs

Dating of structural events. 3 hrs

REFERENCES

Badgley, P.C., 1998: Structure and Tectonics. Harper and Row.

Ramsay, J.G., 2000: Folding and Fracturing of rocks. McGraw Hill.

Hobbs, B.E., Means. W.D. and Williams. P.F: 2000: An Outline of Structural Geology. John Willey.

Davis, G.R. and Reynolds, R.J. 2004: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Willey.

Ramsay, J.G and Hubber. M.I. 2002: Modern Structural Geology, Volume-I and II. Academic Press.

Price, N.J. and Cosgrove. J.W, 2003: Analysis of Geological Structure, Cambridge University Press.

Bayley, B., 2005: Mechanics in Structural Geology, Springer Verlag.

Ghosh, S.K, 2004: Structural Geology Fundamentals of Modern Developments, Pergamon Press.

George, H. Davis and Stephen J Reynolds, 1996: Structural Geology of Rocks and regions. Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 104: PALAEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

PALAEONTOLOGY 52 hrs

Classification of fossils 2 hrs

Habitats and marine environments 2 hrs

Fossils – definition, types of fossils

Fossilization: mode of preservation and their importance 2 hrs

Origin and evolution of life 2 hrs

Study of the following groups of invertebrate fossils: Corals, Graptolites, Brachiopods,

Lamellibranches, Cephalopods, Echinoids and Trilobites 14 hrs

A general review of Vertebrates through geologic time 3 hrs

A general review of plant fossils through geologic time 3 hrs

STRATIGARAPHY

Concepts in stratigraphy: Basic principles and definitions. Concept of time and resolution.

Stratigraphic classification and code of nomenclature. Stratigraphic correlation. 5 hrs

Stratification and stratigraphic column. Concept of facies including Walther's Law of facies

succession. 4 hrs

Graphical representation of stratigraphic data; Applications of stratigraphy: Techniques in

stratigraphic correlation (local, regional and intercontinental). 4 hrs

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Elements of magneto- seismic-, sequence-, isotope- and high resolution event stratigraphy. 5 hrs

World stratigraphy; Brief description of principal stratigraphic units

of the world in type areas only. 7 hrs

REFERENCES

McAlester, L.A, 1969: History of life. Prentice Hall Inc.,

Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G., Fischer, A.G, 2004: Invertebrate fossils. McGraw, Hill, Book Co,

Ruap, D.M, Stanley, S.M, 1999: Principles of Palaeontology.W.H. Freeman and Co, Toppan Co.

Ltd.

Shrock, R.A. 2002: Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology. Twenhofel. Company, Ltd.

Romer, A.S. 2004: Vertebrate Palaeontology, (3rd edition).Chicago University Press.

Woods H, 1982: Palaeontology Invetebrate. CBS Publications and distributors.

PAPER SAGT 105: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY (3 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Introduction, concept of ecosystem, impacts of circulation in atmosphere and oceans on climate. 4 hrs

Evolution of atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere and their mutual relationship with

lithosphere. 5 hrs

Records of palaeo – temperature, global warming caused due to indiscrete use of fossil fuels;

volcanic eruptions and deforestation. 4 hrs

Humans as center of biosphere, change in human–environment relationship. Impact of major

human activities on the environment, impact assessment of degradation. 2 hrs

Contamination of surface water and groundwater due to industrialization, urbanization and

agriculture. 4 hrs

Water logging – problems due to construction of canals, reservoirs and dams. 2 hrs

Soil profiles and soil quality degradation due to irrigation, use of fertilizers and pesticides. 2 hrs

Impact of exploration of natural earths resources on environment: Mineral resources and Energy

resources. 4 hrs

Environmental pollution; causes, effects and control of soil, water, air and noise. 5 hrs

Wastes: Sources, types and waste disposal and management (domestic, municipal, agricultural,

industrial, biomedical, nuclear waste, etc.) 7 hrs

Important environmental legislation 2 hrs

REFERENCES Valdiya. K.S, 2001: Environmental Geology-Indian context. Tata McGraw Hill.

Keller. E.A, 2004: Environmental Geology. Bell and Howell USA.

Bryant.E., 1999: Natural Hazards. Cambridge University Press.

Subramaniam. V. 2001: Textbook in Environmental Science. Narosa International

Bell. F.G. 2003: Geological Hazards. Routeledge, London.

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Smith. K. 2002: Environmental Hazards. Routeledge, London.

Carla, 2006: Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall

Valdia, K.S, 2004: Geology, Environment and Society. McGraw Hill

PRACTICALS

PAPER HAGP 106: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, MINERALOGY AND

GEOMORPHOLOGY (1:2:1)

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY

Study of 32 point groups. Representation of symmetry on stereogram. Study of forms.

Stereographic projections. Axial ratios and axial angles.

Study of minerals belonging to major groups and their identification based on megascopic

characters and etch tests. Calculation of structural formula.

Determination of the following properties by classical methods: extinction angle, birefringence,

pleochroism and optic sign of rock-forming minerals.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Morphometric analysis. Preparation of slope maps. Construction of block diagrams.

Interpretation of geomorphic features. Topographic profiling.

PAPER HAGP 107: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY

STURCTURAL GEOLOGY (2:2)

Topographic maps, preparation of contour maps, study of geological maps. Tracing of outcrops,

construction of geological cross sections. Dip and strike problems. Calculation of thickness of

strata. Interpretation of underground structures from borehole data. Stereographic projection.

PALAEONTOLOGY

Mode of preservation – study of the following genera: Corals, Brachiopods, Cephalopods,

Echinoderms , Trilobites and plant fossils.

FIELD WORK: During the I semester, the students have to participate compulsorily in a

mapping programme for about 10 days and submit a detailed field report, which will be

evaluated in IV semester.

II SEMESTER

PAPER HAGT 201: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

(3:1 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Introduction – Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks 5 hrs

Classification of igneous rocks – CIPW and IUGS 3 hrs

Magma generation in the crust and mantle 2 hrs

Physical properties of magma – temperature, density and viscosity 2 hrs

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Magma chamber processes: convection – fractional crystallization,

assimilation, mixing of magmas 5 hrs

Phase equilibria in igneous systems – binary and ternary 3 hrs

Petrological aspects of the following groups:

Granite – granodiorite – diorite 2 hrs

Syenite – nepheline syenite 2 hr

Ultramafic rocks, layered complexes and anorthosite 3 hrs

Lamprophyre, carbonatite and kimberlite 3 hrs

Rhyolite – dacite – andesite 2 hrs

Trachyte and phonolite 2 hrs

Basalt and its types 4 hrs

Komatiites 1 hrs

GEOCHEMISTRY

Introduction – definition, role of geochemistry in geological studies. 1 hr

Abundance of elements in earth. 1 hr

Meteorites and their characteristics. 2 hrs

Geochmical classification of elements. 1 hr

Major, trace and REE and their petrogenetic significance

in understanding the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes. 5 hrs

Radiogenic stable isotopes and their petrogenetic significance. 3 hrs

REFERENCES

Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill

Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and R.J. Pankhurst, 2002: The Interpretation of Igneous rocks, Allen and Unwin,

London

Barth, T.F.W, 2003: Igneous Petrology. John Wiley and Sons.

Pankhurst, 2000: Igneous and Metamorphic rocks, Prentice Hall.

H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data, Longman Sci. and Technical.

John. D. Winter, 2001: An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic petrology, Prentice Hall.

Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks,

McGraw Hill, New York.

Bose, M.K. 1997: Igneous Petrology, World Press.

Mason. B and Moore. C.B, 2003: Introduction to Geochemistry. Wiley Eastern.

Krauskopf. K.B, 2007: Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill.

Faure. G., 2003: Principles of Isotope Geology. John Wiley.

Hoefs, J, 2001: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer Verlag.

Marshall. C.P and Fairbridge. R.W., 1999: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Kulwer Academic.

Govett, G.J.S (Ed), 2005: Hand Book of Exploration Geochemistry. Elsevier.

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Nordstorm, D.K and Munoz, J.L, 2004: Geochemical Thermodynamics. Blackwell.

Henderson. P, 2000: Inorganic Geochemistry. Pergamon Press.

H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data. Longman Sci. and Technical.

PAPER HAGT 202: FUEL GEOLOGY (4 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Introduction, definition, types and importance. 2 hrs

Petroleum Geology

Introduction and occurrence of petroleum. 2 hrs

Reservoir

Traps – structural, stratigraphic and combination traps: salt domes. 5 hrs

The origin, composition and different fractions, migration and accumulation of oil and gas.

Transformation of organic matter into kerogen, organic maturation, thermal cracking of

kerogen. 5 hrs

Prospecting for oil and gas, drilling and logging procedures. 3 hrs

Petroliferous basins of India and world. Geology of the productive oil fields of India. Future

prospects and the economic scenario. 5 hrs

Coal Geology

Introduction – historical review.

Origin, types and classification. 1 hrs

Geology of coal – coal as rock, types of coal, sapropelic coal, coal, boghead coal, channel coal,

humic coal, peat, lignite, (or brown coal), sub-bitminous coal (lignitous coal), bitminous coal,

semi-anthracite, anthracite, unusual coal type, paper coal, coloured coal. 2 hrs

Mode of Occurrence

Structures in coal seams: banding, cleats, coal ball, eye coal, cone in cone structure, shark tooth

and saw tooth structure. 1hrs

Coal through ages: coal-forming epochs in the geological past (Carboniferous, Permian,

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary). Geological and geographical distribution of coal

deposits in India. Detail geology for some important coal fields in India. 3 hrs

Coal Properties

Characteristic of coal: physical and chemical characteristics, proximate analysis, moisture,

volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, ultimate analysis, carbon and hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,

sulphur, phosphorous and caloric value. 3 hrs

Petrographic Characteristics

Macroscopic ingredients and microscopic constituents, application of coal petrology in

petroleum exploration and its application in solving industrial and geological problems. 3 hrs

Classification of Coal

Methods of coal prospecting and estimation of coal reserves. Coal production and problems of

coal industry in India.

Evaluation of coal characteristics, commercial coal classification systems. 3 hrs

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Indian coal grading. 1 hr

Preparation of coal for industrial purposes, coal carbonization, coal gasification and coal

hydrogenation. 2 hrs

Genetic Aspects of Coal

Origin of coal: accumulation of vegetable matter, accumulation of plant debris, in situ theory,

drift theory, transformation of vegetable matter into coal, biochemical stage, coalification,

mechanistic theories, cellulose and lignin theory and coalification concept of Mazumdar. 3 hrs

Coal Bed Methane

A new energy resource. Maturation of coal and generation of methane in coal beds.

Fundamentals of coal bed methane exploration and production. 2 hrs

Disturbance in coal seams, heat affected in coals, gases in coal seams 1 hrs

Nuclear Geology

Radioactive minerals as source of energy. Mode of occurrence and sources of radioactive

substances. 2 hrs

Methods of prospecting and productive geological horizons in India. 2 hrs

Global scenario on power generation.

REFERENCES

Durrance, E.M, 2000: Radioactivity in Geology, Principles and Application. Ellis Hoorwool.

Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller. M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Little, R and Robert, P, 2000: Organic

petrology. Gebruder Born traeger, Stuttgart.

Chandra D, Singh, R.M and Singh M.P,2000: Textbook of coal(Indian context) Tara Book Agency,

Varanasi.

Singh, M.P (Ed), 2002: Coal and Organic petrology. Hindustan Pub. Corp. New Delhi.

Stach, E., Mackowshy, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R, 2005:

Stach‟s Text book of coal petrology. Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

Holson G.D and Tiratsoo, E.N, 2004: Introduction to Petroleum Geology. Gulf Publication, Houston,

Texas.

Tissot, B.P and Welte, D.H, 2003: Petroleum formation and Occurrence. Springer-Verlag.

Selley, R.C, 1999: Elements of Petroleum Geology. Academic press.

Davis, 2002: Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Wiley.

Roedder. E, 2006: Fluid Inclusions. Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 203: EXPLORATION GEOLOGY (2:2 or 4 hrs/wk)

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION 52 hrs

Introduction, Study of physical properties of rocks and minerals related to geophysics.

geophysical anomalies. 3 hrs

Electrical prospecting: Electrical properties of rocks and minerals. Direct current method.

Instruments used in electrical prospecting. Application of electrical methods in groundwater

investigation. 5 hrs

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Gravity prospecting: Earth gravity field. Regional and local gravity anomalies. Instruments

used in gravity prospecting, principles of gravimeters. Types of corrections applied in gravity

data. Interpretation of gravity anomalies. 5 hrs

Magnetic prospecting: Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals. Earth‟s magnetic field.

Regional and local anomalies. Magnetic balances and Torsion magnetometers. Airborne

magnetometers. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies. 5 hrs

Seismic prospecting: Elastic properties of rocks. Different types of elastic waves. Refraction

techniques. Time-distance relation for horizontal interfaces. Effects of dipping beds and faults.

Seismic instruments. Data acquisition and processing. 5 hrs

Well logging: Description of a borehole environment. Different techniques of logging. 3 hrs

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

Introduction: Application of geochemisty in mineral exploration. Geochemical sampling media

and scales of geochemical survey. 2 hrs

Basic principles involved in geochemical prospecting, geochemical environments, geochemical

dispersion, geochemical anomaly, geochemical mobility, geochemical reactions, indicators and

path finders and principles of interpretations. 4 hrs

Mode of occurrence of trace elements. 1 hr

Methods of sample decomposition. 1 hr

Primary dispersion patterns of deep-seated. Epigenetic anomalies in bedrock - diffusion and

leakage halos. 3 hrs

Secondary dispersion patterns: Mechanical and biological dispersion, syngenetic and epigenetic

dispersion. 3 hrs

Dispersion of elements in residual overburden: Anomalies in gossans, soils. 3 hrs

Geochemical drainage survey: Orientation survey, choice of material to be sampled, sample

layout, collection and processing of samples, preparation of anomaly maps, interpretation of

data. 3 hrs

Geochemical soil survey: Orientation survey, field operations, sampling layout; processing of

samples and interpretation of data. 3 hrs

Biogeochemical and geobotanical survey: Biogeochemical anomalies, surveying techniques.

Geobotanical indicators, geobotanical anomalies. 3 hrs

REFERENCES

Dobrin, M.B. 2001: Introduction to Geophysical prospecting. McGraw Hill, Inc.

Parasnis, D.S. 2000: Principles of Applied Geophysics. Chapman and Hall, New York

Bhimasankaran, V.L.S. and V.K. Gaur, 1977: Lectures on exploration Geophysics for Geologists and

Engineers. AEG Pub. Hyderabad.

Bhimasankaran, V.L.S. 1978: Geophysical case histories of India. AEG Pub. Hyderabad.

Ramachandra Rao, M. B. 1975: Outline on Geophysical prospecting – A manual for geologist.

Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore.

Grant F.S. and G.F. West, 2000: Interpretation theory of Applied Geophysics. McGraw Hill Ltd. London.

Sharma, P.V. 2004: Geophysical Methods in Geology. Elsevier, Inc.

17

Reynolds, J.M. 2005: An introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. Wiley.

Brain Mason and Carleton B Moore, 2002: Principles of Geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons.

Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and J.S. Webb, 2005: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Aca. Press.

Ginsberg, I.I. 2000: Principles of Geochemical Prospecting. Pergamen.

Wedephol, K.M. 1975: Handbook of Geochemistry. Springer Veslay.

Rankama. K and Sahama. G, 1990: Geochemistry. Chicago University press.

Faure. G, 2003: Principles of Isotope Geochemistry, Wiley.

PAPER HAGT 204: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS (3:1 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

REMOTE SENSING

Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic energy and electromagnetic spectrum.

1 hr

Radiation laws, Black body radiation, emissivity. 2 hr

Atmospheric effects-Interaction of earth surface features with electromagnetic radiation. 2 hrs

Spectral signatures of vegetation, water and soil. 2 hr

Remote sensing platforms – ground-based, airborne and space borne-satellite systems

and orbits low and high altitudes.

2 hr

Sensor systems – imaging and non-imaging types of sensors, optical sensors. 2 hrs

Types of scanners – multispectral scanner and push broom scanner. 2 hr

Characteristics of sensors; Resolution – spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal. 2 hrs

Satellite remote sensing – global and IRS mission. 2 hrs

Visual interpretation techniques of Images. 2 hrs

Digital Image Processing: Objectives, radiometric correction, geometric correction,

image registration, image enhancement, ratioing, filtering techniques. Image

classification – supervised, unsupervised. Geological applications, image processing

systems.

6 hrs

Application of remote sensing – geology – lithological, structural mapping.

Geomorphology, water resource studies and mineral exploration.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Introduction: Map and an aerial photograph, types and geometry of photograph.

Scale, ground coordinates relief displacement, flying height and tilt displacement in

aerial photograph. 4 hrs

Stereoscopy, Stereoscope, vertical exaggeration and height determinations. 2 hrs

Digital Photogrammetry: Definition of digital photogrammetric images, creation of

digital images, automatic measurement of fiducial marks, automated photogrammetric

point measurement, automated surface modeling and digital photogrammetric work

station, overview of digital photogrammetric hardware and software. 4 hrs

3 hrs

18

PAPER SAGT 205: SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

Introduction to concepts, terminology and significance. 4 hrs

Depositional system, sequence, unconformity 3 hrs

Systems tracts: lowstand systems tracts (LST), lowstand submarine fans,

LST-prograding wedge; transgressive systems tract (TST)

Highstand system tract (HST) 6 hrs

Parasequence, parasequence set, progradational parasequence set, aggradational parasequence

set, retrogradational parasequence set; sequence boundary (SB); flooding surfaces (FS),

maximum flooding surface (MFS) 6 hrs

Type 1 sequence, type 2 sequence. 4 hrs

Application of sequence stratigraphy in Petroleum exploration with case studies. 3 hrs

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Role of geology in civil engineering and mining 2 hrs

Engineering properties of rocks and soils. 3 hrs

Geological consideration for dam and reservoir sites. 2 hrs

Geological consideration for tunneling, highway and bridge construction. 3 hrs

Mass movement with special emphasis to landslides and hill slope stability. 2 hrs

Seismic zones of India, Design of seismic resistant buildings. 1 hr

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Principles of GIS and its applications to study of natural resources.

Advantages and disadvantages of raster and vector GIS

Web enabled GIS

GIS software packages: ISRO-GIS, IDRISI, ArcGIS, AutoCAD map, MapInfo.

13 hrs

REFERENCES

Sabbins, F.F., 1985: Remote Sensing Principles and Applications. Freeman.

Drury. S.A, 2002: Image Interpretations in Geology. Allen and Unwin.

Lillesand. T.M and Kieffer. R.W, 2005: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Willey.

PaineD.P,2004: Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation for Resource Management.

Willey.

Gupta. R.P, 1999: Remote Sensing in Geology. Springer Verlag.

19

REFERENCES

An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy, UGA Stratigraphy lab

Catuneanu, Octavian, William E. Galloway, Christopher G. St. C. Kendall, Andrew D. Miall,

Henry W. Posamentier, André Strasser, and Maurice E. Tucker, 2011, sequence stratigraphy:

Methodology and Nomenclature, Newsletters on stratigraphy, Vol. 44/3, 173–245 Stuttgart

(November 2011 50 figures and 1 table)

Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T., Vail, P.R., 1988, eustatic controls on clastic deposition. I.

Conceptual framework. In: Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W.,

Ross, C.A., Van Wagoner, J.C. (Eds.), Sea Level Changes – An Integrated Approach, vol. 42.

SEPM Special Publication, pp. 110– 124.

Van Wagoner, J.C., Posamentier, H.W., Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sarg, J.F., Loutit, T.S.,

Hardenbol, J., 1988, An overview of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions. In: Wilgus, C.K.,

Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A., Van Wagoner, J.C. (Eds.),

Sea Level Changes––An Integrated Approach, vol. 42. SEPM Special Publication, pp. 39–45.

Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Campion, K.M., Rahmanian, V.D., 1990. Siliciclastic

sequence stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores, and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution

Correlation of Time AndFacies. AAPG Methods Explor.Ser., 7.

Hampson, G.J., Davies, S. J., Elliott, T., Flint, S. S. and Stollhofen, H. 1999. Incised valley fill

sandstone bodies in Upper Carboniferous fluvio-deltaic strata: recognition and reservoir

characterisation of Southern North Sea analogues. In: Petroleum Geology of NW Europe:

Proceedings of the 5th Conference. (Edited by Fleet, A.J. and Boldy, S.A.R.). The Geological

Society, London. 771-788.

Bryant, I.D. 1996. The Application of Physical Measurements to Constrain Reservoir-Scale

Sequence Stratigraphic Models. In: Howell, J.A. and Aitken, J.F (eds). High Resolution Sequence

Stratigraphy: Innovations and Applications. Geology Society Special Publication 104. 51-64

Catuneanu, Octavian (2003). Sequence stratigraphy of clastic systems. St. John's Nfld.:

Geological Association of Canada. ISBN 0-919216-90-0.

Bell, 2007: Engineering Geology. Elsevier Publications.

Gokhale, K V G K, 2005: Principles of Engineering Geology. BS Publicatios.

Blyth, F.G.H. and de Freitas, M.H, 2006: A Geology for Engineers. Elsevier.

Parbin Singh, 2002: Engineering and General Geology. S.K. Kataria Publishers, Delhi.

PRACTICALS

PAPER HAGP 206: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY, PETROCHEMICAL CALCULATION

AND GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION (2:2)

1) Megascopic and microscopic study of different Igneous rocks (Granite, Diorite, Syenite,

Gabbro, Anorthosite, Ultramafic rocks, Lamprophyres, Basalts, andesites, Dacite, Trachyte and

Phonolite)

2) Petrochemical Calculations: Niggli values, Niggli bases and norm classification: Plotting of

chemical data on different variation diagrams.

20

3) Geochemical Exploration: Delineation of back ground, threshold and anomalous zones based

on litho geochemical, soil and drainage survey data. Geochemical maps and their interpretation

for mineral exploration. Demonstration of geological sample analysis using XRF, AAS,

Spectrophotometer and Flame Photometer, pH and conductivity determination and relation using

probability graph paper for separating population, Identification of UV minerals.

PAPER HAGP 207: GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION, REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

(2:1:1)

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION: Use of resistivity meter. Interpretation of resistivity

curves – 2 layer and 3 layer cases. Selection of sites for well location. Solution of direct

problems in gravity and magnetic methods. Interpretation of seismic data from time–distance

curves: Horizontal beds – 2 layer and 3 layer studies, dipping beds.

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS: Visual interpretation of satellite imagery. Study of colour

composites. Preparation of maps based on satellite imagery.

Image processing technique, application of GIS. GIS software packages: ERDAS, ArcGIS,

MapInfo.

III SEMESTER

PAPER HAGT 301: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY


SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY

Introduction, composition , classification, relative abundance of common sediments; texture,

particle size of dettrital rocks, concepts of size, shape and roundness, Frame work geometry of

dettrital sediments 5 hrs

Structures: mechanical (primary), chemical and organic structures 4 hrs

Sedimentary environments and facies: continental alluvial, lacustrine; aeolian and glacial

sedimentary systems 4 hrs

Conglomerates, Breccias, Sandstone, Greywackes, Limestone, Shale, Evaporites 9 hrs

Palaeocurrents 1 hr

Provenance 2 hrs

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

Introduction, agents and types of metamorphism 3 hrs

Texture and classification of metamorphic rocks 2 hrs

Metamorphic zones, depth zone concept and metamorphic grades 2 hrs

Facies concept – facies of thermal, regional and high pressure metamorphism 6 hrs

Ultra high temperature and ultra high pressure metamorphism 2 hrs

Chemographic phase relations in metamorphic systems 2 hrs

Role of fluids in metamorphism and metasomatism 2 hrs

21

Geothermobarometry 1 hr

Khoandalite, Amphibolite and Eclogite 2 hrs

Anatexis and Migmatites 1 hr

Charnockites 2 hrs

REFERENCES

Allen, P, 2001: Earth surface process. Blackwell.

Nichols, G, 2002: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Blackwell.

Reading, H.G, 1996: Sedimentary Environments. Blackwell.

Davis, R.A, Jr. 1992: Depositional systems. Prentice hall

Einsele, G, 2002: Sedimentary Basins. Springer Verlag

Pettijohn, F.J, 2006: Sedimentary Rocks. Harper and Row, New York

Sengupta, S, 2004: Introduction to Sedimentology. Oxford and IBH Publ.

Boggs Sam Jr, 1995: Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Prentice Hall.

Bhattacharya, A and Chakraborty, C, 2000: Analysis of sedimentary Succession. Oxford-IBH.

Miall, A.D, 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin analysis. Springer-Verlag.

Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill

Vernon, 2000: Metamorphic Processes. Allen and Unwin, London.

Turner, F.J, 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill

Bhaskar Rao, 2001: Metamorphic Petrology. Oxford and IBH

Miyashiro, 2004: Metamorphic Petrology. Allen and Unwin, London

Pankhurst, 2000: Igneous and Metamorphic rocks. Prentice Hall

John. D. Winter, 2001: An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall.

Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.


PAPER HAGT 302: STRATIGRAPHY OF INDIA AND MINERAL ECONOMICS


STRATIGRAPHY OF INDIA

Physiographic divisions of Indian Peninsular 2 hrs

Structure and tectonics of India 2 hrs

Tectonic evolution of the following cratonic blocks: Dharwar, Baster, Singbhum, Bundelkhand,

Aravalli, and Marwar.

Mobile belts: Eastern Ghats, Pandyan and Satpura. 8 hrs

The Archean Group:

Archean Basement Complex: Peninsular Gneiss of Karnataka, Banded Gneissic Complex of

Rajasthan, Older Metamorphics of Eastern India. 4 hrs

Green schist belts of Karnataka: Sargurs and Dharwar Supergroup. 3 hrs

22

Aravalli Supergroup, Dungargarah Supergroup, Iron Ore Group. Delhi Supergroup,

Cuddapah Supergroup and Vindhyan Supergroup : Basin configuration, stratigraphy and

sedimentary evolution.

4 hrs

Palaeozoic,Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions prevailing in Indian subcontinent during

Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. 5 hrs

Igneous activity in Indian subcontinent in relation to break up of Gondwanaland. Mountain building

activities in Indian subcontinent during Cenozoic Era. 3 hrs

Archean-Proterozoic, Proterozoic-Cambrian, Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

problems in Indian subcontinent. 8 hrs

MINERAL ECONOMICS

Introduction, concept and importance. 2 hrs

Significance of minerals in national economy, demand and supply 2 hrs

Strategic, Critical and Essential Minerals. 1 hr

Conservation and substitution of minerals. 2 hrs

International status of mineral trade, supply, demand, monopolies,

embargo and cartels. 3 hrs

Mineral legislation of India, Mineral Concession rules of India, taxation system. 2 hrs

National Mineral Policy. 1 hr

REFERENCES

Hedberg, 2004: International Stratigraphic Guide. John Wiley and Sons.

Krishnan, M.S. 1982: Geology of India and Burma. CBS Publications.

Geology of India by M.Ramakrishnan and R.Vaidyanadhan Vol. I & II, Geological Society of India,

Bangalore, 2008/2010.

Rama Rao B, 1962: Hand Book of Geology of Mysore State, Bangalore Printing & Pub. Co. Ltd

Sharma N.L and Ram K.S, 2003: Introduction to India‟s Economic minerals. Hindustan Pub.

Corp. NewDelhi

Sinha R.K, 2004: A treatise on industrial minerals of India. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

Sinha,R. K and Sharma, N.L. 2000: Mineral Economics. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

Wadia, D.N, 1998: Geology of India. Tata, McGraw, Hill Publishing Co.

Lowering, T.S, 2007: Minerals in World affairs. Academic press.

PAPER HAGT 303: MINING GEOLOGY AND MINERAL PROCESSING


MINING GEOLOGY

Mining – Its scope – changing facets of mining in relation to exploration and metallurgy. 1 hr

23

An overview of different exploration strategies: Geological, Geochemical, Geophysical,

Geobotonical and Remote sensing approach and their merits and limitations. 2 hrs

Guides in the Ore search; Lithological, structural, geomorphological,mineralogical (including

alteration patterns) features useful in mineral explorations. 4 hrs

Sampling techniques – Channel sampling methods; chip, muck and car sampling. 3 hrs

Drilling – relevance of drilling in geological investigations. Methods of drilling – Diamond core

drilling, rotary drilling, churn and other drilling methods. 3 hrs

Drill cores – their logging methods and interpretations of drill core data. 1 hr

Techniques of ore reserve estimation 2 hrs

Mining in the past and the present. 1 hr

Open cost mining – Alluvial and marine mining methods. 2 hrs

Underground mining – Mine layout, shaft sinking, Drives and cross cut, Winzes and other

auxiliary developments. 2 hrs

Underground mining methods – Stoping, Breast stoping. 3 hrs

Blasting and explosives used in mining. 1 hr

Mine support and ventilation. 1hr

Mining hazards. 1 hr

MINERAL PROCESSING

Introduction: Scope and objectives of the processing of metallic and non-metallic minerals. 1 hr

Comminution: Principles of Comminution, Theory and grindability. 2 hrs

Crushers: Primary Crushers – Jaw Crushers, Gyratory Crushers, The Cone and Impact Crushers,

Rotary Coal Breakers. 3 hrs

Grinding methods. 2 hrs

Screening: Performance of Screens – Factors Affecting Screen Performance. Screen types –

Stationary screens, Moving screens. 2 hrs

Classification: Principles of Classification – Free settling, Hindered Settling, Types of Classifiers

- Hydraulic Classifiers, Horizontal Current Classifiers. 2 hrs

Gravity Concentration: Principles of gravity concentration – Gravity Seperators, Jigs, Shaking

Tables, Pneumatic Tables. 2 hrs

Heavy Medium Seperation (HMS): The Heavy medium – Liquids, Suspensions, Seperating

vessels – Gravitational vessels, Centrifugal Separators. 2 hrs

Froth flotation, principles of flotation – anionic collectors, cationic collectors, frothers,

regulators. The importance of pH, the importance of pulp potential. Control of flotation plants. 3 hrs

Magnetic separation methods: principles and functional techniques. 2 hrs

Dewatering: sedimentation – coagulation and flocculation, selective flocculation, gravity

sedimentation, high-capacity thickeners, centrifugal sedimentation, filtration. 3 hrs

Tailings disposal: methods of disposal of tailings; tailing dams. 1 hr

24

REFFERENCES

Park, Jr, C.F and Macdiarmid. 2005: Ore Deposits. MS book company.

Krishnaswamy, S, 2001: Indian Mineral Resources. Oxford.

William C. Peter, 2000: Exploration and mining Geology. McGraw Hill

Mckinstry, H.F, 1999: Mining Geology. Prentice-Hall

Arogyaswamy, R.R, 1982, Progress in Mining Geology. IBH

Chung C.P, 2004: Handbook of Drilling. McGraw Hill.

Balasundaram, M.S, 2002: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. McGraw Hill

Gauden, A.M, 2004: Principles of Mineral Dressing. McGraw Hill

Venkatachalam S 1999: Recent Developments in Mineral processing Techniques. McGraw Hill

Brookes, R.P, 1997: Geobotanical and Bio Geochemical Exploration. IBH.

Strahler and Strahler, 2002: Environmental Geosciences. Elsevier, Inc.

Down, C.G. and Stocks, J, 2000: Environmental Impact of Mining. Springer Verlag.

PAPER OE 304: THE WORLD OF ROCKS AND MINERALS (4 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Introduction to Geology 1 hr

Minerals: Definition, Formation, Classification 3 hrs

Physical properties of minerals 3 hrs

Study of some important groups of minerals – Quartz, Feldspar, Mica,

Garnet, Amphibole and Pyroxene group. 5 hrs

Ore minerals: Metallic and non-metallic minerals and their industrial

Application 6 hrs

Distribution of important metallic and non-metallic minerals deposits in

India – Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Gold, Copper, Aluminium, Lead and Zinc.

Mica, Asbestos, Magnesite, Clay, Kyanite, Diamond and Corundum 8 hrs

Gemstones: Definition, Physical and Optical properties of precious and

Semiprecious varieties of gemstones, Gemstone deposits of India. 4 hrs

Rocks: Definition, Classification – Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorpic 4 hrs

Forms of Igneous rocks, Intrusive and extrusive rocks, Study of

some common Igneous rocks 3 hrs

Texture and classification of sedimentary rocks; primary and secondary

sedimentary structures; study of some common sedimentary rocks 5 hrs

Textures and classification of metamorphic; study of some common

metamorphic rocks. 5 hrs

Uses of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. 4 hrs

25

REFERENCES

Dana, 2003 : Text Book of Mineralogy, Wiley Bastern Ltd.

Deer, W.A, Howie, R.A and Zussman. J, 1996: The Rock Forming Minerals, Longman.

Klien, C and Huribut, Jr. C.S, 2003: Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley.

Loren. A. Raymond, 2002: Petrology: The study of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks,


Turner, F.J, 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill.

Turner and Verhoogen, 2001: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill.

Pettijohn, F.J, 2006: Sedimentary Rocks. Harper and Row, New York

Sengupta, S, 2004: Introduction to Sedimentology. Oxford and IBH Pu

PAPER OE 304: WATER RESOURCES (4 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

Hydrological Cycle: precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration,

runoff, infiltration – measurements and instruments. 10 hrs

Surface Water Resources: description of surface water resources including ponds, lakes,

streams, rivers and storage reservoirs and selection of suitable site for a reservoir, factors

governing the selection, distribution of water.

Vertical distribution of groundwater, groundwater reservoirs – aquifers, aquiclude, aquifuge and

aquitard.

Global water budget, India‟s water budget, precipitation and its types.

Subsurface water regime, types of aquifers.

Geological factors, governing the occurrence of groundwater, groundwater movement.

Hydrogeological properties of rocks.

Method of groundwater exploration. 22 hrs

Groundwater management and recharge methods.

Groundwater recharge, artificial recharge water harvesting, watershed–wasteland management,

structures, contours, bunds, contour barriers (vegetative and stones), contour trench, check dams,

percolation pond and irrigation tanks. 20 hrs

Water harvesting techniques in dry land areas, contour bunds for tress, semicircular bunds,

permeable rock dams, background technical detail and construction.

REFERENCES

Davies. S.N and De Wiest, R J M, 2000: Hydrogeology. John Wiley.

Raghunath. H.M, 2002: Groundwater Hydrology. Wiley Eastern.

Todd. D.K, 2000: Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley.

Karanth K.R, 2003: Groundwater Assessment Development and Management. Tata McGraw Hill.

Walton, W.C, 2004: Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill.

Freeze R.A. and J.A. Cherry, 2001: Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersy.

Herman Bouwer, 2005: Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo.

26

Fetter, C.W, 2004: Applied Hydrogeology- 2nd

Ed. C.B.S.Publ., New Delhi.

Subramanya K, 2003: Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill, Publ, company ltd. NewDelhi

Maitra, M.K. and Ghose, N.C. 1992: Groundwater Management – an application. Ashish publishing

house, New Delhi.

PRACTICALS

PAPER HAGP 305: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY (2:2)

Sedimentary Petrology: Study of primary, secondary and biogenic sedimentary structures in

hand-specimens; Megascopic and microscopic study of clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphic Petrology: Megascopic and microscopic study of different metamorphic rocks.

Estimation of pressure and temperature using different models of geothermobarometry.

PAPER HAGP 306: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, GEOSTATISTICS AND

SURVEYING (2:1:1)

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY: Analysis of alkalinity, acidity, pH and conductivity

(electrical) in water samples. Determination of i) Dissolved Oxygen, ii) Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD) iii) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Water sample analysis – Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, NO3, HCO3, CaCO3 and F by Volumetric/Ion-

meter/AAS methods.

Presentation of chemical analysis data and plotting chemical classification diagrams.

Evaluation of environmental impact assessment of air and groundwater pollution.

Geostatistics: Graphical representation of data. Construction of histogram, frequency polygons

and related curves. Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Correlation and regression, time

series – significant test. Probability distribution and its types, sampling techniques – infinite and

finite population.

SURVEYING: Chain, Prismatic Compass – Radiating and Intersection, Plane Table – Radiating

and Intersection method.

FIELD PROGRAMME

During the III semester, the students shall carry out a field program of about 10 days, during

which they have to study some typical geological sections, visit important mines and collect

samples. A detailed field reports have to be submit separately. Both the reports that is,

fieldwork/mapping program conducted in I Semester and field tour of III Semester will be

evaluated in IV Semester.

IV SEMESTER

PAPER HAGT 401: HYDROGEOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY (3:1 or 4 hrs/wk)

HYDROGEOLOGY 52 hrs

Hydrological Cycle: Precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff, hydrograph,

infiltration – measurements and instruments. 6 hrs

Vertical distribution of groundwater, groundwater reservoirs- aquifers, aquiclude, aquifuge and

aquitard. 2 hrs

27

Types of aquifers – confined, unconfined, semi-confined (leaky), perched and coastal. 2 hrs

Hydrological Properties of Rocks: Porosity, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic

conductivity, transmissivity and storativity. Water table contour maps and flow-net analysis. 5 hrs

Well Hydraulics: Darcy‟s law and flow equations. Methods of pumping tests, drawdown, cone

of depression, safe yield and delayed yield. Radial flow to wells under Steady and Unsteady state

in confined and unconfined aquifers. Evaluation of aquifer parameters. 7 hrs

Water Well Technology: Development and maintenance of wells.

Water management in rural and urban areas, salt water intrusion in coastal regions – G-H

relation, remedial measures and hydrofracturing. 3 hrs

Artificial recharge of groundwater, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, problems of

overexploitation. 5 hrs

Groundwater Quality: Chemical constituents of groundwater. Graphical representation and

hydrochemical facies, water contaminants and pollutants. Water quality standards and

parameters for various uses. Water harvesting. 4 hrs

Hydrogeochemical zones of India and Groundwater provinces of India 5 hrs

METEOROLOGY

Climatology: Earth and Sun relationship, latitudinal and seasonal variations of insolation. 1 hr

Atmosphere: Composition and structure 1 hr

Climatic changes, Green house warming and Stratospheric ozone depletion. 2 hrs

Temperature, Humidity, wind. 1 hr

Types of clouds, cloud top temperatures, winds and rainfall temperature. 2 hrs

Palaeoclimatology, climatic zones of India. 2 hrs

Meteorological Satellites and their applications in detection of cyclones. 2 hrs

Weather analysis and their interpretation. Weather station 2 hrs

REFERENCES

Davies. S.N and De Wiest, R J M, 2000: Hydrogeology. John Wiley.

Raghunath. H.M, 2002: Groundwater Hydrology. Wiley Eastern.

Todd. D.K, 2000: Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley.

Karanth K.R, 2003: Groundwater Assessment Development and Management. Tata McGraw Hill.

Walton, W.C, 2004: Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill.

Freeze R.A. and J.A. Cherry, 2001: Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersy.

Herman Bouwer, 2005: Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo.

Fetter, C.W, 2004: Applied Hydrogeology- 2nd

Ed. C.B.S.Publ., New Delhi.

Subramanya K, 2003: Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill, Publ, company ltd. NewDelhi

Maitra, M.K. and Ghose, N.C. 1992: Groundwater Management – an application. Ashish publishing

house, New Delhi.

28

PAPER HAGT 402: MICROPALAEONTOLOGY AND MARINE GEOLOGY


MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

Introduction – Field sampling and collection, separation of microfossils from rock matrix and modern

sediments, picking and mounting of microfossils. 5 hrs

Morphology, classification and evolution of foraminifera 5 hrs

Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration. 5 hrs

Palaeoenvironmental interpretation using microfossils 5 hrs

Morphology and Geological distribution of Ostracoda, Calcareous Nannofossils, Algae, Marine Diatoms,

Dinoflagellates, Spores and Pollen. 2hrs

MARINE GEOLOGY

Introduction to Marine Geology 2 hrs

Ocean morphology: Continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise. Deep ocean floor and

various topographic features: ridges, sea mounts, coral reefs and Atools-types of coral reefs,

trenches and canyons. 8 hrs

Oceanic Circulation: Causes of ocean currents, Surface currents, Deep currents, currents of the

Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean. Currents of the Artic and Antarctic ocean, mirror currents.

Waves- Waves erosion, classification of waves 8hrs

Major components of marine sediments and distribution of marine microfossils. 2 hrs

Mineral Resources of the Oceans: Placers deposits and aggregates; Authigenic minerals and

sediments-ferromangenese nodules (Polymetallic nodules) and encrustations, factors determining

and distributions of nodules, phosphorites, organic deposits-Petroleum, metalliferous sediments

and hydrothermal ores. 8 hrs

REFERENCES

Haq, B.V. and Boersma, A, 2002: Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology. Elsevier.

Haynes, J.R., 2001: Foraminifera. John Wiley.

Bignot, G. 2003: Elements of Micropalaeontology. Graham and Trotman.

Rayond.C. Moore, 2000: Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology. Part C, vol 1 and vol 2, GWS

and UKP.

Jain, P.C and Anantharaman, M.S, 1995: In Introduction to Palaeontology Evolution and Animal

distribution. Vishal Publications.

PAPER HAGT 403: ORE GEOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES


ORE GENESIS

Modern concepts of ore genesis and their evolution.

Metallogenic epochs, periods and distribution of major ore deposits.

Metallogeny and plate tectonics. 3 hrs

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Classification of ore deposits. Relationship of ore and host rocks, textures, zoning and

paragenesis of ores. 2 hrs

Ore-bearing fluids, their source and origin and behaviour. 2 hrs

Wall rock alteration; controls of ore deposition with case studies. 2 hrs

Fluid inclusion studies; Methodology and application in ore genesis. 2 hrs

Study of major ore associations with Indian examples.

Ores of igneous affiliation:

1. Ores of mafic and ultramafic association 2 hrs

2. Ores of felsic association 2 hrs

Ores of metamorphic affiliation. 2 hrs

Ores of sedimentary affiliation. 2 hrs

Chemical and clastic sedimentation, stratiform, strata bound Mn-Fe, non-ferrous ores, placers

and palaeoplacers and structural ore deposits. 2 hrs

Ores related to weathering and weathered surfaces – Laterite, bauxite, Ni/Au Laterites 2 hrs

Mineral wealth of ocean basins. Contemporary ore-forming systems – black smokers,

mineralization in sea floor. 2 hrs

Mode of occurrence, mineralogy, genesis and distribution of the following metalliferrous

deposits in India: Fe, Mn – nodule, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, Mg, Au, Sn, W and U, their deposits of

India. 8 hrs

ORE MICROSCOPY

Preparation of sample for reflected light microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. 2 hrs

Principles of ore microscopy. 1 hrs

Transmitted light microscopy versus reflected light microscopy. 1 hrs

Microscopic properties of ore minerals. 1 hrs

Study of ore textures. 2 hr

Quantitative ore microscopic properties. 1 hrs

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Sample preparation. 2 hrs

Dissolution procedures for geological samples-partial and total digestions. 2 hrs

Chemical separation of elements, classical and rapid methods. 2 hrs

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. 1 hrs

X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (energy dispersive & wave length dispersive) and X-ray

diffractometry. 2 hrs

Scintillation Counter, SEM, ICP, EPMA, Fluid inclusion studies. 2 hrs

REFFERENCES

Craig, J.M and Vaughan, 2001: Ore Petrography and mineralogy. Wiley.

Evans, A.M, 2003: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals. Blackwell.

Sawkins, F.J, 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Springer Verlag.

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Stanton, R.L, 1999: Ore Petrography. McGraw Hill.

Torling, D.H, 2004: Economic Geology and Geotectonics. Blackwell Sci. Publ.

Barnes, H.L, 2006: Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. John Wiley.

Klemm, D.D and Schneider, H.J, 1999: Time and strata bound ore deposits. Springer Verlag.

Guilbert, J.M and Park, Jr. C.F, 1986: The Geology of ore deposits. Freeman.

Mookerjee, A, 2000: Ore genesis – a Holistic Approach. Allied Publisher.

Krishnaswamy. S, 1988: India‟s Mineral deposits. (revised by R.K Singh) Oxford University Press.

Henderson. P, 2000: Inorganic Geochemistry. Pergamon Press.

H. Rollinson, 2005: Using Geochemical data. Longman Sci. and Technical.

PAPER HAGT 404: DISSERTATION (4 or 4 hrs/wk) 52 hrs

The student will select a topic of his/her interest and a detailed investigation/study will be carried

out including mapping, analysis and interpretation of the data to finalize the dissertation work.

Evaluation of Dissertation and viva-voce will be conducted.

PRACTICALS

PAPER HAGP 405: HYDROGEOLOGY, METEOROLOGY AND

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY (2:1:1)

HYDROGEOLOGY

Calculation of average depth of precipitation, Determination of evaporation and

evapotranspiration, Water budget calculations, River discharge estimations, Construction of

hydrographs, separation of different components of a hydrograph. Calculation of porosity,

Determination of specific capacity, Calculation of aquifer parameters using Theiss, Jacob,

Papadopulos-Cooper methods. Selection of sites for wells using hydrogeomorphological

techniques.

METEOROLOGY

Instruments used to determine meteorological parameters, Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed.

Determination of Missing Rainfall data and rain gauging station. Problems on meteorological

parameters. Study of weather plotting symbols, Interpretation of weather maps and Assessment

of weather data.

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

Processing of samples, picking and mounting of fauna. Study of morphological characters of

selected microfossils. Preparation of thin sections of selected larger microfossils.

PAPER HAGP 406: ORE GEOLOGY, ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION AND FIELD

REPORT EVALUATION (2:2)

ORE GEOLOGY

Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different ores and their associations. Mineralogical

and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore-microscope Petrological study of other

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industrial and non-metallic ore minerals. Exercises in the determination of reflectivity and micro

hardness of common ore minerals.

ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION

Different methods of ore reserve estimations: grid (both limited and unlimited areas), triangular,

polygonal methods.

Ore reserve estimation of vein type ore bodies.

Borehole problems; estimation of ore reserves: simple bedded, folded and faulted ore bodies.

FIELD REPORTS OF I AND III SEMESTERS WILL BE EVALUATED.

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bangalore university · hagp 405 hydrogeology and meteorology and micropalaeontology 8 4 70...

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