bangalore university department of botany · gymnosperms 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4 hb 104 plant anatomy...

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Bangalore University Department of Botany

SYLLABUS (CBCS PATTERN)

M.Sc., Botany I to IV semester

2014

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PROFORMA FOR THE SCHIME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATION OF THE COURSE

1. Name of the course : Master’s Degree in Botany

2. Duration of the Course : TWO Years with FOUR semesters

3. Eligibility : Graduates who have secured 40% marks in aggregate of all subjects and 50% marks in Botany / Applied Botany (Cognate subjects) in the qualifying University Examination are eligible. 4. Intake : 42 students at J.B. Campus

5. Admission : Based on the marks secured at B.Sc., Examination.

SEMESTER - I

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HB 101 Mycology and Microbiology 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 102 Diversity of Algae and Bryophytes 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 103 Diversity of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 104 Plant Anatomy and Palynology 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

SB 105 Phytogeography and Evolution 3 - 39 3 70 30* 100 2

HB 106 Practical - I Paper - HB 101 - 4 52 4 35 10** 45 2

HB 107 Practical - II Paper - HB 102 - 4 52 4 35 10** 45 2

HB 108 Practical - III

Paper - HB 103 - 4 52 4 35 10** 45 2

HB 109 Practical - IV

Paper - HB 104 - 4 52 4 35 10** 45 2

Botanical Tour 20***

Total marks = 700, Total Credits = 26

* 15 marks for Test + 5 marks for assignment + 5 marks for Seminar + 5 marks for Attendance.

** 5 marks for Record + 5 marks for Submission.

*** 5 marks from each practical’s Internal Assessment.

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SEMESTER - II


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HB 201 Morphogenesis and Reproduction 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 202 Ecology and Environmental Biology 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 203 Plant Physiology and Metabolism 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 204 Plant Breeding and Propagation 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

SB 205 Methods in Plant Science 3 - 39 3 70 30* 100 2

HB 206 Practical - I Paper - HB 201 - 4 52 4 35 15** 50 2



Paper - HB 203 - 4 52 4 35 15** 50 2

HB 209 Practical - IV

Paper - HB 204 - 4 52 4 35 15** 50 2



** 5 marks for Record + 5 marks for Submission + 5 mark for test.

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SEMESTER - III


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HB 301 Cytology, Genetics and Molecular Biology 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 302 Taxonomy of Angiosperms 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 303 Elective – I 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

SB 304 Pollination Ecology or Seed Science 2 - 26 2 35 15** 50 4

OB 305 Ethnobotany or Nutriceuticals 4 - 39 3 70 30* 100 2

HB 306 Practical - I Paper - HB 301 - 4 52 4 35 15*** 50 2

HB 307 Practical - II Paper - HB 302 - 4 52 4 35 15*** 50 2


Paper - HB 303 - 4 52 4 35 15*** 50 2



** 5 marks for test, + 5 marks for Attendance, + 5 marks for Seminar / Assignment.

*** 5 marks for Record + 5 marks for Submission + 5 marks for test.

Note: Any one of the following Elective has to be chosen by the student.

Elective - I a) Embryology and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms.

b) Environmental Biology and Natural Resources.

c) Plant Physiology.

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SEMESTER - IV

Paper Code Title of the Paper

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HB 401 Economic Botany & Phytochemistry 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 402 Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture

4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 403 Biotechnology 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 404 Elective – II 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4

HB 405 Project Work 8 - - Report Evaluation 70 30*** 100 4

HB 406 Practical - I Papers - HB 401, 402 & 403 - 4 52 4 35 15** 50 2


Total marks = 600, Total credit 24


** 5 marks for Record + 5 marks for Submission + 05 marks for test.

*** 30 marks for Seminar − Presentation of data.

Note: Any one of the following Elective has to be chosen by the student

Elective – II a) Cytogenetics

b) Microbiology

c) Plant Pathology

d) Systematics of Angiosperms

REGULATIONS FOR TOUR AND SUBMISSIONS

1. BOTANICAL TOUR: Botanical Tour marks should be considered under internal assessment.

a) There will be a compulsory Botanical tour for the duration of 10 days for the collection of specimens and to study the vegetation in the natural habitats for Semester - I students. Each student should submit a tour report after returning from the tour for evaluation.

b) A study tour is also compulsory wherever the Electives are taught (Semester III and IV) for a maximum period of 5 days.

2. SUBMISSION: In addition to practical records, the students should prepare and submit the micropreparations / specimens / herbarium / models / charts as specified.

Practical - I Specimens Practical - II Specimens Practical - III Specimens

I - Semester

Practical - IV Micropreparations Practical - I Micropreparations Practical - II Specimens Practical - III Project report II - Semester

Practical - IV Models / Photographs Practical - I Micropreparation Practical - II Harberium Specimens III - Semester Practical - III Specimens / Micropreparation / Project report Practical - I Specimens,Submission of Cultures IV - Semester Practical - II Specimens/ Micropreparation/ Herbarium Specimens

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QUESTION PAPER FORMAT THEORY EXAMINATION – Hard and Soft core papers

Number of question to beMarks for each question Answered Out of Total Marks

A. 2 10 12 20 B. 5 4 6 20

C. 10 3 5 30 Total 70

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

M.Sc., Degree Examination December / January

(Choice Based Semester System)

BOTANY

Paper: Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

A. Explain / Define any ten of the following in two or three sentences: (10x2 = 20)

B. Write critical notes on any four of the following (4x5 = 20)

C. Give a comprehensive account on any three of the following (3x10 = 30)

QUESTION PAPER FORMAT THEORY EXAMINATION – SB – 304

Number of question to beMarks for each question Answered Out of Total Marks

A. 2 5 8 10 B. 5 3 5 15

C. 10 1 2 10 Total 35

Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 35

A. Explain / Define any five of the following in two or three sentences: (5x2 = 10)

B. Write critical notes on any three of the following (3x5 = 15)

C. Give a comprehensive account on any one of the following (1x10 = 10)

SEMESTER - I

HB - 101: MYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

52 hrs

UNIT I Introduction: History and present status of Mycology with special reference to India. Cell structure, organization and reproduction. Classification of fungi with emphasis on criteria used in classification of different groups.

13 hrs

UNIT II Lower Fungi: General Characteristics

Plasmodiophoromycetes: Plasmodiophora, Chytridiomycetes and Synchytrium. Oomycetes / water moulds: Saprolegnia, Pythium Zygomycetes: Mycorales – general account,

Higher Fungi: General characteristics and classification

Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.

13 hrs

UNIT III Microbiology: Introduction, scope, identification and classification of microorganisms. Morphology, structure and reproduction of Bacteria, Viruses and Mycoplasma.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Interaction between Microbes and Roots: Microorganisms associated with the plant roots, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and role of biofertilizers in agriculture.

Industrial uses of Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast and moulds for the production of protein, enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, steroids and vaccines. Economic importance of fungi, edible and poisonous mushrooms.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Tools and techniques for studying microorganisms.

2. Measuring the dimension of microorganisms using micrometry.

3. Determining total count of microbes using Haemocytometer.

4. Culturing of Bacteria / Actionomycetes. Preparation of media (NA & PDA), Sterilization and inoculation.

5. Direct / Indirect staining of Bacteria.

6. Fruit bodies of fungi: Acervuli, pycnidia, fruiting body.

7. Staining of AM Fungi.

8. Fruits bodies of macro fungi: Pythium, Albugo, Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium,,Trichoderma, Curvularia, Alternaria, Bipolari, Agaricus.

9. Mushroom Culture.

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REFERENCE 1. Ananthanarayanan, R. and Paniker, CKG. 2004. Textbook of Microbiology. Orient

Longman Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Arora, D. R. 2004. Textbook of Microbiology, CBS, New Delhi.

3. Alexepoulos, C. J. and Mims, C.W. 1989. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Bruns, T. D. White, T. J. and Taylor, J.W. 1991. Fungal molecular systemtics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 22: 525-64.

5. Burnell, J. H. and Trinci, A. P. J. 1979. Fungal walls and hyphal growth, Cambridge University Press.Cambridge.

6. Chandhniwala, 1996. K.M. Infectious fungi, Anmol Publications, Pvt. Ltd.,

7. Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari, D. K. 2007. A textbook of Microbiology, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

8. Michel, J. Pelczar, Jr.E.C. and Channoel R.Krieg, 2005. Microbiology, Mc.Graw-Hill, New Delhi.

9. Powar, C.B. and Daginawala 1991. General Microbiology, Vol – I and Vol – II Himalaya publishing house, Bombay.

10. Sullia, S.B. and Shantharam, S. 2005. General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

11. Vasanthkumari, R. 2007. A textbook of Microbiology, BI Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

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SEMESTER - I

HB - 102: DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

52 hrsALGAE

UNIT I Classification and Diversity: A comparative study of traditional and modern systems of classification, Significance of pigments, and cell wall in classification,

Habitat, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction and patterns of life cycles with reference to Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Pyrrophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae.

13 hrs

UNIT II Ecology and Culturing: Ecology of fresh water, marine and soil algae. Culturing of soil and fresh water algae.

Bio - fuels from Algae: Bio diesel, ethanol, mass culturing of algae for bio- fuel production, extraction and refinement.

Economic importance of algae.

13 hrs

BRYOPHYTES

UNIT III Introduction - Origin, evolution, Classification and interrelationships.Diversity of Bryophytes: Habitat, structural organization of gametophytes,Reproduction, sporophytes and spore dispersal mechanisms:

Hepaticae – Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Calobryales and Sphaerocarpales.

Anthocerotae – Anthocerotales.

Musci − Sphagnales, Andraeales, Funariales, Polytrichales, Buxbaumiales

13 hrs

UNIT IV Ultra Structural studies and chemical constituents, Ecological and economicimportance, Conservation biology and Fossil Bryophytes.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

ALGAE 1. Cyanobacteria: Microcystis, Merismopedia, Spirulina, Lyngbya, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia,

Nostoc, Anabaena, Scytonema.

2. Chlorophyceae: Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, Zygnema, Mougeotia, Desmids, Cladophora, Draparnaldiopsis, Bulbochaete, Oedogonium, Ulothrix, Ulva lactuca, Ulva reticulata, Enteromoropha, Caulerpa, Codium, Halimeda.

3. Charophyceae: Chara, Nitella.

4. Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria, Botrydium

5. Bacillariophyceae: Centric and Pennate Diatoms.

6. Euglenophyceae: Euglena.

7. Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Sphacelaria, Padina, Sargassum, Turbinaria.

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8. Rhodophyceae: Gracillaria, Batrachospermum, Compsopogon, Polysiphonia

BRYOPHYTES Study of morphology, anatomy, reproductive structures and sporophytes of the following: Lunularia, Dumortiera, Targionia, Asterella, Frullania, Porella, Pellia, Riccardia, Fossombronia, Anthoceros, Notothylos, Sphagnum, Funaria, Polytrichum and Bryum.

REFERENCE ALGAE

1. Bold and Wynee. 1985. Introduction to algae – Structure and reproduction. Prentice – Hall, India,

2. Desikachary, 1959, Cyanophyta, ICAR. New Delhi.

3. Dixon. 1973. Biology of Rhodophyta. Oliver and Boyd, London.

4. Dodge, J.D. 1973. The Fine Structure of Algal Cells, Academic Press, INC. London.

5. Fritsch, F. E. 1961, Structure and reproduction in algae, Vol - I, & II Cambridge University Press, London.

6. Kumar, H. D. 1990. Introductory phycology, Affiliated East West Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, India.

7. Kumar, H. D. 1984, Algal Cell Biology, East West Private Ltd., India

8. Round, F. E. 1973, Biology of algae. Edward Arnold Publishers, London.

9. Smith, G. M. 1951, Manual of Phycology, Chronica Botanica, Publishers, Waltham, Mass.

10. Smith, G. M. 1972. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol – 1 Tata McGraw Hills Publishers, New Delhi.

11. Trivedi, P. C. 2001. Algal Biotechnology, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur India.

BRYOPHYTES 1. Bernard Goffinet and Jonathan Shaw, A. 2009. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University

Press, New York.

2. Chopra, R. N and Kumar, P. K. 1988. Biology of Bryophytes. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Parihar, N. S. 1970. An Introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I Bryophyta, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

4. Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,

5. Smith, G. M., Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. I McGraw Hill Book Company, New Delhi.

6. Watson, E. V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson and Co. London.

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SEMESTER - I

HB - 103: DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES AND GYMNOSPERMS

52 hrs

PTERIDOPHYTES

UNIT I Introduction: Origin, evolution, Distribution and classification, life cycle

Diversity in morphology and reproduction: Psilotales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Isoetales, Equisetales,

Fossil Pteridophytes: Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales and Calamitales.

13 hrs

UNIT II

Diversity in morphology and reproduction:

Eusporangiate: Ophioglossales, Marattiales,

Leptosporangiate: Osmundales, Filicales (Schizaeaceae, Polypodiaceae, Adiantaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Hymenophyllaceae Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae), Marsileales and Salviniales.

Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution and economic importance of Pteridophytes.

13 hrs

GYMNOSPERMS

UNIT III

Introduction: Distribution and Systems of Classification,

Fossil Gymnosperms: Types of Fossils, techniques to study fossils.

Pteridospermales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, Caytoniales, Ginkgoales and Cordaitales

13 hrs

UNIT IV

Diversity in morphology, anatomy and reproduction: Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Taxales and Gnetales.

Economic importance of Gymnosperms, Xylotomy.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

PTERIDOPHYTES

1. Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures of living Pteridophytes; Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Adiantum, Hymenophyllum, Trichomanes, Cyathea, Marsilea, Salvinia and Azolla.

2. Study of Morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of Fossil Pteridophytes: Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Lepidostrobus,Lepidocarpon, Calamites and Sphenophyllum

GYMNOSPERMS 1. Types of Fossils and Rocks, Techniques to study fossils.

2. Study of representative genera: Lygenopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Cycadeoideaceae, Williamsoniaceae, Glossopteridaceae, Pentoxylaceae, and Cordaitaceae.

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3. Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures: Zamia, Encephalartos, Ginkgo, Cedrus, Araucaria, Podocarpus, Thuja, Biota, Cupressus Taxodium, Juniperus, Cryptomeria, Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia.

REFERENCE

PTERIDOPHYTES 1. Eames, A. J. 1936. Morphology of Vascular Plants (Lower groups), McGraw Hill

Publisher. New York.

2. Gifford, E. M. and Foster, A. S. 1989. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. W. H. Freeman and Compnay, New York.

3. Kubitzki, K. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Vol - I Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer-Verlag and Gymnosperms.

4. Parihar, N. S. 1977. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book depot Allahabad, India.

5. Sporne, K.R. 1962. The morphology of Pteridophytes: the structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson & Co. (https://archive.org/details/morphologyofpter00spor)

GYMNOSPERMS

1. Andrews, H. N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany, John Wiley, New York.

2. Bhatnagar, S. P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Chamberlain, C. J. 1986. Gymnosperms – Structure and Evolution, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Chopra, G. L and Verma, V. 1988. Gymnosperms. Pradeep Publications, Jalandar.

5. Harris, T. M. 1973. Cycas and the Cycadales, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

6. Shukla, A. C. & Misra, S. P. 1975. Essentials of Paleobotany. Vikas publishing house Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Sporne, N. E. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson and Company (Publishers) Ltd., U. K.

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SEMESTER - I

HB - 104: PLANT ANATOMY AND PALYNOLOGY

52 hrs

PLANT ANATOMY

UNIT I: Plant Cell Wall: Structure and organization

Root anatomy: Primary structure of root, variations in number of vascular Strands. Velamen, and Tricoblast.

Leaf anatomy: Dicot, Monocot and Variations, Venation pattern Stomatal types and distribution.

Nodal anatomy: Types of nodes and origin of bud traces.

Internodal anatomy: Herbaceous dicot, woody and monocot stem, medullary bundles, bicollateral bundles and internal phloem.

Floral Anatomy: Ontogeny and vascularizatoin.

13 hrs

UNIT II: Primary xylem: Concepts of Protoxylem and metaxylem, vascular differentiation in shoot apex and leaf primordia.

Diversity in structure of wood: Heart and sapwood, Growth rings, Ring porous wood, Porous wood, diversity in axial parenchyma distribution and diversity in ray system.

Anatomical Variations: Ecological and anatomical adaptations in Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes and Epiphytes.

13 hrs

UNIT III: Phloem tissue: Ultra structure and development of sieve tube element.

Vascular cambium: Structure and activity, uniseriate / multiseriate nature, Fusiform ray initials and Cambium zone.

Variations in Vascular Cambium - Gnetum and Magnoliales

Unusual Secondary Growth: Serjania clematidifolia and Passiflora sps

13 hrs

PALYNOLOGY

UNIT IV Introduction: Scope and development,

Branches of Palynology: Aerobiology, Forensic Palynology, Paleo-palynology and Palynostratigraphy.

General account of pollen / Spore morphology: Diocot, Monocot, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes, Chemical composition of pollen wall and ornamentation, Palynological techniques.

Melitto palynology: Role of bees in crop productivity, bee pollen in health care.

Aerobiology: General account and its applications, Methods used in atmospheric pollen monitoring.

13 hrs

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PRACTICALS PLANT ANATOMY

1. Study of epidermal appendages. 2. Stomatal types. 3. Root Anatomy. 4. Stem Anatomy. 5. Leaf Anatomy. 6. Flower bud Anatomy. 7. Ecological Anatomy. 8. Maceration. 9. Tracheary elements. 10. Double staining technique.

PALYNOLOGY

1. Pollen morphology of common angiosperm taxa using permanent slides. 2. Study of pollen with particular reference to size, shape and colour. 3. Study of pollen in unifloral and multifloral honey, 4. Volumetric and non – volumetric pollen traps.

REFERENCE

PLANT ANATOMY

1. Abraham, F. 1982. Plant anatomy 3 editions, Pergaon Press, Oxford. 2. Carlquist, S. 1967. Comparative Plant Anatomy, Holt Reinert and Wi9nston, New York. 3. Chand, S. 2005. Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Cutter, E. G. 1971. Plant Anatomy – Part I & II, Cell and Tissues. Edward Arnold,

London. 5. Easu, K. 1996. Anatomy of Seed Plants. First wiley Reprint, New Delhi. 6. Fahn, A. 1985. Plant anatomy, Pergaon Press, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford.

PALYNOLOGY

1. Agashe, S. N. 1997. Aerobiology. Orford and IBH Publishing Company, Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Agashe, S. N. 2006. Palynology and its Applications. Oxford and IBH Publication Company, Pvt., Ltd., New Delh.

3. Agashe, S. N. and E, Caulton. 2009. Pollen and Spores. Applications with special Emphasis on Aerobiology and allergy. Science Publisher New Hampshire USA Netherlands.

4. Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen morphology and Plant taxonomy of Angiosperms. Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm.

5. Ogden, E. C. and Rayner, G. S. 1974 Manual for sampling Airborne Pollen. Hafner Press, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York.

SEMESTER - I

SB - 105: PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION

39 hrsPHYTOGEOGRAPHY

UNIT I 13 hrs. Introduction and History: Physical features of the world (climate, deserts) Aims, methods and principles of plant geography.

. Islands of botanical interest. Continental drift and evidence in its favour.

. Biogeographical regions of the world phytochoria of Indian sub-continent.

Floristic regions of the world; Hansen classification and Ronald Good’s

classification.

UNIT II Plant Distribution: Continuous, discontinuous, Centre of origin endemic, bathymetric distribution, Centre of origin of crop plants. Evolution and Plant Migration, Dispersal, isolation, migration and barriers, vicarious species, relict species, isofloras, polytopy, centers of origin of crop plants.

13 hrs

EVOLUTION

UNIT III Theories on origin of life: prebiotic environment, panspermia.

Theories on evolution: Lamarkism, Darwinism and Neo Darwinism.

Natural selection: Models of Natural selection

Variations: Causes and consequences of variations, polymorphism.

Isolation mechanism and speciation: Geographical and reproductive isolation, parapatric and sympatric speciation.

13 hrs

Micro and macroevolution.

REFERENCE

1. Alberts, B. Bray, D. Lewis, Ralf M., Roberts, K and Watson, J.D. 1994. Molecular Biology of Cell. 3rd Edition Garland publishing co. New York.

2. Arumugam, N. 1992. Organic evolution. Saras Publication, Nagercoil.

3. Cain, S.A. 1944. Foundations of Plant Geography. Harper & Bros, NY.

4. Good, R.D. 1974. The Geography of flowering Plants. 3rd edition, Long Mans, London.

5. Jha, A. P. 1993. Genes and Evolution. Mac Millan India Ltd, New Delhi.

6. Kumar, H.D. 1992. Modern concept of Ecology. Eighth revised edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore.

7. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1965. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The McMillan Company, New York.

8. Radford, A.E. Dickinson, W.C. Massey, J. R. and Ben, C.R. 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York. London.

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9. Shukla, R. S. and Chandel, P. S. 1989. Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi.

10. Solomon, P. Elder, Berg, R. Linda and Martin, W. Diana 2003. Biology Brooks / cohe. Thomson learning. 6th edition. Prentice Hall University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

11. Stickberger, M.W. 1994. Evolution. Mac Millan Publishing co, New Delhi.

12. Strickberger, M. W, 2002. Evolution. Jones and Barlett Publishers. Sudbury.

13. Teresa Andesirk, Gerald Audesirk and Bruce, E. Byers. 2003. Biology-Life on Earth. 6th edition. Prentice Hall University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

14. Valentine, D.H. 1972. Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Academic Press, London. New York.

15. Webber, P and Punnett, N. 1999. Physical geography and people Stanley. Thomas (Pub) Ltd. England.

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SEMESTER - II

HB - 201: PLANT MORPHOGENESIS AND REPRODUCTION

52 hrs

UNIT I Introduction: History, aim and scope of plant morphogenesis; General concept of growth and development cellular basis of growth. Plane of cell division - Cell shape. Morphogenetic phenomena: Totipotency: Free cells and its significance. Polarity: Contemporary understandings at different levels of organization; Fucus egg, Equisetum spores and Acetabularia. Symmetry: Radial, bilateral and dorsiventral symmetry Differentiation: Patterns of differentiation, vascular differentiation, role of growth hormones in vascular differentiation. Regeneration: Lower and higher plant. Tissue Mixtures: A general account. Abnormal growth and morphogenesis: Insect plant galls and plant tumors.

13 hrs

UNIT II Organogenesis in plants: Differentiation of plant body, organization of shoot and root apical meristem, activity of the shoot and root apical meristems, formation of lateral roots and leaves, phyllotaxes, transformation of vegetative apex into reproductive apex.

Nature of Organs: Theories on nature of shoot (phytonic and axial theories) and flower (Monaxial, Pluriaxial, suigeneris and acarpy, appendicular and axial theories of inferior ovaries).

Flower: Morphogenetic concept of flower development (the initial, steady state, stimulus and transition to flowering), genetic analysis of floral development (Arabidopsis) and flower regulatory genes.

13 hrs

UNIT III Microsporangium: Cell territories and their role in anther differentiation

Microsporagenesis: Ultra structure, physiology and biochemistry.

Male gametophyte: Pollen wall morphogenesis during tetrad and post tetrad phases, origin, structure and differential behavior of generative and vegetative cells, formation of spores and ultra structure of 3-celled pollen grain, culture of anthers and meiocytes.

Ovule: A general account of ontogeny and diversity in structure.

Megasporogenesis: Ultra structure and physiology.

Female Gametophyte: Diversity in organization, ultra structure of female gametophyte (In cotton), embryosac haustoria - a general account.

13 hrs

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UNIT IV Fertilization: Structure of stigma and style, pollen germination in vivo, pollen tube entry into the stigma, pollen tube growth, entry of pollen tube into female gametophyte, double fertilization, hetero fertilization and single fertilization.

Endosperm: Development, cytology and physiology, reserve materials, embryo – endosperm relationship.

Embryo: Structure, composition and polarity of zygote, early embryogenesis (2 celled, proembryonal tetrad, quadrant and octant stages), octant to mature embryo in Ceratophalus falcatus (Dicot), Halophila ovata (Monocot).and Grass embryo.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Study of Shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants (Hydrilla).

2. Study of cytohistochemical zonation in the shoot apical meristem in sectioned and double stained micropreparation of a suitable plant. Study of development of bisected shoot apices.

3. Study of L. S of roots from permanent micropreparation.

4. Study of phyllotaxy.

5. Examination of rosette plants (Raphanus) and induction of bolting under natural condition as well as by GA treatment.

6. Diagrammatic representation to show the polarity in higher and lower plants. Experiment to cause alternations in polarity, Regeneration experiment with stem cuttings to show polarity.

7. Study of the following stages from permanent micropreparation;

8. Anther wall, Microsporogenesis.

9. Male gametophyte in general and in Cyperaceae.

10. Types of ovules and ovular parts.

11. Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte (Polygonum type).

12. Endosperm – Three types (Cellular, Nuclear and Helobial).

13. Embryo – Globular, Cordate; mature monocot and dicot.

REFERENCE

1. Bhojawani, S. S. and Bhatnagar, S. P. 1979. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas

Publication, New Delhi.

2. Davis, G. L. 1966. Systemic embryology of Angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

3. Easu, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.

4. Fosket, D. E. 1989. Plant growth and developments. Academic Press, New York.

5. Johansen, D. A. 1950. Plant embryology. Chronica Botanica Co., Waitham, Mass.

21

6. Johri, B. M. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Spinger – verlag, Berlin.

7. Lyndon, R. F. 1990. Plant development – The cellular basis. Unwin hyman, London.

8. Maheshwari, P. 1963. Recent advances in embryology. International Soc. Plant Morphol, New York.

9. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An introduction to the embryology of Angiospersm. McGraw Hill, New York.

10. Pullaiah, T. Lakshminarayana, K. and Hanumatha Rao, K. 2001. Text Book of Embryology of Angiosperms, Regency Publication, New Delhi.

11. Raghava, V. 1979. Experimental embryogenesis of Vascular Plants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. U.K.

12. Sinnott, E. W. 1960. Plant morphogenesis. Mc Graw Hill Book Company, INC, New York.

13. Steeves, T. A. and Sussex, I. M. 1989. Patterns in Plant development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. U. K.

14. Steward, F. C. 1968. Growth and organization in plants. Addison Wesley Publishing company, U. S. A.

15. Wardlaw, 1968. Morphogenesis in Plants, Methuen, London.

16. Waring, P. F. and Phillips, I. D. J. 1978. The control of growth and differentiation in plants. Pergamon press, New York.

22

SEMESTER – II

HB - 202: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

52 hrs

ECOLOGY

UNIT I Introduction: History and scope. (Autecology, Synecology and Genecology).

Principles: Interdependence (holocoenotic environment, limiting factors, tolerance, dynamism, biomagnifications and thermodynamics).

Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).

Ecological factors: Climatic, edaphic physiographic, microclimate and biotic factors, Positive and negative interactions.

13 hrs

UNIT II Plant Communities: Concept and structure of communities, methods of studying vegetation – Quadrat, Line and belt methods, General account on Forests of Karnataka. Biomes of the world, Mangroves with special reference to Andaman and Sunderbans.

Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategoies ( r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.

13 hrs

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

UNIT III Pollution: Sources, Nature, Impact of Air, Water, Soil and Radioactive Pollution, Noise Pollution – assessment, control and management, solid waste management Global environment changes.

Toxicology: Principles of Toxicology and types of Toxins, sources, metabolism and Biological monitoring of Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc, Lead and Nickel.

Plant Indicators of Pollution: Bioindicators, Biomonitoring, Bioremediation, Biofueling, Biofilm and Bio-corrosion.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Biodiversity: Definition, Biodiversity hot spots of the world, Conservation strategies, conservation and management of natural resources; Water, Forest, Mineral and Soil. Weed and Integrated pest management. Application of Remote sensing and GIS in Ecological Science.

13 hrs

23

PRACTICALS

1. Study of vegetation by quadrate and line transect method.

2. Remote sensing application – vegetation mapping.

3. Ecological instruments. Thermometers (Wet and Dry), Anemometer, Altimeter, Barograph, Thermograph, Hair hygrograph, Rain gauge, Noise meter.

4. Analysis of water sample; pH, conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Free carbon dioxide, Hardness, Estimation of organic matter.

5. Analysis of soil samples; pH, conductivity, Organic carbon, Moisture equivalent, Capillary power of soil.

6. Adaptation of – Aquatic Macrophytes, mesophytes, Xerophytes and Plankton study.

REFERENCE

1. Ambasht, R. S. and Ambasht, A. K. 2002. A textbook of Plant Ecology. C.B.S. Publishers

and Distributors.

2. Hill M. K. 1977, Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press. U.K.

3. Koromondy, E. J. 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

4. Kumar, H. D. 2000. Modern Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall India, New Delhi.

5. Lellesand, T. M. and Kiefer, R. W. 2000. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

6. Nobel, B. J. and Wright, R. T 1996. Environmental Science, Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

7. Odum, E. P. 1971, Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders. Philadelphia.

8. Shukla and Chandel, 2001. Plant Ecology and Soil Science. S. Chand & Co, Ltd., New Delhi.

SEMESTER - II

HB - 203: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

52 hrs

UNIT I

Cell Structure: Ultra structure of Plasma membrane, Mitochondria,

Endoplasmic reticulam, Chloroplast, Golgi bodies, Ribosomes, Glyoxysomes, Peroxisomes, Cytoskeleton.

Water relations and Mineral Nutrition: Water potential and its role in water movement from soil through plant into the air. Importance of nutrients, deficiency disorders and treatments.

Passive and Active transport, Membrane transport proteins and Ion transport in roots.

13 hrs

UNIT II

Plant Growth regulators: Types, physiological effects and mechanism of action of hormones and their applications in Agriculture and Horticulture. Physiology and biochemistry of flowering and senescence.

Seed physiology: Seed dormancy- significance, types, methods of breaking dormancy, physiology and biochemistry of seed germination.

13hrs

UNIT III

Photosynthesis: General concepts of photosynthesis, Photosynthetic

pigments and LHCs and Photosystems, Photooxidation of Water, mechanism of electron & proton transport, Photophosphorylation. A brief description of C3, C4 and CAM plants, photorespiration.

Respiration: General aspects, Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Electron transport and ATP synthesis and alternate Oxidase system. Pentose Phosphate pathway and its significance.

13 hrs

UNIT IV

Nitrogen and Lipid Metabolism: Mechanism of Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogenase- Properties and mechanism of action.

Structure and functions of Lipids, Synthesis and Degradation of fatty acids, Glyoxylate pathway and Gluconeogenesis

Enzymes: General aspects, classification, structure and properties, kinetics and mechanism of action, Isoenzymes and Allosteric mechanism.

13hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Determination of Water potential of the tissue by falling drops method.

2. Determination of Catalase activity by Permanganate Titration method

3. Determination of alpha-amylase activity in germinating Wheat grains.

4. Estimation of total Carbohydrates by Anthrone method.

5. Estimation of Leghaemoglobin in the root nodules.

6. Estimation of total chlorophyll content and Chl a / Chl b ratio

7. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in fruits.

24

25

8. Determination of Isoelectric point (pI) of Legume Proteins.

REFERENCE

1. Buchanan, B.B. Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2004. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

of plants. I.K. International PVT., New Delhi.

2. Conn, E.E. Stumpf. Bruenning, G. and Doi, R.H. 1987. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

3. Hall, D.O. and Rao, K.K. 1999. Photosynthesis. 6th edition, Published in association with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

4. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA.

5. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and physiology of Plant Hormones. 2nd edition. Springer – Verlag, New York, USA.

6. Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E. (eds.) 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants- A Comprehensive treatise. Academic Press, New York.

7. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.

8. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2003. Plant Physiology. 3rd edition. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi/Bangalore.

9. Wilkins, M.B. 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology. Pitman publishing Ltd., London.

26

SEMESTER - II

HB - 204: PLANT BREEDING AND PROPAGATION

52 hrs

PLANT BREEDING

UNIT I

Introduction: History and scope of plant breeding

Reproduction: Modes of reproduction, Mechanism of pollination control in crop plants (self-incompatibility and male sterility).

Hybridization: Conventional breeding methods, Hybridization methods in self and cross pollinated crop plants, selection in self, cross and vegetative propagated crop plants. Backcross method and its importance in crop plants. Plant Introduction, Domestication and Acclimatization, Patterns of Evolution in crop plants, Plant Genetic resources and its importance, Sources of Germplasm utilization and conservation. Role of Global and National Organizations for crop Improvement.

13 hrs

UNIT II

Heterosis: History of Heterosis, Genetic basis of Heterosis, Homozygous and Heterozygous balance inbreeding depression and its effects.

Resistance Breeding: Breeding for resistance to Abiotic stresses – drought resistance, breeding methods and genetics of drought resistance. Breeding for resistance to biotic stresses - diseases resistance, disease development and escape, breeding methods, genetics of disease resistance. Insect resistance - Breeding methods and genetics of insect resistance.

Distant Hybridization: Introduction, barriers, techniques for the production of distant hybrids, sterility in distant hybrids, Importance of distant hybridization in crop improvement.

Quality Seeds: Classes, production, maintenance, development of seed industry, Indian seed act and Plant protection Act.

13 hrs

PROPAGATION

UNIT III

Basic concepts and principles of plant propagation: Propagating structures; Green house, Shade house, Net house, nurseries, containers for growing plants, media for propagation, treatment of soil and soil mixtures, fertilizers and sanitation.

Vegetative Propagation: Advantage and limitations, sources, selection and management of the vegetative propagation.

Clones: Source, production, viability & maintenance and genetic variability. Types of cutting, layering, grafting, budding and Hydroponics.

13 hrs

27

UNIT IV

Seed propagation: Seed production, types of seed sowing, harvesting, drying and thrashing, storage, types of storage, pathogens in storage and their control, seed health, purity, vigor, and tests to check. Dormancy types, factors affecting dormancy, methods to overcome dormancy, advantages of dormancy. Seed germination and viability tests seed protectants; priming. Coating, pelleting, Classes of seeds; breeder seeds, nuclear seeds, founder seeds, certified seeds and cultivar seeds, seed act 1966, seed certification. Liner production and hardening of seedlings, seed certification, seed act.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

PLANT BREEDING

1. Reproductive biology, Self, Cross, pollinated plants, Vegetative reproduction.

2. Hybridization, Emasculation, bagging, pollination and production of hybrids and pollen fertility.

3. Origin, distribution and centers of diversity of crop plants, Wheat, Sorghum, Rice, Chilly, Sugarcane, Cotton, Potato, Coffee, Sunflower and Groundnut.

PLANT PROPAGATION

1. Preparation of types of soil, soil mixtures and Soil bed

2. Breaking of seed dormancy and growing seedlings after treatment with hormones and light.

3. Propagate the bulbs (Allium), tubers (Potato, Begonia) corms (Gladiolus, Amorphophalus) rhizomes (Canna) and suckers (Banana).

4. Different types of layering (Simple layering, tip layering, serpentine layering, Air layering, mound layering).

5. Grafting – Whip (or splice), side and bark grafting,

6. Budding − T-budding, Inverted T-budding and chip budding.

7. Demonstrate the experiments on the propagation of succulents by cutting and Cacti by grafting.

REFERENCE

PLANT BREEDING

1. Chaudhari, H.K. 1983. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. TM.H. Publisher, Comp. New Delhi.

2. Frankel, R. and Bet Dagan. 1983. Heterosis. Springer verlag. Berlin.

3. Jain, H.K and Kharkwal, M.C. 2004. Plant breeding mendelian to molecular approaches. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

28

4. Poehlman, J.M. and Brothukar, I.B.H. 1998. Breeding of Asian Plant. Oxford and I.B.H, New Delhi.

5. Poehlman, J.M. and Sleper, D.A. 1999. Breeding Field Crops. Panima Publisher, New Delhi.

6. Ram, H. 1998. Vegetable Breeding Principles and Practices. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

7. Russel, E.G. 1978. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Butter worth, London.

8. Sharma, J.R. 1994, Principles and practice of Plant Breeding. TATA McGraw – Hill Publisher. Co. New Delhi.

9. Singh, B.D. 2003. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.

10. Sneep, J and Hendriksen. 1979. Plant breeding preparations. Puduo, Wageningn, Netherlands.

11. Stalker, H.T and Murthy, J. P (Eds) Plant breeding in the 1990’s. C.A.B. International walling ford U.K

PLANT PROPAGATION

1. Hartman, H.J. 1990. Plant Propagation: Principles and practices. Prentice Hall, New

Delhi.

2. Sadhu, M.K. 2000. Plant Propagation. New Age Publication, New Delhi.

3. Schwalz, M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydroponics. Israel University, Jerusalem.

4. Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries. Techniques, production and management. Indian Pub. New Delhi.

29

SEMESTER - II

SB - 205: METHODS IN PLANT SCIENCE 39 hrs.

UNIT I Introduction. Information resources, Literature collection and indexing, Search engines, websites and multimedia resources.

SI units and electromagnetic radiation.

Light Microscopy: History, Principles of image formation, magnification, aberrations (chromatic and geometric), resolution, contrast, illumination and types of microscopes.

Brief account of principles and application of Dark field, Phase contrast, Polarized, Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) and Fluorescent microscopy.

13 hrs.

UNIT II Electron microscopy: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Processing of plant materials for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Sectioning; Microtomy and types of Microtomes.

Histochemistry and cytochemistry: Stains, staining schedules, FISH, GISH and micrometry.

Recording observations: Camera lucida, Digital cameras, photomicrography and image analysis.

13 hrs.

UNIT III Spectroscopy, Principles and application: Beer and Lambert law, Colorimetry and spectrophotometry, Flame photometry and Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Centrifugation, Principles and application: Sedimentation coefficient, types of centrifuges.

Chromatography, Principles and application: Paper chromatography, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), 2-Dimensional chromatography, HPTLC. Detection methods. Column chromatography, gel filtration, adsorption, partition, affinity, ion exchange and HPLC. Gas chromatography.

Electrophoresis, Principles and application: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blotting. Agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern and Northern blotting.

13 hrs.

30

REFERENCE 1. Abramowitz, M. 2003. MICROSCOPE: Basics and Beyond. Volume 1. Olympus America

Inc. (http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/pdfs/basicsandbeyond.pdf)

2. Berlyn, G.P. and Miksche, J.P. 1976. Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry. Iowa state Univ. press.

3. Cox, G. 2007. Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology. Taylor & Francis, LLC.

4. Dykstra, M. J. and L. E. Reuss 2012 Biological Electron Microscopy Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

5. Goodhew, P. J. Humphreys, J. and Beanland, R. 2001. Electron Microscopy and Analysis. Taylor and Francis Inc.

6. Grey, P. 1973. Encyclopedia of microscopy and Microtechnique. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York.

7. Hegyi G. et al. 2013. Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. ELTE Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology.

8. Kiernan, J.A. and I. Mason, (Ed) 2002. Microscopy and Histology for Molecular Biologists: A User’s Guide. Portland Press Ltd.

9. Krishnamurthy KV. 1988. Methods in Plant Histochemistry. S. Vishwanath Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Chennai.

10. Murphy, D. B. and M. W. Davidson. 2013. Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging. Wiley-Blackwell.

11. Ruzin, S. E. 1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University press.

12. Wilson, K. and Walker, J. 2010. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Cambridge University Press.

31

SEMESTER - III HB - 301: CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLICULAR BIOLOGY

52 hrs

UNIT 1 Cell Theory: Historical Perspective and contemporary status.

Cell Cycle : Phases of cell cycle, functional importance of each phase, molecular events during Cell Cycle, checkpoints, role of Cyclins, Protein kinases and Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) Regulation of Cell Cycle , Cytokinesis . Meiosis and fertilization

Chromosomes: Organization, structure in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Centromere, Kinetochore complex, centromere Proteins (CENPs), Sister chromatid cohesion, Telomeres and their role in chromosome segregation. Histone code and role of non-histones. Chromosomal packaging and Gene activity

Structural variations in chromosomes: Cytogenetic implications of Deletion, Duplication, Inversions and Translocations.

13 hrs

UNIT II Mendelian Principles: Extension, Codominance , Mutiple alleles and linkage, inheritance of complex traits and non mendelian inheritance in organelle Genomes.

Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses: Bacterial mutants, genetic transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria, Genetic recombination, mapping of bacterial genome, Bacterial phage genetics, Plaque formation and Phage mutants, Recombination- lytic, lysogenic cycle and specialized transduction. Evolutionary significance of genetic exchange in Bacteria.

Population Genetics : Hardy-Weinberg concept and its application, Allele frequency, genotype frequency, amino acid variation, Molecular drive, genetic variability in population and factors responsible for variation.

13 hrs

UNIT III Molecular basis of heredity: DNA chemistry and structure, polymorphism in DNA structure; DNA replication-enzymes, mechanism of DNA replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Mutation-molecular basis, Ames test. DNA damage and repair mechanisms.

Gene: Fine structure of r II locus, Present concept, Split genes. Genetic Code -Cell free system, use of synthetic RNAs, Poly-U experiments. Overview of gene expression, central dogma, structure and function of different RNAs. Translation and protein synthesis.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Molecular methods for genome analysis: Review of organization, structure of plant genome. Physical mapping of genome, Restriction enzyme fingerprinting.

Molecular Markers: Marker Sequences Sequencing Tag sites (STS) and sequence tag connectors, Expressed Tequence Tags (ESTs), simple sequence length polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphism, PCR –Inverse PCR, Reverse transcriptase PCR, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR. Overview of functional and structural genomics, Systems biology and metagenomics.

13 hrs

32

PRACTICALS 1. Preparation of root tip squashes, by Aceto-carmine, Propiono-carmine and Aceto

orcein and Feulgen technique.

2. Preparation of PMCs to study meiosis.

a) Study of different stages of meiosis

b) Recording of Chiasma frequency (Allium cepa or any other suitable material)

3. Meiosis of structural heterozygotes- Translocation heterozygote (Rhoeo/Tradescantia/ Oenothera)

4. Karyotype study, ideogram, and karyotype formula for at least two species using Camera lucida drawings.

5. Determination of mono, dihybrid and test cross ratios.

REFERENCE 1. Alberts, B. A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Ralf, K. Robers and P. Walter. 2002. Molecular Biology of

the Cell. 4th edition, Garland science, INC.

2. Alberts, Bray, Hokins, Johnson. 2010. Essential Cell Biology. Garland Science, INC

3. Benjamin Lewin. 2004. Genes VIII. Pearson prentice Hall, INC.

4. Brown, T. A.1999. Genomes. John Wiley and Sones, PTE Ltd, INC.

5. Christopher A.Cullis 2004.Plant Genomics and protieomics.Wiley-Liss .John wiley and sons.

6. Daniel L. Hartl and Elizabeth W. Jones.1998. Genetics-Principles and Analysis.

7. David P Clark, 2013.Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition, Academic press.

8. Endow, S.A. Glower D.A. (eds.) 1998. Dynamics of cell division. Oxford University press. N.Y.

9. Goodenough, U. 1990. Genetics. Saunders college publishing. New York.

10. Grant, V.V.1982. Plant speciation. Academic press New York.

11. Jones and Barlett publishers. U.S.A.

12. Jahier, J. A.M.Chevre, R.Delourme, F. Eber, and A.M. Tanguy. 1996. Techniques of Plant Cytogenetics. Oxford & IBH Publishers Co., Pvt., Ltd. New Delhi.

13. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular biology-concepts and experiments. John Wiley and sones. New York.

14. Lodish, H., Berk, A.,Kaiser CA,Krieger M et al 2008. Moecular cell biology. Freeman WH and Co. New York.

15. Merpherson, M.J. and Moller, S.G. 2002. PCR. BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford.

16. Sharma, A.K. and Sharma A. 1984. Chromosome techniques - Theory and Practical. Butter worth’s, London.

17. Sinnott, E.W., Dunn. L.C. and Dobzhansky, T.1958. Principles of Genetics. McGraw Hill Book Company. New York.

33

SEMESTER – III

HB - 302: TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

52 hrs

UNIT I Introduction: Brief historical development – Ancient – Medieval and Modern. General account: Aims, aspects and phases of development of Taxonomy. Role of Botanical Gardens, Herbarium and Botanical Survey of India. A comparative study of Bentham and Hooker, Hutchinson and Takhtajan systems of Classification with respect to principles, outlines and phylogenetic implications.

13 hrs

UNIT II Taxonomic Evidences: Study of characters from Anatomy, Cytology Embryology, Morphology, Molecular, Palynology and Phytochemistry in relation to Taxonomy.

Species concept: Principles employed in grouping, relationship and delimitation of species, genera, family, order and classes.

13 hrs

UNIT III Nomenclature: Historical development – Principles of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN articles and recommendations.

Biosystematics – Introduction, Principle and Methods. Numerical and experimental Taxonomy. Molecular systematic and Phylogenetic methods (a brief account on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I, II and III).

13 hrs

UNIT IV Diagnostic and variability of Cronquist’s (1988) system of classification: Magnoliidae – Magnoliales and Aristolochiales Hamamelidae – Casuarinales and Urticales Caryophyllidae – Caryophylles and Plumbaginales Dilleniidae – Malvales and Ebenales Rosidae – Myrtales and Apiales Asteridae − Gentianales and Asterales Alismatidae – Alismatales and Najadales Arecidae – Arecales and Pandanales Commelinidae – Cyperales and Typhales Zingiberidae – Bromeliales and Zingiberales Liliidae – Liliales and Orchidales.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Description and derivation of a taxon to respective families of Bentham and Hooker’s systems.

2. Preparation and uses of dichotomous and Polyclave keys and use of various software packages for the online identification.

3. Study of significant characters viz., Pollinia, Thalloid angiosperms, open carpel and bulbils.

4. Taxonomic uses of primary and secondary metabolites – micro and macro molecules.

5. Field survey.

34

REFERENCE

1. Carlquist, S. 1961. Comparative Plant Anatomy: A guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of anatomical data in angiosperms. Columbia Univ. Press. New York

2. Chrispeels, M. J. and Sadava, D. 1977. Plants, Food and People. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

3. Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia, University press, New York.

4. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

5. Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert E Kriegen Publ.Co., New York.

6. Erdtman, 1952. Pollen Morphology & Plant Taxonomy. Chronica Botanica, Waltham,Mass.

7. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M. (Eds.). 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic, Press, London.

8. Huber, H. 1977. The treatment of Monocotyledons in an evolutionary system of classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. suppl.

9. Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering Plants arranged according to a new system based on their phylogeny. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

10. Lawerence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan, New York.

11. Mc. Neill, J et al (eds) 2006. International code of Botanical Nomenclature. Regnum Vegetabite 146.

12. Radford et al 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics. Harpen and Row New York.

13. Simpson, M. G. 2010. Plant Systematics. Academic Press, USA.

14. Singh, G. 2010. Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach. Science Publishers Enfield. N.H.

15. Sneath and Sokal, R. R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. WH Freeman, San Francisco.

16. Sreenath. K. P. 2009. Angiosperms Classification Systems: An analytical approach. Annadani Byrava Prakashana, Bangalore.

17. Turrill, W.B. (ed.) 1964. Embryology in relation to Taxonomy. Vistas in botany. Vol. IV Pregamon press, Oxford.

18. Wendy B. Zomlefer 2006. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. Overseas press, (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

35

SEMESTER - III

ELECTIVE - I

HB -303a: EMBRYOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

52 hrs

UNIT I

Introduction: Theoretical, comparative and experimental embryology - A general account.

Microsporangium: Syncytium and isolation, cytoplasmic reorganization, induction and control of meiosis, biochemical and ultra structural aspects of meiosis, structure and organization of Primexine.

Pollen: Structure and cytochemistry of pollen, pollen mitosis, male germ unit (MGU) concept, composition and significance, MGU in pollen grain and pollen tube, pollen specific genes, gene expression in the vegetative and generative cells, structural adaptations of pollen dispersals, pollen wall proteins and allergens, pollen viability, storage and germination.

13 hrs

UNIT II Pistil: Ultra structure and histological aspects of the style and stigma.

Female Gametophyte : Female germ unit, genetic and molecular analysis of embryo sac development, enzymatic isolation and characterization of egg cells.

Incompatibility: Intraspecific incompatibility - heteromorphic and homomorphic, GSI and SSI systems, S gene family, lnterspecific Incompatibility - Unilateral incompatibility.

Methods to overcoming incompatibility: Delayed pollination, bud pollination, intraovarian pollination, test-tube fertilization, somatic hybridization, egg transformation, ovary and embryo culture.

13 hrs

UNIT III Pollen-Pistil Interaction: Significance of pollen-pistil interaction, pollen recognition, acceptance and rejection, post pollination events, biochemistry of pollen germination, cytoskeleton of pollen tube, pollen tube entry into stigma, Pollen tube growth in style, fusion of gametes, in vitro manipulation of sperm and egg, genetic control of pollen pisti1 interaction and pollen allelopathy.

Endosperm: Relationship between endosperm, embryo and maternal tissue, endosperm-specific gene expression, histochemistry and ultra structure of endosperm and ruminate endosperm.

Embryo: Classifications of embryogeny, suspensor structure and function, chimeral embryo, embryo devoid of organs, formation of apical basal axis, establishment of radial axis and a general account of polyembryony.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Pollen Sterility: Genetic and cytoplasmic male sterility, mechanism and factors involved in male sterility, chemical induction of male sterility in hybrid seed production.

Apomixis: Embryology of gametophytic apomicts, genetics of gametophytic apomixis, apomixis and plant breeding

Fruit and Seed: Physiology of growth and development of fruit, seed types, seed coat morphology and induced parthenocarpy.

13 hrs

36

PRACTICALS

1. Processing the flower buds for microtomy employing paraffin method. Double stained micropreparations to study the following stages.

a) Types of anther development, microsporogenesis and male gametophyte.

b) Types of ovules, megasporogenesis and female gametophyte - examples from monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types.

c) Post fertilization events − Endosperm, Embryo and Seed development.

2. Tests for pollen viability − In vitro pollen germination, Tetrazolium (TTC) test.

3. Study of effect of sucrose, boron and calcium on pollen germination.

4. Estimation of percent germination and pollen tube growth.

5. Cytochemical localization of esterases on stigma surface.

6. Multiple staining for localizing pollen tubes in the pistil.

7. Isolation of globular, heart-shaped and torpedo embryos from suitable seeds by dissection.

8. Camera Lucida drawings of specific stages.

REFERENCE

1. Bhojawani, S. S. and Bhatnagar.S. P. 1979. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication,New Delhi.

2. Davis, G.L. 1995. Systematic embryology of Angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3. Heslop-harrison, J. 1971. Pollen-Development & physiology. Butterworth & Co. London.

4. Johansen, D.A. 1950. Plant embryology. Chronical botanica Co; Waltman, Mass.

5. Johri, B.M. (Ed.). 1984. Experimental embryology of vascular plants. Narosa, Publishing house, New Delhi.

6. Johri, B.M. (Ed.). 1984. Embryology of angiosperms. Springer-verlag, Berlin.

7. Johri, B. M., Ambegaokar, K. B. and Srivasta, P. S. 1992. Comparative embryology of Angiosperms. Vol. I & ll. Springer-verlag, Berlin.

8. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York.

9. Maheshwari, P. 1963. Recent advances in embryology, International society of Plant morphogists, Delhi.

10. Raghavan, V. 1979. Experimental embryogenesis of vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

11. Raghavan, V. 1977. Molecular embryology of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

12. Scott, K.R. and Stead, A.D. 1994. Molecular and cellular aspects of plant reproduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

37

SEMESTER - III

ELECTIVE - I

HB - 303b: ENVIRONMNETAL BIOLOGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

52 hrs

UNIT I Natural Disasters and Management: Brief account of Earthquakes, Tsunami, Floods, Cyclones, Volcanoes and Landslides.

Nuclear Accidents: Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi.

Acid rains: Effects on flora, fauna and historical monuments. Green house gases; Global warming and effects on climatic changes, human diseases, agriculture and forestry; Global environmental problems; Environmental Education in India; National and International Environmental organizations.

13 hrs

UNIT II Environmental toxicity: Thermal pollution and its effect on marine life and water quality; Thermal pollution from power plants and their control. Oil pollution and marine ecology, Sources, types and constituents of Electronic Waste (E-waste) and its environmental consequences. Occupational Health Hazards.

Pollution case studies: Bhopal Gas Tragedy, The Ganga River Pollution, London Smog Disaster.

Management of Environmental pollution: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); The Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981; The Environment (protection) Act 1986.

13 hrs

UNIT III Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-renewable energy sources. Conventional energy sources: Coal, Oil, and Natural gas. Non-conventional energy sources: Solar and Wind. Biological energy resources: Biofuels. Soil erosion and Desertification.

Water resource scenario in India; Major Mineral resources of India; Mining and its impact on environment.

General account of Forests of India. Non-wood forest products (NWFP) for sustainable livelihoods.

Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB); FAO mandate in fighting hunger in developing countries. World Food Programme (WFP); Sustainable Development.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Biodiversity and Conservation: Concept, definition and scope of biodiversity; Genetic and Species diversity; In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biological diversity; Biosphere reserves in India; indicator species; biopiracy and bioweapons. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).

General account of biodiversity in Western Ghats. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Mauritius and Sri Lanka. Wildlife management in India; Man - Wild life conflicts; Concept of Ecotourism and its relevance to Biodiversity conservation. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Remote sensing application in Ecosystem Management. The Biological Diversity Act 2002; The Wild Life (Protection Act) 1972. Sacred groves; UNESECO heritage sites; IUCN Red Data.

13 hrs

38

PRACTICALS 1. Determination of DO, BOD and COD of water

2. Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS) of Ground and Surface water

3. Estimation of amount of phosphate, sulphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, iron, Magnesium, Calcium in the Ground and Surface water.

4. Estimation of Ca, Mg, Organic matter and phosphates in soil.

5. Estimation of foliar dust deposition in samples collected from sites exposed to air pollution.

6. Determination of settled particulate matter in air.

7. Testing of water quality (coliform test) MPN/H2S method

8. Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the environment.

9. Mapping of vegetation of selected region by using Remote sensing data.

10. Compulsory field visits to any one of the following places for on-spot biodiversity assessment and to prepare status report (maximum 5 days):

a. Biodiversity hotspots in India.

b. Endemic and endangered species of the region mentioned in the syllabus.

c. Costal areas.

REFERENCE

1. Agarwal, K.C. 2001. Environmental Biology. Nidi Publications Ltd. Bikaner, India.

2. Anonymous Pollution control Acts: Rules and notifications issued there under. Central Pollution. Control Board, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 501 pp

3. Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbiology - Fundamentals and Applications. MacMilan Co. London

4. Canter, L.W. 1994. Environmental Impact Assessment. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York

5. Carless Jennifer, 1993 Renewable Energy: A concise Guide to Green alternative. Walker, New York.

6. Daniel, D. 2008. Environmental Microbiology, Tata Mc.Graw Hill publishing Compnay Ltd., New Delhi, IV Editiion.'

7. Daniel, D. 2008. Environmental Science, creating a sustainable future, VI Edition, Jones and Bartett, Publisher.

8. Gleick, H. 1993. Water in Crisis, Pacific Institute of Studies in Development, Environment and Security. Stockholm Env. Institute. Oxford University Press. New York.

9. Heywood, V. H. & Watson, R. T. l995 Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press.UK

10. Hunter, Malcolm L. Jr. 1990. Wildlife, Forests and Forestry: Principles of Managing forests for biodiversity. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall. London.

11. IUCN, UNEP and WWF. 1991. Caring for the earth: A strategies for sustainable living. Earth Scan, London.

39

12. Jadhav, H. and Watson, R.T. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Moeller Dave, W. 1992. Environmental Health. Harvard University. U.K.

13. Mc Eldownery, S., Hardman,D.J. and Stephen Waite. 1993. Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment. Longman Scientific and Technology, England.

14. Oehme, W. F. 1998. Toxicology of heavy metals in environment, Marcel Dakkar Inc. New York.

15. Perry, G. 1980. Introduction of Environmental Toxicology. Elsevier, Netherlands.

16. Rao, M. N. and Datta, A.K. 1987. Waste water treatment. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

17. Richard, T. Wright and Bemard, J. Nebel 2002. Environmental Science: Towards a Sustainable Future. Prentice Hall, London.

18. Sharma, P. D. 2005. Environmental Toxicology, Rastogi and Company.

19. Smith, R. L. 1994. Ecology and Field Biology. Harper & Raw Publications, New York.

20. Trivedi, R. K. 1995. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology. Ashish Publishing, House, New Delhi.

21. UNDP. 1992. Global Biodiversity Strategy. World Resources Institute. Washington DC.

22. Wagner, K. D. 1998. Environmental Management. W.B. -Saundars Co. Philadelphia, USA.

40

SEMESTER - III

ELECTIVE - I

HB - 303c: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

52 hrs

UNIT I Membrane transport: Structure and properties of water, interaction of water with major cell components (Proteins and Lipids). Process of water movement (Osmosis, Diffusion, Bulk flow) and water transport proteins (Channels and aquaporins), Mechanisms of transport of ions and small molecules across membranes (Facilitated diffusion, and Active transport)

Translocation in the Phloem: The mechanism of translocation in phloem: The Pressure-Flow Model, Phloem loading (from Chloroplasts to sieve elements), Phloem unloading (sink- to source transition), Photosynthate allocation and Partitioning.

13 hrs

UNIT II Photosynthesis: The light reactions and Carbon assimilation reactions − an Overview, Mechanisms of electron and proton transport and ATP Synthesis in the chloroplast. The Calvin cycle, photosynthetic Oxidative carbon cycle (Photorespiration), the C4 Carbon Cycle, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Synthesis of starch.

Light control of Plant Development: Phytochrome- Photochemical and Biochemical properties, Phytochrome-induced whole plant responses, cellular and molecular mechanisms of phytochrome

Blue light responses: The photobiology of blue light responses (Phototropism, Stomatal opening, Osmotic relations of guard cells).

Blue light photoreceptors (Cryptochromes, Phototropins, Zeaxanthin) and Signal transduction.

13 hrs

UNIT III Photobiology and Signal transduction: Photoperiodism and Vernalization. Floral stimulus, Biochemical signaling in flowering, Circadian rhythms, Characteristics of signaling molecules and Signal receptors of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acids. Signal transduction, Molecular mechanisms of action of photoreceptors, G-Proteins, Phospholipid signaling, role of cyclic nucleotides, calcium-calmodulin cascade, Protein Kinases, Phosphatases and specific signaling mechanism.

13hrs

UNIT IV Secondary metabolites and Plant Defense: Structure, role and mode of action of Terpenes, Phenolic compounds, and Nitrogen containing compounds (Alkaloids, Cynogenic glucosides and Non-protein aminoacids) in Defense mechanism.

Stress Physiology: Plant responses and adaptations to abiotic stresses (Freezing stress, Heat Stress, Salinity stress, water deficit and oxygen deficiency),Osmotic adjustments and its role in tolerance to drought and salinity.

13 hrs

41

PRACTICALS 1. Effect of temperature on Water potential of potato tuber.

2. Extraction and Estimation of seed proteins depending upon their solubility following Lowry et al method.

3. Extraction of Chloroplast pigments from leaves and preparation of their absorption spectra.

4. Effect of substrate concentration on activity of the enzyme Succinic dehydrogenase and determination of its Km value.

5. Estimation of total Phenolics in the leaf material.

6. Estimation of Proline in leaf material.

7. Separation of amino acid mixture by TLC.

8. Separation of the Phenolic mixture by TLC.

9. SDS-PAGE of proteins extracted from the given plant materials and comparison of their profile by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue or Silver Nitrate. .

PROJECT REPORT

Students have to carry out a small project on any topic from the syllabus in groups or individuals and submit a project report to be assessed for 5 Marks.

REFERENCE 1. Buchanan, B. B. Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. L. 2004. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

of plants. I. K. International PVT., New Delhi,

2. Dey and Harborne, J. B. (Eds.) 1977. Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.

3. Hall, D. O. and Rao, K. K. 1999. Photosynthesis. 6th edition, Published in association with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.

4. Harborne, T. C. 1981. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman & Hall, London.

5. Moore, T. C. 1989. Biochemistry and physiology of .Plant Hormones. 2nd edition. Springer – Verlag, New York, USA.

6. Moore, T. C. 1974. Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual. Springer. Verlag, Berlin.

7. Mukherji, S and Ghosh, A. K. 2005 Plant Physilogy. New Central Book Agency Pvt Ltd. Kolkata, India.

8. Plummer, D.T. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

9. Purohit, S.S. 2009. Biochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Agrobios (India).

10. Singhal, G.S. Renger, G. Sopory, S.K., Irrang, K.D. and Govindjee. 1999. Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

42

11. Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E. (eds.) 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants- A Comprehensive treatise. Academic Press, New York.

12. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.

13. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2004. Plant Physiology. 3rd edition. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi/Bangalore.

14. Thomas, B. and Vince- Prue, D. 1997. Photoperiodism in plants. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.

15. Wilkins, M.B. (Ed.). 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology. Pitman publishing Ltd., London.

16. Wilson, K. and Goulding, K.H. (Eds.). 1986. A Biologists Guide to Principles and Techniques of practical Biochemistry. Edward Arnold, London, UK.

43

SEMESTER - III

SB - 304: POLLINATION ECOLOGY

26 hrs

UNIT I Introduction to pollination; Plant -Pollinator interactions; Plant-Pollinator co evolution; Pollinator syndrome types; pollinator vision; colour discrimination; Floral structure ; Floral rewards : nectar, pollen, oil, floral fragrances, wax and resins; Nectar and its composition; pollinators vs. nectar robbers; Mimicry in Plants; Role of pollinators in plant reproduction and conservation. Important nectar yielding plants.

13 hrs

UNIT II Beekeeping and honey production; Economic value of Pollination; wild bees in the Becosystem; Pollination requirements for agric-horticultural crops in Karnataka; General accountof native pollinators; Bats and birds as pollinators; Environmental factors and foraging behaviour; Methods of collecting pollen and nectar from Pollinators. Bee pollen in health care. Conservation and management of pollinators for Ecosystem services.

13 hrs

REFERENCE

1. Abrol, D. A, 2012. Pollination Biology: Biodiversity conservation and gricultural production. Springer Publishers, Berlin.

2. Abrol, D. P. 2009 Bees and Bee keeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India.

3. Atwal A. S. 1970. Insect pollinators of crops. Punjab Agricultural University Press, Ludhiana.

4. Buchmann. S. L, and Nabhan. G P 1996. The Forgotten Pollinators. Island Press, Washington, DC

5. Cale, G. 1963. Management of honey production. In The Hive and the Honeybee, Dadant and Sons, Inc. Missouri, USA

6. Carol Ann Kearns and David W. Inouye 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, USA.

7. Crane 1975. Honey -A comprehensive survey. Hennemann, London

8. Crane, 1989. Bees and Bee keeping Science, Practice and World Resources. Oxford:Heineman Newness.

9. Crane, E. and Walker. P 1984 Pollination Directory of World Crops. International Bee Research Association (IBRA), London.

10. Harder, L A, and Barrett. S. 2006. The Ecology and Evolution of Flowers. The Oxford University Press.

11. Sihag, R. C. 1997 Pollinator Biology. Rajendra Scientific Publishers, Hisar, Haryana.

12. Willmer, P. 2011 Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press

44

SEMESTER - III

SB - 304: SEED SCIENCE

26 hrs

UNIT I Seed structure and biology: Structure of dicot and monocot seeds; Types of Seeds − apomictic seeds, polyembryonic seeds; parthenocarpy, somatic embryos, synthetic seeds; heirloom varieties, orthodox and recalcitrant seeds; seed treatments; seed protectants, priming, coating, pelleting, germination enhancers. Seed quality, health and vigour, significance and tests; physical and genetic purity tests.

Seed germination and viability: Factors affecting germination and viability tests, different media for germination.

Seed production: Types of soils, seed sowing methods for vegetable, fruit, flower and field crops; natural and synthetic fertilizers, biofertilizers.

13 hrs

UNIT II Principles of seed processing: Harvesting, drying, thrashing, stratification; Seed storage, cryopreservation; factors affecting seed storage; seed deterioration and methods of control; seed banks; seed borne pests and diseases and their control in seeds of vegetable, fruit, oil, fibre, millet, pulse and cereal crops; use of biopesticides and botanicals; Seed sampling; classes of seeds, breeders’ seed, nuclear seeds, certified seeds, founder seeds, cultivar seeds; seed certification; submission procedure for seed certification; Seed Act, 1966 and The Seeds Bill, 2004.

Plant quarantine and protection of new varieties, hybrids and genetically engineered varieties, significance of protection; Indian and UPOV (Union for protection of new varieties) regulations and patenting.

13 hrs

REFERENCE

1. Basra, A.S. (Ed.) 2006. Handbook of Seed Science and Technology. Food Product Press and Hawthorne Press, New York.

2. Bench. A.L.R. and Sanchez, R.A. 2004. Handbook of Seed Physiology: Applications to agriculture. Food Product Press and Hawthorn Press, Binghamtown, USA.

3. Bhojwani, S. S. and Bhatnagar, S. P. 1999. The Embryology of Angiosperm. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Black, M., Bewley, D. and Halmer, P. 2006. The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology and Uses. CABI, Wallingford, UK.

5. Chhabra, A.K. 2006. Practical Manual of Floral Biology of Crop Plants. CCS, HAU, Hissar.

6. Chopra, V.L. 2001.Plant Breeding Field crops. Oxford IBH Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

7. Copeland, L.O. and McDonald, M.B. 2001. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Chapman & Hall. (Place not mentioned)

8. Desai, B.B. 2004. Seeds Handbook: Processing and Storage, CRC Press.

9. ISTA. 2006. Seed Testing Manual. ISTA, Switzerland.

45

10. Karuna, V. 2007. Seed Health Testing. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.

11. Kundu, K.K. and Suhag, K.S. 2006. Teaching Manual on Seed Marketing and Management. CCS, HAU, Hisar.

12. Poehlman, J.M. and Sleper, D.A. 2006. Breeding Field Crops. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

13. Singh, B.D. 2006. Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishsers, Ludhiana.

14. Singhal, N.C. 2003. Hybrid Seed Production in Field Crops. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.

SEMESTER - III

OB - 305: ETHNOBOTANY

52 hrs

UNIT I Introduction of Botany: Overall structures of the plants, its parts and various terminologies. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Ethnobotany: History and importance of ethnobotany, ethnomedicobotany, ethnozoology, ethnoveterinary, ethnomusicology and ethnoagriculture and methods of studies. Tribals of Karnataka and their socio - cultural practices.

13 hrs

UNIT II Indigenous Phytotheraphy: Jaundice, skin, nervous disorders, respiratory and intestinal disorders and rejuvenation; scientific validation of folk claims.

Traditional plants: Cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices, and mushrooms. Edible fruits and seeds. Plants in folk songs and proverbs.

13 hrs

UNIT III Conservation and management: Sacred groves, impact of modernization, a case study sholiga tribes of B. R hills and Khani tribals of Kerala.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Traditional systems: Basic concepts and development of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Tibetian systems of medicine.

A general account on the traditional uses of plants and animals with reference to Karnataka State tribals.

13hrs

REFERENCE

1. Cotton, C.M. 1996. Ethnobotany - Principles and Applications, Century School Book by

service Film setting Ltd.

2. Dahlgren. R. H., Clifford, T and P. F Yeo 1985. The families of the monocotyledons; structure, Evolution and Taxonomy. SpingerVerlag, NY.

3. Gary J, Martin, 2004. Ethnobotany - A Methods Manual, Chapman and Hall. UK.

4. Jain S. K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH, NewDelhi

5. Jain S.K.1987. A manual of ethnobotany. Scientific publisher Jodhpur.

6. Jain S.K and Mundgal , 1999. Handbook of ethnobotany. London.

7. Pursrglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops- Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic communities.

8. Rao, P. 1996. Sacred groves and conservation. WWF – India, Quartely 7 ; 4 -8

9. Trivedi, P. C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethanobotanical Approach, Agriobios, India.

10. Yoganarasimhan, S.N. Medicinal Plants of India -Vol I- Karnataka, Interline Publishing Pvt. Ltd.

46

47

SEMESTER - III

OB - 305: NUTRICEUTICALS

52 hrs

UNIT I Nutriceuticals as science: Importance of nutriceuticals in human health; basic food types, cultural diets, fast foods, street foods, junk foods; functional foods; food pyramids; classification of nutrients and their functions; anti-nutritional factors. Industrial fortification, forms of nutrient supplementation, vitamin and mineral supplements; biofortification, fortified crops; Golden Rice; energy drinks and infant food formulae; dietary supplements, health benefits; nutriceuticals on the market.

13 hrs

UNIT II Plant and animal based nutriceuticals: Antioxidants, saponins, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, amino acids, gum and resins, chitin, chitosan, glucosamine, chondroitin, cod liver oil; Algal nutriceuticals (Spirulina, Sea weeds); Bacterial nutriceuticals, Probiotics (youghurt), Prebiotics and Synbiotics; fermented foods in health care. Lipid, carbohydrate and protein based nutriceuticals; dietary fibers, source and health benefits. Recommended Daily Allowances.

13 hrs

UNIT III Neutriceuticals in health and disease: In preventive and protective medicine, in cancer treatment, cholesterol and obesity control. Nutriceuticals from home garden (Aloe, Honey, Turmeric, Saffron, Ginseng, Neem, fruits, spices, herbs, Bramhi, Tulasi, Bitter guard, Fenugreek, Asafoetida, Ginger, Pepper, Garlic, Onion, Betel leaves). Diets in pregnancy, geriatric diets, paediatric diets; diets in diabetes and hypertension. Cosmeceuticals, plant based cosmeceutics in skin, hair, eye and dental care.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Legal control of food safety and standards: National and international regulation of food and nutriceutical standards.

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India: Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, Indian National Codex Committee, US Foods and Drugs Administration, Codex Alimentarius Commission.

13 hrs

REFERENCE

1. Bagchi, D., Lau, F.C. and Ghosh, D.K. (Eds.). 2010. Biotechnology in functional foods and nutraceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

2. Duggan, C., Watkins, J.B. and Walker, W.A. (Eds.). 2008. Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science and clinical applications. People’s Medical Publishing House, Hamilton, USA.

3. Government of Canada, 2013. Nutraceuticals / Functional Foods and Health Claims on Foods. Policy Paper. Hasler, C.M. (Ed.) 2005. Regulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals: A global perspective. IFT Press and Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA.

4. Katsilambros, K. 2011. Clinical nutrition in practice. John Wiley & Sons, New York. USA.

5. Nestle, M. 2002. Food politics. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.

http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302477.html?query=Clare+M.+Hasler

48

6. Pathak, Y.V. (Ed.) 2010.Handbook of nutraceuticals. vol. 1: Ingredients, formulations, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

7. Shahidi, F. and Naczk, M. (EDs.) 2003. Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

8. Shahidi, F. and Weerasinghe, D.K. (Eds.) 2004. Nutraceutical beverages: Chemistry, nutrition, and health effects. American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., USA.

9. Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A., Shike, M. and Ross, A.C. (Eds.) 1999. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.

10. UNICEF. 2013. Improving child nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress. Wildman, R.E.C., Wildman, R. and Wallace, T.C. 2006. Handbook of nutraceuticals and functional foods. 2 edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

11. Winter, H.G. and Tucson, A.Z. 1998.Vitamins, herbs, minerals and supplements: the complete guide. Fischer Books, USA.

12. World Health Organization. 2007. Community based management of severe acute malnutrition. The World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children’s Fund. Official Websites of Food Safety and Standards Authority of India and Codex Alimentarius Commission.

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1/183-4221977-7719128?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Robert%20E.C.%20Wildman&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2/183-4221977-7719128?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Robert%20Wildman&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_3/183-4221977-7719128?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Taylor%20C.%20Wallace&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

SEMESTER - IV

HB - 401: ECONOMIC BOTANY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY

52 hrs

ECONOMIC BOTANY

UNIT I Introduction: Plants in commerce and industry.

General account: History, methods of cultivation and uses - Rice, Wheat, maize, Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sunflower, Safflower, Groundnut, Lin seed, Cotton, Jute, Coconut, Agave, Teak, Mahagony and Vegetable sponges.

13 hrs

UNIT II Family, useful parts and Chemical constituents: Cardamom, Cinnamom, Clove, Ginger, Pepper, Coriander, Fennel, Henna, Indigofera, Butea, Arecanut, Beetle Leaf, Tobacco, Turmeric and Vanilla,

Herbal drugs: Roots, stem, wood, leaves, flowers, fruits and seed.

13 hrs

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

UNIT III Extraction, Isolation and purification of herbal drugs: General methods of extraction, Isolation, Characterization and Identification of selected herbal drugs.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Phytochemical screening: Classification and structures of Alkaloids, phenols, saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, cyanogenic compounds, gums and mucilages.

Biotechnology in herbal drugs: Current trend in herbal medicine, types of DNA markers in plant genome analysis.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

ECONOMIC BOTANY

1. Field Survey for collection of economically important plants of the region.

2. Study of locally available economic products of plant origin.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

1. Qualitative phytochemical screening of a. Phenolics b. Tannins c. Saponins

49

50

REFERENCE

1. Bhushan Patwardhan, 2007. Drug Discovery and Development, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

2. Biren Shah and Seth, A. K. 2010. Text Book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., Haryana, India.

3. Kocchar, H. L. 1998. Economic Botany of the tropics, 2 Edn. Macmillan India Ltd., India.

4. Sharma, O.P. 1996. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. AF Hill, Adopted by O. P Sharma)’ Tata Mc Graw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Rashtra Vardhana, 2009. Economic Botany, Super Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Pandey, B.P. 2000. Economic Botany, S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Pandey, S.N. and Chandha, A. 1999. Economic Botany, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

8. Raman, N. 2006. Phytochemical Techniques, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

9. Wagner, H. and Bladt, S. Plant Drug Analysis, Pharma book Syndicate, Hyderabad, India.

SEMESTER - IV

HB - 402: PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE

52 hrs

History and applications of Plant Tissue Culture: Concept and development of tissue culture, role of auxins and cytokinins, improvement of media and recent advances in plant tissue culture. Requirement for Tissue Culture: Basic laboratory organization, instruments and equipments, culture media. Aseptic Manipulation: Composition of media, media preparation, selection of media, sterilization of culture vessels, instruments, media, explants and transfer to media.

UNIT I 13 hrs

Concept of Cellular Totipotency: Vascular and organogenic differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, totipotency of epidermal and crown gall cells.

Clonal Propagation: Technique, multiplication by axillary, apical and adventitious shoots, factors influencing shoot multiplication and rooting and acclimatization of plants transferred to soil.

Organ, tissue and cell culture:

a) Organ Culture: Leaf, Root, Flower, Anther, Pollen, Ovary, Ovule and Embryo,

b) Tissue Culture: Meristem, Nucellus and Endosperm.

UNIT II 13 hrs

c) Cell Culture: General account of single cell culture.

Somatic Embryogenesis: Types, embryo maturation and plantlet development, factors affecting somatic embryogenesis and practical applications of somatic embryogenesis. In vitro Pollination and Fertilization: Methodology, factors affecting seed setting after in vitro pollination and applications of in vitro pollination. Protoplast Culture: Isolation of protoplast, methods, source, culture, media, regeneration and protoplast fusion, somatic hybrids, cybrid production and their practical application.

UNIT III 13 hrs

Somaclonal and Gametoclonal Variations: Source of materials, culture conditions, molecular basis of variation, isolation of variants, disease resistant, herbicide resistant and stress tolerant lines.

Role of Tissue Culture in Germplasm conservation: Need for in vitro conservation, modes of conservation, cryopreservation, low pressure and low oxygen storage, multiplication through callus cultures, artificial seed

UNIT IV

Industrial application with particular reference to secondary metabolites: Techniques of selecting cell lines for high yields of compounds of secondary metabolites, mass cultivation of plant cells, Bioreactors, Elicitor – induced accumulation of products, factors limiting large scale production of useful components, application of tissue culture for synthesis of useful compounds.

13 hrs

51

52

PRACTICALS 1. In vitro morphogenetic studies on any one plant system (Seed culture, multiplication

of shoots, rooting and hardening)

2. Isolation of explants, establishment, subculture and maintenance of callus.

3. Morphology of callus cells (callus smear preparation) and histological aspects (microtomy).

4. Preparation of synthetic seeds.

REFERENCE 1. Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes published

time to time. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

2. Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture: Applications and limitations. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

3. Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

4. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical approach. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. U.K.

5. Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.). Handbook of Plant cell culture series. Vol. 1-6, McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York.

6. Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, fundamental methods. Springer International student edition. New Delhi.

7. George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture Part 1 & 2,.Exegetics Ltd. Great Britain, U.K.

8. Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ culture – A symposium, Intern. Soc. Plant Morphologists, New Delhi.

9. Razdan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to plant tissue culture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

10. Reinert, J.R. and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

11. Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement. Plenum Press, New York.

12. Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture. Academic Press, Berkeley, University of California. USA.

13. Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

14. Vasil, I.K. (Ed.). Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, various volumes. Academic Publishers, Orlando.

53

SEMESTER - IV

HB - 403: BIOTECHNOLOGY

52 hrs

UNIT I Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology, Biotechnology scenario in India.

Recombinant DNA - I :

Enzymes used in genetic engineering: Restriction Endonucleases, Ligases, Polymerases, Kinases and Phosphatases, DNA Methylases and Topoisomerases.

Use of vectors in cloning: Plasmids, Phages, Cosmids, ssDNA vectors, BAC, YAC, MACs. Expression Vectors, Sequencing vectors, Vectors for cloning PCR products, Binary and Shuttle Vectors. Improved Agrobacterium based Vectors and Virus based vectors for plants.

13 hrs

UNIT II Recombinant DNA - II: Methods of DNA delivery: PEG mediated DNA uptake, electroporation, Biolistic transfer, Microinjection, organelle transformation, Mechanism of integration of foreign DNA into plant genomes.

Genomic and cDNA libraries: Construction, size, full length cDNA cloning, RT-PCR, RACE.

Nucleic acid hybridization- Southern and Northern blotting techniques.

13hrs

UNIT III

Plant Biotechnology - I :

Brief history and applications of Plant Tissue Culture, Requirements of Tissue culture and Aseptic manipulation

Micropropagation and its importance

Pollen biotechnology, production of haploids and their importance.

Single cell culture and secondary metabolite production, Industrial applications of secondary products, hairy root cultures.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Enzyme Biotechnology: Isolation, purification, immobilization and uses of enzymes. Production of amylases, proteases and lipases. Microbial Biotechnology:Production of organic compounds by fermentation: ethanol, acetone and butanol. Production of antibiotics - Pencillin Production of Single Cell Proteins - Spirulina and Chlorella. Production of Biofertilizers - Azatobactor and Rhizobium Production of Bioinsecticides - Bacillus thuringiensis and NPV Safety, social, moral and ethical consideration, IPR

13 hrs

54

PRACTICALS

1. Study of fermentation by wine production.

2. Isolation of DNA and restriction enzyme digestion.

3. Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments.

4. Isolation of amylase producing bacteria

REFERENCE

1. Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) 1978. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes published time to time. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

2. Bernard. R glick and Jack J. Pasternak, 2000. Molecular Principles and Applications. 2nd edition, ASM Press, Washington: DC

3. Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture: Applications and limitations. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

4. Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

5. Brown, T.A. 1994. Gene cloning. Chapman and Hall Pub. New York.

6. Christopher, H. 1995. Gene cloning and manipulation.Cambridge University press. Cambridge, U.K.

7. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical approach. 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

8. Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.). Handbook of Plant cell culture series. Vol. 1-6, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New York.

9. Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, fundamental methods. Springer International student edition. New York.

10. George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture. Part 1 & 2, Exegetics Ltd. Southampton, England.

11. Glick B.R. and Pastermak, J.J. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of recombinant DNA. American society of microbiology. Washington DC.

12. Greene, J.J. and Rao, V.S. 1998. Recombinant DNA – Principles and Methodologies.Marcel Dekker, New York. 1998.

13. Harvey W. Blanch, Stephen Drew and Deniel, I.C. Wang. 2004. Comparative Biotechnology. Vol. III, Elsvier Publication.

14. Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ culture – A symposium. Soc. Plant Morphologist, New Delhi.

15. Neelima Rajvadya and DilipKumar Markandey, 2004. Applied Microbiology. Vol. II & V, A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. 5th edition, 1994. Principles of gene manipulations. Blackwell Science. London

55

16. Primrose, S.B, Twyman R.M. and Old, R.W. 2001. Principles of gene manipulation. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

17. Razdan, M.K. 1993. An Introduction to plant tissue culture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

18. Reinert, J.R., and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

19. Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement. Plenum Press, New York.

20. Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture. Academic Press, Berkeley, University of California.

21. Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

22. Vasil, I.K. (Ed.). Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, various volumes. Academic Publishers, Orlando.

23. Yeoman, M.M. 1985. Practical Cell culture technology. Blackwell Scientific Pub.

56

SEMESTER - IV

ELECTIVE - II

HB - 404a: CYTOGENETICS

52hrs

UNIT I Introduction: Inheritance of variation, chromosome theory of inheritance,

The gene since Mendel: Bar locus in Drosophila, Pseudoalleles and complex loci, complementation, one gene-one enzyme, one cistron-one polypeptide chain, colinearity of gene and polypeptide, overlapping and contained genes.

Transposons: Bacterial, Maize, Drosophila, Retrotransposons and its evolutionary significance.

13 hrs

UNIT II Karyotype: Evolution of Karyotype, C-value Paradox, Centric fission and fusion, Structural Heterozygosity in Oenothera and Rhoeo. Numerical variation in chromosomes: Euploidy, Haploidy and Polyploidy- Causes and consequences with examples, Aneuploidy - Causes and consequences with examples from plants, Drosophila and man.

Transcription: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic RNA polymerase, Sigma factor, initiation, elongation and termination.

RNA Processing: Capping and polyadenylation. RNA Splicing and Spliceosome. RNA editing, mRNA degradation. Inteins and protein splicing.

Regulation of gene expression: Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes, Lac operon, Positive and negative control, attenuation, trp operon.

Transcriptional regulation in Eukaryotes, Transcription factors and Eukaryotic gene regulation, Environmental stimuli that activate gene expression, DNA amplification. Epigenetics- DNA methylation and gene rearrangements, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing.

13 hrs

UNIT III Structural Genomics: Basic DNA sequencing, assembly of a contiguous DNA sequence, shot gun approach-clone, contiguous approach, direct shot gun approach, automated sequencing. Pyrosequencing, cycle array sequencing.

Functional Genomics: ORF's, Transcriptomes, Microarray, Gene disruption knockouts. Antisense and RNA interference (RNAi), Analysis of gene expression, SAGE

Comparative genomics of: Human, Drosophila, Yeast, Arabidopsis, Caenorhabditis elegans genomes.

Proteomics: Proteome, separation and identification, protein tagging

13 hrs

57

systems, expression profiling, protein microarray, protein-protein interaction-yeast two hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation.

UNIT IV Programmed cell death: Programmed cell death in plant systems and its regulation.

Cancer: Genetic basis, cell cycle and cancer, carcinogens and caretaker genes in cancer

Genetic Engineering: Transgenic plants- advantages and hazards. Genetic Screens- Classical methods of design, induction by ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) and fast neutron radiation (FNR). Gene traps - Promoter and enhancer traps. Reporter gene insertion- green fluorescent protein (GFP).

Genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium: a) Crown gall disease b) Genetic architecture of Ti plasmids, c) Plant wound signals and Control of Vir gene expression d) Molecular mechanism of T-DNA transfer e) Production of transgenic and Transplastomic plants.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Preparation of Karyotype using Feulgen technique: Allium cepa, 2. Karyotype study: Allopolyploids, Aneuploids, Asymmetry index and B Chromosoms. 3. Banding techniques- C-banding/ G-banding. 4. Induction of poyploidy by Colchicine treatment. 5. Mutation induction by EMS and MMS treatment. 6. Isolation of genomic DNA using CTAB method.

REFERENCE 1. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson J.D. 2002. Molecular Biology of the

cell. 4th Edition, Garland Publishers, NY.

2. Adrian Slater, Nigel Sacatt and Mark fowler. 2004. Plant bio-technology: The genetic manipulation of plants. Oxford Univ. press. New Delhi.

3. Christopher H. 1995. Gene cloning and manipulation. Cambridge Univ. press. Cambridge, U.K.

4. Cooper GM. 1997. The Cell: A Molecular approach. ASM Press, USA.

5. Fukui K, Nakayama S. 1996. The Plant chromosomes: Laboratory methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

6. Glick BR, Patemark J.J. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and applications of recombinant DNA. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC.

7. Hartl D.L, Freifelder D, and Synder La. 1988. Basic genetics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc.

58

8. Lewin B. 2000 1996. Gene structure and expression. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, U.K.

9. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky Sl, Matsidaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. 2000. Molecular cell biology. Freeman & Co. New York.

10. Ralph Rapley & John M. Walker 1998. Molecular bio methods hand book Humana Press, New Jersey.

11. Sharma AK, Sharma A. 1999. Plant Chromosomes: Analysis, Manipulation and Engineering. Harwood academic Press Publishers.

12. Snustard P, D, Simmons M, J, 2000. Principles of Genetics, 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons, New York.

13. Tamarin R. M.2000. Principles of Genetics. 6th edition. WMC. Brown publication Co. London.

14. Walker J. M and Gingold E.B (Eds.) 1988. Molecular biology and biotechnology. Royal society of Chemistry, London .

15. Vinnacker El. 1987. From genes to clones. VCH, Germany.

16. Watson J. D, Gilman M, witkowski J and Zoller M. 1992. Recombinant DNA. Freeman & Co. New York.

59

SEMESTER - IV

ELECTIVE - II

HB - 404b: MICROBIOLOGY

52 hrs

UNIT I History and scope of microbiology: Principles of microbial taxonomy, Classification of viruses, bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi.

Bacteriophages and Cyanophages: Discovery and the development of knowledge on bacteriophages; morphology, infection and replication of phages; DNA phages and RNA phages; lysogeny; use of phages in molecular biology and biological control of bacterial diseases; A brief account of cyanophages; study of tumor, AIDS (HIV), Hepatitis-B viruses and NPV.

13 hrs

UNIT II Soil mycoflora: The composition of the soil mycoflora; microbial interactions; Interactions between plants and microbes; symbiotic bacteria, non-symbiotic bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter, Bacillus megatherium); plant growth promoting microbes Phosphate solubilizers and PGPR’s, and their importance. Microbes as biogeochemical agents: Cycles of nitrogen, carbon and sulphur. Organic matter decomposition and humus formation, and its importance in agriculture.

13hrs

UNIT III Mycorrhiza – Biology of ecto and endomycorrhiza, AMF and their importance in phosphate uptake, present and future value of mycorrhizal inoculants in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Microbial inoculants of crop plants in agrochemical industry, current commercial status of microbial products, barriers in their commercialization, and market opportunities.

13hrs

UNIT IV Fermentation technology: Bioreactors; media and inoculum preparation: Organic acid fermentation; industrial production of vinegar, gluconic acid and steroids and production of antibiotics: Penicillin, Streptomycin. Pasteurization; spoilage of food and grain by microbes, and food poisoning. A general account of extremophiles (microbes in extreme environments: caves, snow, hot water springs and deep oceans)

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Staining techniques-Differential, Endospore, Capsule, Cell wall vital stains: Negative staining, flagella, spore, nuclear.

2. Preparation of media and methods of isolation of microbes.

3. Pure culture techniques-Preparation of slants, sub culturing, type of streaking.

4. Isolation of microbial population from soil and root nodules of legumes

5. Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria. Catalase, IMVIC, Motility, Pigmentation, Gelatin test, Urease, Lactose and Starch hydrolysis.

6. Observation of VAM fungi in root and soil

7. Extraction and separation of aflatoxins by paper chromatography.

60

8. Slide agglutination tests.

9. Blood grouping and RH typing.

10. Study of Market diseases of fruits and vegetables.

11. Isolation of symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing microorganisms.

REFERENCE

1. Ananthanarayanan, R and C.K.G. Paniker, 2004. Textbook of Microbiology. Orient Longman Pvt.Ltd.,

2. Arora,D.R, 2004. Textbook of Microbiology, CBS.

3. Dubey, R.C. and D,K.Maheshwari, 2007. A textbook of Microbiology, S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.

4. Edward Alcame. Fundamentals of Microbiology. Benjamin Cumming publishing company, Canada, 1997.

5. Pelczar, J.R., Chan, B.C.S and Kreij, N.R.1993. Microbiology. Mc Graw Hill Inc. New Delhi.

6. Prescott .L.M., Harley, J.P and Klein. D.A 1996. Microbiology.WMC Brown Publishers. New Delhi.

7. Sullia, S.B and S.Shantharam, 1998. General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH publishing Co., Pvt, Ltd, New Delhi.

8. Michel, J. Pelczar, JR.E.C. Channoel, R.Krieg, 2005. Microbiology, Mc.Graw-Hill.

9. Powar, C. B and Daginawala 1991. General Microbiology, Vol – I and Vol – II Himalaya publishing house, Bombay.

10. Sullia, S.B and S.Shantharam, 2005. General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH.

11. Vasanthkumari.R.2007. a textbook of Microbiology. BI Publications Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.

SEMESTER - IV

ELECTIVE - II

HB - 404c: PLANT PATHOLOGY

52 hrs

Principles of plant pathology: History and classification of plant diseases; Viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode diseases. Deficiency of micronutrients.

UNIT I 13 hrs

Host parasite interactions: Histological physiological and biochemical aspects, physiology of parasitism, role of enzymes and toxins in pathogenesis, bio deterioration by microbes, methods of detecting seed borne fungi bacteria and viruses.

Defence mechanisms in host: Biochemical and physiological changes in plants due to infection, mechanism of infection by pathogens and host resistance to invasion.

Plant disease management: physical chemical and biological control of plant diseases; resistance of pathogens to chemicals.

Plant diseases caused by bacteria: plant pathogenic bacteria in the environment, bacterial diseases of plants.

Plant diseases caused by viruses: viral diseases of economically important plants and control measures.

Plant disease caused by nematodes: characteristics of plant parasitic nematodes of economically important crop plants and control measures.

UNIT II 13 hrs

Phytopathogenic fastidious prokaryotes: General feature morphology and biochemical characteristic of Mycoplasma like organisms (MLO’s) Spiroplasma and RLO’s chemotherapy and control of plant mycoplasmal diseases.

UNIT III Plant disease epidemiology: Elements of epidemics. Environmental factors that effect development of epidemics, disease forecasting and computer simulation models of plant disease epidemics

13 hrs

Microbes in soil: Structure, role of decomposition, symbiotic, non-symbiotic, biofertilizers and biopesticides.

UNIT IV 13 hrs

Application of biotechnology: Importance of tissue culture technique for growing disease free plants.

Application of immuno blotting in plant disease diagnosis.

61

62

PRACTICALS

1. Study of the following diseases; with emphasis on symptoms diseases cycle, anatomical, histochemical changes and control.

a) Rice blast

b) Late blight of Potato

c) Downy mildew of grapes

d) Damping off species of Pythium

e) Green ear disease of bajra or leaf shredded disease of bajra species of sclerospora

f) Powdery mildew of cucurbits and Dolichos members of Erysiphales

g) Leaf spot on tomato, Pongamia, groundnut, sunflower and Sorghum.

h) Tar-spot on Ficus, grases - species of phylla chora

i) Rusts on wheat, Oat, Polygonum, jasmine, bean and Euphorbia (white rust)

j) Smuts spnacelotheca sorghi

k) Root-knot of nematodes

l) Citrus canker

m) Bean yellow mosaic, Sandal spike / little leaf diseases of Santalum album.

n) Storage disease of sorghum and rice.

2. Isolation and identification of organisms from soil, air, water, effluents, leaf and root surfaces.

3. Percent infection and spore count of AMF from rhizosphere soils.

4. Biochemical analysis of healthy and deteriorated fruits and vegetables to detect changes in proteins and sugars)

5. Identification of microbes in deteriorated materials Viz. vegetables fruits etc. and antibiotic sensitivity test

6. Identification and description of succession of fungi in dung and litter

7. Micrometry: Measurement of spores of fungal pathogens.

REFERENCE

1. Agnihotri, V.P., Singh, N., Chube, H.S., Singh, V.S. and Dwivedi, T.S.1989. Perspectives in phytopathology. Today and tomorrow Pub. NewDelhi.

2. Agrios, G. N.1997. Plant Pathology. 4th and 5th edition. Academic Press, NewYork.

3. Ainsworth, G. C.1981. Introduction to the history of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,U.K.

4. Alexopoulas, C.J. 1996. Physiology of fungi. Anmol Pub., NewYork.

5. Arora D.D. and Gupta, S.1996. Physiology of fungi. Anmol Pub., NewYork.

6. Durbin, R.D.1981. Toxins in plant disease. Academic Press, NewYork.

7. Granti A, Durbin R.D.and Ballio 1989. Phytotoxins and plantpathogenesis. Springer verlog, Berlin.

8. Jones, G.D. 1998. The Epidemiology of plant diseases. Academic Press, Kluwer.

9. Mathur, R. S.1991. Plant diseases. National Book Trust India, New delhi.

10. Mehorothra R.S.1998. Plant Pathology. 5 Edn. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd, India.

63

SEMESTER - IV

ELECTIVE - II

HB - 404d: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS

52 hrs

UNIT I

Taxonomy in the service of Man and Conservation: Introduction, field inventorisation, collection, preparation, preservation, documentation and handling of Herbarium. Historical development, role of National and International Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

13 hrs

UNIT II A critical study of principles, outline and Phylogeny: Arthur Cronquist (1988), Armen Takhajan (2009), RMT Dahlgren (1980), Robert F. Thorne (1968) System of Classifications. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group – III.

13 hrs

UNIT III Evolution and differentiation of species: Abrupt and gradual speciation. Isolating mechanism – geographical, ecological, seasonal, temporal, mechanical and ethological. Hybridization, stabilization and taxonomic treatments.

13 hrs

UNIT IV Biosystematics: Aims and procedures of Investigation. A case study of Clausen et al and Turresson experiments. Numerical Taxonomy.

Molecular studies: Analysis of proteins, nucleic acids and chloroplast DNA data.

Database: Species identification packages and distribution mapping.

13 hrs

PRACTICALS

1. Herbarium preparation and identification up to the species level.

2. Preparation and study of biographical notes on selected Taxonomists, Geographer and Geneticists.

3. Preparation of Manual / Flora / Monographs.

4. Modern Method of Systematics (Electrophoresis and Immunological studies).

5. Field visit to Botanical Garden / Research Institutes / Museum / National Parks / Sanctuary / Biosphere reserve or abandoned Airport.

REFERENCE

1. Bremer, B Bremer, K and Chase, M.K. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogency

Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants; APG II. Bot. J. Linnean Soc 141; 399 – 436.

2. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and classification of flowering plants. Thomas Nelson & Sons, London.

3. Dahlgren, R.M.T, 1975. A system of classification of the Angiosperms to be used to demostate the distribution of characters. Bot. Noti. 128; 119 - 147

64

4. Dahlgren, R.M.T. 1980. A revised system of classification of the angiosperms. Bot. J. Linn Soc 80: 91 – 124.

5. Endress, P.K. 1994. Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge Uni. Press Cambridge.

6. Gadgil, M,.and Guha, R. 1996. Ecology and Equity. Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India. Penguin, New Delhi.

7. Gaston, K. J. (Ed). Biodiversity: a Biology of Number and differences. Blackwell science Ltd., Oxford, UK.

8. Good, R. 1974. The Geography of Flowering Plants. Longman London.

9. Harborne, T. C. 1981. Phytochemical methods:-A Guide to Modern technique of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London.

10. Pullaiah, T. 2003. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

11. Raven, P. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm Phylogeny; Cytology. Ann. Misssouri Bot. Gard; 62; 724 – 764.

12. Simpson, M. G 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevir, USA.

13. Smith, P.M. 1976. The Chemotaxonomy of Plants. Edward Arnold, London.

14. Sreenath, K. P. 2008. Angiosperms Phylogeny Group – 1988 and 2003. Swabhimani publications, Bangalore.

15. Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Cambridge university press, USA.

16. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plants: Evolution above the species level. Arnold press London.

17. Swaint, T. (Ed.). 1969. Comparative Phytochemistry. Academic press New York.

18. Takhtajan, A. 2009. Flowering plants. Springer Science + Business Media.

19. Thorne, R. F 1968. Synopsis of a putative Phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 6(4); 57 – 66.

20. Thorne, R. F, 1992. Classification and Geography of the flowering plants. Botany. Rev. 58; 225-348.

21. Thorne, R. F. 1976. Some realignments in the Angiosperms. Plant Syst. Evol. 1; 299- 319.

22. Valentine, D.H. (Ed.). 1972. Taxonomy, Phytogeography and evolution, Academic Press, London.

23. Walter, K. S. and Gillett, H. J. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red list of Threatened Plants. IUCN, the World Conservation Union, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

24. Walter, S. Judd, 2002. Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA.

25. Wendy. B Zomlefer 2006, Guide to Flowering plant families. Overseas press India Ltd., Kolkata.

bangalore university department of botany · gymnosperms 4 - 52 3 70 30* 100 4 hb 104 plant anatomy...

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