• Behaviorism, with its emphasis on experimental methods, focuses on variables we can observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable.E.g; mental

• In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one variable, and then measure its effects on another. 

• All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that one’s environment causes one’s behavior.

• The social learning theory is the behavior theory most relevant to criminology.

• Albert Bandura believed that aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling.

• He believed that individuals do not actually inherit violent tendencies, but they modeled them after three principles (Bandura, 1976: p.204). 1) The environment, 2) Behavior,3) Person’s psychological processes. 

• Albert Bandura argued that individuals, especially children learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and environment.

• He stated that many individuals believed that aggression will produce reinforcements.

• These reinforcements can formulate into reduction of tension, gaining financial rewards, or gaining the praise of others, or building self-esteem (Siegel, 1992: p.171).

• In the Bobo doll experiment, the children imitated the aggression of the adults because of the rewarded gained.

• If aggression was diagnosed early in

children, Bandura believe that children would reframe from being adult criminals.

• “Albert Bandura argued that aggression in children is influenced by the reinforcement of family members, the media, and the environment"(Bandura, 1976: pp. 206-208).

• Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- aggression in adolescents -- and so decided to add a little something to the formula: 

1) He suggested that environment causes behavior, true; but behavior causes environment as well.  2) He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism:  The world and a person’s behavior cause each other.

• Later, he went a step further.  He began to look at personality as an interaction among three “things:” 1) The environment, 2) Behavior,3) Person’s psychological processes. 

• These psychological processes consist of our ability to entertain images in our minds, and language. 

• At the point where he introduces imagery, in particular, he ceases to be a strict behaviorist, and begins to join the ranks of the cognitivists. 

• In fact, he is often considered a “father” of the cognitivist movement!

IMPLICATION OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTBY BANDURA ON TEACHING AND LEARNINGIN CLASSROOM

• Teacher’s presentation should be skillful and interesting so as to become a role model for the pupils to follow.

• Teacher’s demonstration skills should be clear and interesting so that pupils can imitate the procedure easily and accurately.

• Teacher’s work or examples in the form of handicraft, art painting, articles and so on.

• Teacher can also invite pupils who perform well to become role models to repeat the demonstration inside or outside the classroom.

• Teachers should impart noble values and use the technique of role play and simulation to exemplify historical characters for the pupils to observe and imitate.