Final oral examinations

Daniel Cadena JordanMatrikulationsnummer: 01/786688

IS3, Universität KonstanzJune, 2012

Index of the presentations

I. Football was used as an escape valve for political tensions in pre-war Yugoslavia

II. Alcohol isn’t the main trigger for violence in football

III.Overview: Patriotism, national identity and self-perception of German society: From ‘das Wunder von Bern’ to a modern and globalised Nationalelf

Daniel Cadena Jordan June, 2012IS3 -2011

28.06.2012 3

Football was a political escape valve in pre-war

Yugoslavia

Index

I. Context: pre-war Yugoslavia (1980-1990)

II. Where does football come in?

III. The game that ‘kicked off’ the Balkan Conflict

IV. Hooligans and Genocide

V. Consequences of the War in Yugoslav football

VI. Conclusions

VII.References

Context

• Constitution of 1974– Right to secede; lack of

mechanism– Redefinition of internal

borders

• The death of Tito: the beginning of the end– Tito and Yugoslav

People’s Army the two actors that held Yugoslavia together

– Resurfacing of nationalisms

– Questioning the need for a Yugoslav State

• Ethno-religious tensions– Croats, catholics– Serbs, orthodox– Bosnians, muslims

Context

Economical tensions– Disparity in production within the different nations

Where does football fit in?

• Recent success:– Partook in the 1990

World Cup– Red Star Belgrade

wins UEFA Champions Cup

• Teams were associated with different identities:– Partizan was Yugoslav– Red Star was Serbian

Boiling Point

May 13th, 1990: Dynamo Zagreb hosted Red Star Belgrade. “The symbolic beginning of the

Yugoslav Conflict”

Hooligans turned paramilitaries

Željko Ražnatović, a.k.a. “Arkan”

•Son of high-ranked officer of Yugoslav intelligentsia.•Wanted criminal that took over Red Star’s ultras.•Founded the Serbian Voluntary Army (Arkan’s Tigers).•Heavy recruitment among Red Star supporters.

Hooligans turned paramilitaries

Battle of Vukovar:•Serbian Voluntary Army squared off against Croatian National Guard.•Indirectly, clash between Red Star Belgrade and Dinamo Zagreb fans.•Ended up being one of the many massacres in Balkan Wars.

Consequences of the War

199119921993

Consequences of the War

End of Yugoslavia

Economic Crisis

Globalization

Collapse in Attendance Rates

Int’l Market Dynamic

Mass Emmigration

Lack of State Funds

UEFA/FIFA/UN ban (1992)

Collapse in Quality

Conclusions

I. Identity –political and ethnical- was deeply imbeded in football clubs.

II. Football presented the opportunity for fans to vent ethnic problems.

III. The distinction between ‘hooligans’ and paramilitaries is blurry.

IV. Post-war Yugoslavian football paid costly.

References

• Mills, R. (2009). "'It all ended in an unsporting way': Serbian Football and the Disintegration of Yugoslavia, 1989-2006." International Journal of the History of Sport 26(9): 30.

• Kraft, E. (2001). "Evaluating Regional Policy in Yugoslavia 1966-1990." Salisbury State University: 22.

• Bruno Dallago, M. U. (1998). "The Distributuve Consequences of Nationalism: The Case of Former Yugoslavia." Europe-Asia Studies 50(1): 19.

• Dragovic-Soso, J. (2004). "Rethinking Yugoslavia: Serbian Intellectuals and the 'National Question' in Historical Perspective." Contemporary European History 13(2): 14.

• Miroslavjevic, B. (2002). "Relations Between the State and Religious Communities in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia." Brigham Young University Law Review: 29.

• Bennett, C. (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse. London, C. Hurst & Co.• Ramet, P. (1984). Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963-1983. Indiana, Indiana

University Press.• Rusinow, D. (1988). Yugoslavia: A Fractured Federalism. Lanham, Maryland, USA, Woodrow

Wilson International Center for Scholars• Wilson, J. (2006). Behind the Curtain: Travels in Eastern European Football. London, U.K.,

Orion Books Ltd.• Suljagic, E. (2010). Ethnic Cleansing; Politics, Policy, Violence. Serb Ethnic Cleansing

Campaign in former Yugoslavia. Hamburg, Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg.

• Rusinow, D. (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique insights and observations. Pittsburgh, U.S.A., University of Pittsburgh Press.

• Images courtesy of Google Images and Wikipedia.

Alcohol isn’t the main trigger of violence in

footballDaniel Cadena Jordan

June, 2012IS3- 2011

Index

• Forms of violence• Explaining:– Fanatism– Violence and crowd dynamics– Violence and socio-political-economical

context

• The big picture: USA vs. Europe– Unconsidered factors that do have an

impact

Forms of violence

• Random violence:– Directed at athletes, coaches, referees.– Chanting, missile throwing,

pyrotechniques.

• Clashes:– Between groups of fans– Against police– Pitch invasions– Clashes outside stadia

Explaining: Fanatism

• Instinct Theory (Lorenz, 1996):– Games right context to express self-

destructive energy.

• Frustration-aggression theory (Wann, Carlson, Schrander, 1999)– Aggression can be traced back to

frustration.

• Hooligan-addiction theory (Brown, 1991)

Explaining: Fanatism

Frustration-Aggression TheoryOrigins and determinants of violence around

soccer games (Schwind & Baumann, 1990)• Four categories:– Social/society related (Unemployment,

alienation, etc.)– Sport related (Identification with team)– Event related (Annonymity, de-

individualisation, alcohol)–Media related (War idioms, desensibilisation of

violence)

Violence and crowd dynamics

• Emergent norm theory (Asch, 1951)– People modify their judgement to be more

consistent with others in the group.• Contagion theory (Milgram & Toch, 1969)

– Individuals become unwittingly infected with emotion.

• Convergence theory (Ward, 2002)– Selection process occurs; violence doens’t evolve

from heterogeneous people.• Collective mind theory (Durkheim, 1893; Le Bon,

1895)– Different levels of rationality existing within the

individual and society.

Violence and crowd dynamics

• Value-added theory (Smelser, 1963)– Six determinant prerequisites necessary for

violence to occur:a) Structural conduciveness (fans from different teams in

a same place)b) Structural strain (Rival fans seated close enough to

taunt)c) Growth and spread of generalized belief (visiting team

is playing better)d) Precipitating factor (controversial decision by the

referee)e) Mobilization (A group of leaders emerges willing to

fight)f) Operation of social control (Prevention and

intervention by officers)

Violence and socio-political-economical context

• “Lack of adventure”

• Social stress • Racism

•Sociodemographic differences•Contradiction in youth’s social role:•More responsabilities, less opportunities

“The soccer weekend, against the background of the hooligan’s everyday life, can be seen as

adventure holidays for the socially disadvantaged, the less financially privileged, whether in form of active participation or in form of enjoyment while

consuming the spectacle”Gunter Pilz, 1996

The big picture: USA vs. Europe

Unconsidered factors that do have an impact:

• Geography and the “away game culture”– Proximity breeds rivalry

• Football dominance vs. multi-discipline culture– Emotional investment in sports

• Local football clubs vs. franchises– Socioeconomical-political differences in club

identities

Geography & the “away culture”

United States: 9.83 million sq. km

Germany: 357.021 sq. km

Montana: 380.838 sq. km

Geography & the “away culture”

Geography & the “away culture”

City Soccer Baseball A. Football

Basketball

Hockey

New York

Boston

Chicago

S. Francisco Bay Area

Football dominance vs. multi-discipline culture

• Footballing cultures invest all sport emotion in one club.

• American sports culture offers several “big” teams. Diversity:

Local football clubs vs. franchises

• European clubs represent communities, cities, identities.

• American teams franchises; no real attachment to locality.– Teams change cities• Brooklynn Dodgers Los Angeles• New York Giants San Francisco• Boston BravesMilwaukee Braves Atlanta

Braves

Conclusions

• Alcohol enhances aggression, doesn’t create it.

• Psychological, social, and contexual factors define the plausibility of violence.

• Current methods to fight violence and hooliganism don’t address the real issues that causes it.

References

• Brown, R. (1991). Gaming, gambling, and other addictive play. Amsterdam, Swets Zeitlinger.

• D. Wann, J. C., M. Shrander (1999). "The impact of team identification on the hostile and instrumental verbal aggression of sport spectators." Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 14: 7.

• Dunning, E. (2000). "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8: 21.

• Ward, R. (2002). "Fan violence: Social problem or moral panic?" Aggression and Violent Behavior(7): 18.

• Julian Roberts, C. B. (2000). "Spectator Violence in Sports: A North American Perspective." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8: 18.

• Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.• Markovits, A. (2011). "Sports Fans Across Borders: America from Mars, Europe from

Venus." Harvard International Review(Summer 2011).• Pilz, G. (1996). "Social Factors Influencing Sport and Violence: On the "Problem" of

Football Hooliganism in Germany." International Review for Sociology of Sport 31(1): 17.

• Robert Washington, D. K. (2001). "Sport and Society." Annual Review of Sociology 2001(27): 35.

• Schwind, B. (1990). Ursachen, Prävention und Kontrolle von Gewalt. Berlin, 4 Bde.• Tiffany Donahue, D. W. (2009). "Perceptions of the Appropriateness of Sport Fan

Physical and Verbal Aggression: Potential Influences of Team Identification and Fan Dysfunction." North American Journal of Psychology 11(3): 9.

• Images and logos taken from Google Images and Wikipedia.

Overview: Patriotism, national identity and self-

perception of German society:

From ‘das Wunder von Bern’ to a modern and globalised

Nationalmannschaft

Index

• Why Germany?– German football, a constant change of

roles– German society and its self-perception– Patriotism in modern Germany

• Methodology of research

A constant change of roles

• Das Wunder von Bern: Amateur World Champions

• The 1970’s: The Golden Era• 1990: Reunified and Champions• Late 1990’s: Post-reunification crisis• The new Germany: youth, elegance,

globalisation

German society & self-perception

• The past in the present: Living with the War

• Great achievements, downplayed importance

• The “Multi-Kulti” modern reality• Integration through sport

Patriotism in modern Germany

• Political context– The ghost of the past– Ecclectic mix in German society

• Celebration of the Nationalmannschaft

• Does support of the German football team translate into patriotism?

Methodology

• Hermeneutic• Qualitative• Descriptive

• Documentary research

• Interviews• Audiovisual

material

Thank you for your attention

Questions and comments are gladly welcome