balancing water for people and nature (foro rosenberg) · 2010-03-11 · water for food water for...
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Water for Food
Water for Life Support
Balancing Water for
People and Nature
Uriel Safriel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel
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Balancing Waterfor
People and Nature
Water for
People and Nature
Competition for limiting resource
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?
ature
growth?
Water •Population
•Economic
•Population
for
?
People and N
Competition for limiting resourcelimiting
Organisms
Essential
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?
Nature
OrganismsSpecies
limiting growth?
Water •Population
•Economic
•Population
for People and Ecosystems
People
speciesother
Competition for ?limiting resourcelimiting
Where growth of people and organisms limited by water?
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Forests
Drylands
Polar
Drylands
MountainsMountains
Mountains
Islands
Coastal
Coastal
CoastalIslands
Cultivated
Cultivated
Cultivated
Forests & Woodlands Polar
Islands
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1.5
Total precipitation (1 km3/1000 km2/yr)
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
Net primary productivity (kg/m2/yr)
1.0
0.8 Temp.
Forest & Woodland
Island Cultivated Dryland
Coastal Mountain Polar
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
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Forests
Drylands
PolarTemperature
Light
Water
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2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Population growth between Net primary 1990 and 2000 (percentage) productivity Total precipitation (kg/m2/yr) (1 km3/1000 km2/yr)
Forest &
Woodland
Island Cultivated
Coastal Mountain
Dryland
Polar
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
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Drylands
• Forty percent of nature is limited by water• Third of humanity competes with nature on
water?
•Precipitation at least ~1.5 < evapotranspiration •NPP limited by soil moisture
% of global land 41.3% % of global population 35.5%
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Drylands: Low water Low productivity Water overuse Effect on nature?
Global water use
Global dryland
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Forest ecosystem in drylands
Competition?
Remaining nature
Nature → agriculture
Water resource development
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Remaining nature
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• Remaining nature had enough water
• People did not outcompete nature and denying it water
• Development denied people of nature’s benefit
Ecosystem services Remaining nature
•Water regulation •Water provision
Off-site, water-related On-site, non-water
Off- and on-site, non-water
•Flood regulation
•Soil conservation •Climate regulation
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Provisioning
Goods produced or
provided by ecosystems
• food • water provision
• woodfuel • timber
• fiber • biochemicals
Regulating
Benefits obtained
from regulation of ecosystem processes
• water regulation
• climate regulation
• disease regulation
• flood regulation
• water purification
Cultural
Non-material
benefits obtained from ecosystems
• spiritual
• inspirational
• aesthetic
• educational
• recriational
Supporting Services necessary for production of other services
(not directly used by people)
• • nutrient cycling • primary production
• supporting biodiversity
• ssooiill ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn
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Forest ecosystem
Biodiversity Number vs difference
Service diversity and quality
•Water regulation
•Water provision
•Flood regulation
•Soil conservation Nature → agriculture •Climate regulation
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Conditions required by a species for optimal service provision
• Large population size • Presence of other species
• Food • Facilitator
• Regulator
Habitat size • decrease
• fragmentation
↓↓↓↓ Population decrease
↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓
Habitat • Conditions
• Abiotic conditions • Presence of other species
• Size
Local extinction
↓↓↓↓ Reduced biodiversity
↓↓↓↓ Service degradation
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e
Forest ecosystem
Water resource development • Ecosystem transformation • Service tradeoff Habitat reduction
Still sustainable development
Forest services to cultivated
•Water provisionNatu → agricultureForrest → cultivated •Water regulation
ecosystem
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Forest ecosystem
Water resource development • Ecosystem transformation • Service tradeoff Habitat reduction
Still sustainable development
Forest services to cultivated
•Water provisionNatu → agricultureForreest → cultivated •Soil conservation
Natural water provision → Intensified food provision
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Still
Forest → cultivated
Natural water provision → Intensified food provision
Water resource development • Ecosystem transformation • Service tradeoff Habitat reduction
sustainable development
- increased
Non -
Competition is NOT on water On space
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Non
more needs Sustainable Development Ecosystem
Less Services
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Local extinction ↓
Regional extinction ↓
Degradation of other services
Water resource development • Ecosystem transformation • Service tradeoff Habitat reduction - increased Still sustainable development ?Non -
Scale
•Temporal
•Spatial
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Ecosystem transformation
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fores
t D
ryla
nd
Isla
nd
Mou
ntai
n
Coast
al
Inla
ndw
ater
Polar
% s
yste
m a
rea
tra
nsfo
rmed
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Are
a o
f tr
an
sfo
rme
d s
ys
tem
(m
illio
n s
q.k
m)
% of ecosystem area transformed (by year 2000)
Area of ecosystem transormed (million sq.km)
10 60 System area
million sq.km (% of land)
driven by water
Not driven by
water
11%
Larger the system, higher percentage
transformed
19%
(7%) (41%)
37% of total land area transformed
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Impacts of transformations on biodiversity Habitat Over- Pollution change exploitation (N,P)
Inland water
Mediterranean
Temperate forest
Impact strength Impact trend (last 50-100 yrs) Fast Continuing Very Moderate increase high High Low Increase Decreasing
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Biodiversity response to impact Israel
100
80
60
40
Inlandw
ater
terrestrial
other
Living Planet Index Measure of trends relative to 1970
3000 populations 1146 vertebrate species
45% of extinct plant species are aquatic
40 invertebrate species locally extinct
1 (out of 7) amphibians globally extinct
1 fish species locally extinct
10 breeding birds 1970 1980 1990 2000 locally extinct as
breeders
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Allocation of water to Israeli inland water ecosystems
(as % of annual renewable water, 9.4 km3/1000km2/yr)
Current allocation
Required flow
Loss to other uses
Best rainy year
Worse rainy year
0.2% 2% 9% 2%
Efforts to restore freshwater biodiversity
do not address damage to terrestrial ecosystems
caused by damage to freshwater ones
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Services’ tradeoffs Provisioning services •Crops, livestock
•Capture fisheries •Wild food •Timber •Woodfuel
•Biochemicals
Cultural services •Spiritual & religious
•Aesthetic •Recreation
Regulating services •Global climate regulation •Local climate regulation
•Water regulation •Water purification •Flood regulation •Disease regulation
•Pollination
Supporting services •Soil conservation •Supporting biodiversity
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0
20
40
60
80
Nu
mb
er
of
de
ath
s p
er
10
00
liv
e
Infant mortality rate
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
Dryland
Mountain
Cultivated
Inlandwater
Coastal
Forest
Island
Urban
Polar
US
do
lla
rs p
er
ca
pit
a
bir
ths
GDP per capita
Effect on people
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% s
ys
tem
are
a t
ran
sfo
rme
d
ot
in
l it
asal
lnd
rbaP
l
n
GDP per capita Infant mortality rate % transformed
10
20
30
40
50
U oar
00
US
do
llars
per
cap
ita
20,000
16,000
12,000
D M C In C F Isry u u la o or ala n t v nd en a a t std e wd ater
80
60
40 8,000
4,000
0
20
Nu
mb
er
of
death
s p
er
1000
live b
irth
s
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10
Ecosystem transformation
Fores
t D
ryla
nd
Isla
nd
Mou
ntai
n
Coa
stal
In
land
wat
er
Polar
0
10
20
30
40
50 %
syste
m a
rea
tra
nsfo
rmed
% of ecosystem area transformed (by year 2000)
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Low water ↓
More water resource development ↓
Greater damage to freshwater and non-aquatic ecosystems
& their biodiversity ↓
Degradation of services ↓
Reduced human well-being
Balancing Water for
People and Nature?
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FOR
Develop, transport Transform
More water kept in Nature More sustainable the development isTradeoff
Water nature IN
Degrade