Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

CHAPTER 7

Section 1Regional Economies Create

Differences

Do Now: An industrial revolution is a change in economic and social conditions marked by a significant increase in manufacturing and urbanization. There are a number of conditions necessary to spawn an industrial revolution.

Turn and talk to the classmates around you and try to determine without looking anything up what those conditions may be? Be prepared to share and explain your answers.

Pros and Cons of TransportationCreate a T-Chart for each of the following methods of transportation: simple roads, turnpikes, canals, railroads.

In addition to listing what is good and bad about each one, be sure to list other benefits and drawbacks of them on the country.

What two events prompted American Domestic Industries?

1. Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807a. ban on exports

2. The War of 1812a. blockade

Samuel Slater● 1st Factory - Pawtucket, RI - 1793● All stages of cloth making - 1813

○ Waltham, Lowell

Compare and contrast agricultureNew England

● Small farms, self sufficient

● No need for slaves

Northwest

● 1 or 2 crop or livestock

● Sell at market● Buy the rest● Not labor intensive

Eli Whitney

● Cotton Gin○ Invented in 1793○ Cotton = great demand in England○ Increased the amount of slaves

Let’s talk Cotton!● Long Staple Cotton

○ Needs good soil and growing condition○ Produces large harvests○ Easy to remove the seeds

● Short Staple Cotton○ Grows anywhere!○ Difficult to remove seeds!○ Too labor intensive to grow for profit.

● Farmers without great soil tended to grow indigo and rice and some tobacco.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bns6aKfrIjA

Impact of the Cotton En”gin”e● Allowed short staple cotton to be grown for profit

○ Increase in slavery○ $$$○ Small farms expand into plantations

Henry Clay and the American System1) Transportation system - move goods2) Protective Tariff3) Recharter of the Bank

Economically unite the Nation - all depend on each other

AWAY from Britain - Europe

Transportation

National Road● Maryland to Illinois - Began in 1811

Turnpikes Canals

4 horses 4 horses

1.5 tons 100 tons

18 miles a day 24 miles a day

Tariff of 1816 - Pres. Madison● Goods in Britain were cheaper than American goods● Tariff would pay for internal improvements

○ Dislike from Southerners! ● Charter of B.U.S. - national currency

Section 2: Nationalism at

Center Stage

Main idea: Nationalism exerted a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800s.

Do-Now: What is nationalism and how does it affect United States politics?

Group WorkIn your notebook, copy the table below. Explain how each of the following promoted nationalism?

Gibbons v. Ogden Adams-Onis Treaty

The Monroe Doctrine The Missouri Compromise

The Supreme Court Boosts National Power

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)● Maryland tried to delay the Second Bank of the US by taxing all bank

business not conducted in state banks. ○ RULING: States could not pass laws that overturn laws passed by Congress.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)● NY state gave a monopoly on steamship travel to a group of businessmen.

Gibbons, who owned a steamship company was not allowed on NY waterways.○ RULING: Congress, not the states had the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

John Quincy Adams● Secretary of State

○ Foreign policy based on nationalism● 1817 - Treaty reducing warships on the Great

Lakes and settling boundary disputes in America

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)● Florida was owned by Spain but most Americans assumed we would get it.

○ American settled there● Adams convinced Spain to hand over Florida before Americans just took it

Monroe Doctrine (1823)● The US warned foreign countries about interfering with the Americas.

○ Spain and Portugal wanted to regain control of their former colonies.○ Russia tried to gain territory on the west coast.

● The US promised to stay out of European affairs.

Nationalism Pushes America West

● As America dealt with foreign issues, settlers continued to move west.○ Population increased and some territories were ready

to become states.● Slavery became a HUGE issue!● In order to keep people happy Congress tried to keep an

equal number of free and slave states.

Missouri Compromise (1819)● Missouri asked to enter the union as a state.

○ At that time there were 11 free states and 10 slave states.■ Southerners assumed Missouri would enter as a slave

state.● The House of Reps allowed a provision that would require

Missouri to free its slaves.○ As a result, southern lawmakers blocked the bill to admit

Missouri.○ Debates followed.

● Meanwhile, Alabama was added as a slave state.○ 11 free and 11 slave states.

● Now what? Whatever Missouri became would tip the scales in Congress.○ Inflamed the situation!

● Terms of the Missouri Compromise as designed by Henry Clay.○ Maine = free state.○ Missouri = slave state.

■ Balances the states in Congress.○ Established a line running along Missouri’s southern border.

■ Slaves allowed south of the line, banned in the north. Except in Missouri

Class Activity: Billboards

Option 1:Congress has hired you to design billboards that provide information to the American people about the Missouri Compromise.

Option 2:Congress has hired you to design billboards to be placed at all US ports of entry explaining the Monroe Doctrine’s message to foreign diplomats.

Remember:Billboards should include visuals and text and should present information in an eye-catching way.Grade based on information/creativity/colorfulness

Section 3: THe Age of JAckson

Main Idea: Andrew Jackson’s policies spoke for the common people but violated Native American rights.

Do-Now: Do you think it is vital for a presidential candidate to have military experience? Defend your answer.

Election year Comparisons1. Using your general knowledge of American history at the time, explain your

observations on the election of 1828. For example: Who supported Jackson etc. Why?2. Using the same website examine the difference in the number of voters who voted in

the 1824 and 1828 elections. Recreate the following chart in your notebook and compare the voting numbers in the following areas.

Area 1824 1828 Change

Ohio

Penn

NJ

Mass

Entire Country

Election of 1824Jackson-99

J. Q. Adams-84

Crawford-41

Clay-37

No majority winner so the House of Reps chooses the President

*only 3 candidates can go to House so Clay throws his support to J. Q. Adams

House of Reps VotingAdams 13Jackson 7Crawford 4

When J. Q. Adams became President he chose Henry Clay as his Sec’y of State. (Stepping stone to the White House as the 3 previous presidents held the job)

Was there a deal in place for Clay’s support for Adams?

Election of 1828Jackson-178

J. Q. Adams 83

1. Jackson’s wife may not have been divorced before he married her.2. He was a slave trader.3. Jackson executed Indians and soldiers who deserted.4. “Military Chief”

Jackson’s wife died in 1828 possibly to stress from campaign lies etc..

Spoils System● Jackson promised jobs to supporters during his campaign. ● He replaced 10% of the workers in DC with his people.● Claimed he was getting rid of lazy government workers etc.

Arguments for the spoils system● Ensured loyal, enthusiastic, and cooperative supporters

of the President● Maintained an active party organization by offering loyal

supporters occupations

Arguments against the spoils system1. Placing loyalty over competence leads to an inefficient

and ineffective government.2. It is an abuse of power designed to benefit the ruling

party.

Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet1.Jackson’s cabinet was in turmoil due to conflict between its members.

-Peggy Eaton Affair

2. He met with his friends in the kitchen who advised him

3. Eventually his entire cabinet resigned over the Peggy Eaton scandal including VP Calhoun.

-Replaced by Martin Van Buren

Kitchen Cabinet Significance1. It reversed the political fortunes of several leading

politicians.2. Led Jackson to advocate for more use of the “spoils

system.”3. Martin Van Buren is elected President rather than

Calhoun.

1830 Indian Removal Act

1. Purpose: To move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

3. Andrew Jackson:● Fought the Creek Indians back in 1814.● Negotiated 11 treaties moving Native

Americans.● The Constitution gave the Federal

Government control of dealing with Native Americans.

2. Indian lands were needed for new farmland and transportation routes for settlers.

Worcester V Georgia● The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was

immune from laws passed by the State of Georgia.○ regulation or invasion etc..

● Jackson disregarded the decision.

Significance of the Indian Removal Act● Over 60,000 Native Americans were removed.● U. S. Government violated many treaties.● Supposed to be voluntary/became mandatory.● Millions of acres of new land for settlers.● Many eastern tribes were decimated and lost their

culture.● Led to the Trail of Tears.

○ ⅓ of natives lost their lives.

John Greenhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beN4qE-e5O8

Questions: What are some of the policies created by Jackson? Were they successful?

Do-Now: Why do you think some people perceived JAckson as a king?

Tariff IssueCause:

Series of protective tariffs

● Tariff of 1816: 20-25% tax ● Tariff of 1824: 35% tax ● Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) 50% tax

Nullify: to cancel or make void

1. Calhoun claimed a state had the power to veto any act of the federal government which they felt violated their rights.

2. Tariffs were lowered to 35% but the South was still not happy. ● SC lawmakers nullify the tariff

laws and refuse to collect taxes.● SC threatens to secede.

3. Jackson was angry!Claimed it was treason and began to send ships and troops to SC. (Force Bill)

4. Henry Clay worked out a compromise with Calhoun to lower the tariffs over time.

Foreshadowing the civil war

Significance of Nullification Crisis● First time in which sectional interests of

the North and South had truly come into conflict.○ One cause of the Civil War.○ S.C. will be the first to secede!

● Jackson saw the BUS as a tool of the rich. (Political opponents)

● BUS getting stronger.○ hurting state banks run by his

friends.

● The BUS had been renewed by Madison in 1816.

● Leadership○ Nicholas Biddle

● Ordered all government money to be deposited into “pet banks”○ state banks run by political friends○ Killed the BUS before it could be renewed in 1836

● Biddle tried to save the BUS ○ Demand of repayment of loans

Whig Party● Jackson’s actions angered men in his own party● Followed the ideals of the American System

Jackson’s Legacy● Pet banks saw all this money and started lending it

out to people without collateral. ● Specie Circular

○ Ordered that only gold and silver could be used to buy land.■ Dried up credit and hurt the economy

● Panic of 1837

Harrison and Tyler● William Henry Harrison vs. Van Buren (1840)● Old war hero vs. privileged aristocrat● Harrison won

○ Died month after inauguration○ VP John Tyler - opposite of Whig party