balanced device characterization. page 2 outline characteristics of differential topologies...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Balanced Device Characterization. Page 2 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5514aae4550346ea6e8b5e59/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Balanced Device Characterization
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Page 2
Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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Differential Device Topology
12
Unbalanced Device• Signals referenced to ground
Differential Device• Signals equal amplitude
and anti-phase• Also supports a common
mode (in-phase) signal• Virtual ground
1 2
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Performance Attributes of Differential Circuits
• Noise Immunity from:
– Power Supplies
– Digital Hash
– External EMI
• Minimize Radiation from Circuit
• Even-Order Harmonic Suppression
• RF Grounding Quality Less Critical
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Enablers
• Demand for Higher Performance, Lower Cost RF IC’s
• Improved RF Device Performance
• Higher Yield RF IC’s
• Improved RF Simulation Tools
• Increased IC Density
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Challenges
• Measurement Tools Are Mostly Unbalanced
• No Balanced VNA Calibration Standards
• No Balanced RF Connector Standards
• No Standard Reference Impedance (Z0) for Balanced Devices
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Page 7
Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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Page 8
Measurement Alternatives
1) DUT
Desired measurement reference plane
Calibration reference plane
balun balun
Balun only measuresdifferential mode and difficult to calibrate
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Page 9
Measurement Alternatives
1) DUT
Desired measurement reference plane
Calibration reference plane
balun balunBalun only measuresdifferential mode and difficult to calibrate
2) DUTMultiport single endeds-parameters do notaddress balanced modes
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Measurement Alternatives
1) DUT
Desired measurement reference plane
Calibration reference plane
balun balunBalun only measuresdifferential mode and difficult to calibrate
2) DUT Multiport single endeds-parameters do notaddress balanced modes
3) DUT
Reference plane
Consider DUT to have balanced pairs by using mixed-modes-parameters
1 2
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Page 11
Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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How Many Ports Does this Device Have?
Example: Balanced Amplifier
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Unbalanced and Balanced Devices
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
• Unbalanced: ports referenced to gnd (S-parameters)
Port 1 Port 2
• Balanced: ports are pairs (Mixed-Mode S-parameters)
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Single-Ended S-Parameters
Conventional S-Parameters Answer the Question …
what are the corresponding responsesresponses on all ports of the device?
If a single port of a device is stimulated,stimulated,
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Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
Mixed-Mode S-Parameters Answer the Question …
If a balanced port of a device is stimulatedstimulated with a common-mode or differential-mode signal,
what are the corresponding common-mode and differential-mode responsesresponses on all ports of the device?
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Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
Single-Ended 4-Port
Single-Ended S-Parameter Review
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Single-Ended S-Matrix
44434241
34333231
24232221
14131211
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
Stimulus Ports
Response Ports
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Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics
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Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics
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Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics
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Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics
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Mixed-Mode S-Matrix
Naming Convention: Smode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.
22212221
12111211
22212221
12111211
CCCCCDCD
CCCCCDCD
DCDCDDDD
DCDCDDDD
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
Port 1 Port 1Port 2 Port 2
Differential-Mode Stimulus
Common-Mode Stimulus
Differential-Mode
Response
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Common-Mode
Response
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Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: DD Quadrant
22212221
12111211
22212221
12111211
CCCCCDCD
CCCCCDCD
DCDCDDDD
DCDCDDDD
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
Input Reflection
Output ReflectionForward Transmission
Reverse Transmission
Describes Fundamental Performance in Pure Differential-Mode Operation
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Hybrid Network:• Divides Signals Differentially• Combines Signals Differentially
Conceptual View of DD Quadrant
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Differential Divide/Combine
Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine
In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine
In-Phase Divide/Combine
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Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: CC QuadrantInput Reflection
Output ReflectionForward Transmission
Reverse Transmission
22212221
12111211
22212221
12111211
CCCCCDCD
CCCCCDCD
DCDCDDDD
DCDCDDDD
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
Describes Fundamental Performance in Pure Common-Mode Operation
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Conceptual View of CC Quadrant
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Differential Divide/Combine
Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine
In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine
In-Phase Divide/Combine
Hybrid Network:• Divides Signals In-Phase• Combines Signals In-Phase
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Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: CD QuadrantInput Reflection
Output ReflectionForward Transmission
Reverse Transmission
• Describes Conversion of a Differential-Mode Stimulus to a Common-Mode Response
• Terms Are Ideally Equal to Zero with Perfect Symmetry• Related to the Generation of EMI
22212221
12111211
22212221
12111211
CCCCCDCD
CCCCCDCD
DCDCDDDD
DCDCDDDD
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
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Conceptual View of CD Quadrant
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Differential Divide/Combine
Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine
In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine
In-Phase Divide/Combine
Network:• Divides Signals Differentially• Combines Signals In-Phase
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22212221
12111211
22212221
12111211
CCCCCDCD
CCCCCDCD
DCDCDDDD
DCDCDDDD
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
SSSS
Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: DC QuadrantInput Reflection
Output ReflectionForward Transmission
Reverse Transmission
• Describes Conversion of a Common-Mode Stimulus to a Differential-Mode Response
• Terms Are Ideally Equal to Zero with Perfect Symmetry• Related to the Susceptibility to EMI
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Conceptual View of DC Quadrant
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Differential Divide/Combine
Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine
In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine
In-Phase Divide/Combine
Network:• Divides Signals In-Phase• Combines Signals Differentially
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222221
222221
121211
CCCDCS
DCDDDS
SCSDSS
SSS
SSS
SSS
Differential Mode Stimulus
Single Ended
Stimulus
Common Mode
Stimulus
Port 2Port 1 Port 2
Port 1
Differential Mode Response
Common Mode Response
Single Ended Response
Port 2
Port 2
Port 1(unbalanced)
Port 2(balanced)
Differential ModeCommon Mode
Single-Ended
Three-Terminal Devices
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Page 32
Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit?
Brain Teaser #1
Single-ended 2-port
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What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit?
Brain Teaser #1: Answers
Single-ended 2-portwhere:
1
22 21
1
1
1
1
1I
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
1
22 22
2
2
2
2
2O
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
2211
2221 1 DSSB
2222
2112 1 DSSB
*22111 SDSC
*11222 SDSC
21122211 SSSSD
Well-documented relationship between simultaneous conjugate match and s-parameters.
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Brain Teaser #2
What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit?
Differential 2-port
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Brain Teaser #2: Answers
What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit?
Differential 2-port
where:
1
22 21
1
1
1
1
1I
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
1
22 22
2
2
2
2
2O
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
2211
2221 1 DSSB DDDD
2222
2112 1 DSSB DDDD
*22111 DDDD SDSC
*11222 DDDD SDSC
21122211 DDDDDDDD SSSSD
Reduce performance of differential circuit to a single mode of operation using mixed-mode s-parameters, and follow same procedure as single-ended 2-port.
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Simultaneous Conjugate Match: Single-Ended vs. Differential
Single-Ended 2-Port
where:
1
22 21
1
1
1
1
1I
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
1
22 22
2
2
2
2
2O
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
2211
2221 1 DSSB
2222
2112 1 DSSB
*22111 SDSC
*11222 SDSC
21122211 SSSSD
Differential 2-Port
where:
1
22 21
1
1
1
1
1I
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
1
22 22
2
2
2
2
2O
2*
C
B
C
B
C
C
2211
2221 1 DSSB DDDD
2222
2112 1 DSSB DDDD
*22111 DDDD SDSC
*11222 DDDD SDSC
21122211 DDDDDDDD SSSSD
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Balanced Device Design Methodology
• Matching Example can be Also be Extended to Other Design Considerations (K, MAG, VSWR, Z, etc.)
• Reason is Parallel Approach to Parameter Derivation
• For Balanced Device, Use Identical Approach as Single-Ended Design
• Isolate Balanced Device to Specific Mode
– Substitute Parameters
– Example: (Snm SDDnm)
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Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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Port 1
Port 3
Port 2
Port 4
Single-Ended Representation(Conventional S-Parameters)
Balanced Representation(Mixed-Mode S-Parameters)
Port 1 Port 2
SAW Filter Measurement Example
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• Reference Z = 350 (all ports)
• Capacitive Component to Port Matches• Insertion Loss (14.5dB)• Input-Input Coupling• Output-Output Coupling
Port 1
Port 3
Port 2
Port 4
Single-Ended SAW Filter Performance
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Port 1 Port 2
Z 0 = 7
00
Differential StimulusCommon Response
Common StimulusDifferential Response
Z 0 = 1
75
Differential StimulusDifferential Response
Common StimulusCommon Response
• Reference Z depends on mode• Well-matched differentially• Reflective in common mode• Insertion Loss (8.9dB)• Mode conversion• Common Mode rejection (60dB)
Balanced SAW Filter Performance
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Outline
• Characteristics of Differential Topologies
• Measurement Alternatives
• Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters
• Balanced Devices Design Methodology
• Measurement Example
• Conclusion
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• Better accuracy than measurements made with a Balun
• Uses existing Calibration standards
• Comprehensive characterization (D-D, C-C, D-C, C-D)
• Describes behavior in intended operating mode
– not misleading like Single-Ended data
• Insight into system performance considerations
Conclusions