balabina et al 200 yunatsite

8/3/2019 Balabina Et Al 200 Yunatsite

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. u ,

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h i s volume is dedicated[ the e m o r y Rumen Katin harov,

who directed the excavations YunatsiteJor 25 seasons


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RUSSIAN A C A D E Y OF SCIENCEI N S I T U T E OF A R C A E O L O G Y

elYUNA bronse ageVolume 11Part

IMOSCOWVostochnaya literaturaPublishers2007


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902/904 63.4(3)

( ) npoeKmyN! 0 5 - 0 1 - 1 6 1 1 3 n m ( )

. : . 1. 1 - . - : . . , 3 2007. - 247 : - ISBN 978-5-02-018559-3 ( . )

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1976 1982-2001 , .

1995 , , , , -

. II 16 , ; , ; .

63.4(3)

, 2007 . ISBN 978-5-02-018559-3 ' , 2007


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TRODUCTION 1

The multilayer settiement Yunatsite is situated in theThracian Plain, Bu1garia. The site's cultural deposits wereformed during the period covering several m i l l e n n i a - f o m the Eneolithic to the Roman period and the Early MiddleAges. The thickness of the deposits reaches 9 The tell'sstratigraphy and the materials it has yielded principallyimportant [ the solution of problems of the Bulgarianarchaeology and should considered of key significance [

much broader region as well.The site has been investigated [ long period already.Archaeologists first tumed their attention to the site at thetum of the 19th and 20th centuries, and it underwent surveys than . The fust large-scale excavations were undertaken Mikov in 1939. In accordance with the methods offield investigations of that time, the site was cut with trench 10 wide extended [ the centre to the margin. Thetrench was excavated in the eastem part of the tell, the -vated covering 250 sq. Around 8 of the culturaldeposits were investigated then at Yunatsite, the depositsattributed to the Early Eneolithic were reached in the -tion trench [ , 1940].In 1976, new series of investigations was started at the telJ.They last ti1l now. These large-scale excavations coveringone-third ofthe site's . The I1istory ofthe new excavationsis quite 10ng already. Until the early 1980s, the site was investigated R. Katincharov, Director of the National MuseumofHistory in Sofia, and V. Matsanova, Head ofthe Departmentof Archaeology, the Pazardzhik Regional Museum of i s t o r y . During this period, the layers ofthe tell were excavated,that is the medieval deposits and the layer ofthe Roman od (layer ) The deposits of the Bronze g ( l werealso investigated; the excavations reached horizon datingfrom the B o n z e Age.In 1982-2001, the site was investigated jointBulgarian-Russian expedition. For 19 seasons, systematicexcavations were headed R. K a t i n c h a o v , V. Matsanova andN. Merpert (Il1. 1). The scholars had devoted effortsto the investigation of the site. to their se1f1ess work, theexcavations of the n z Age deposits had completedand the investigations of the portion of the Eneolitl1iccultural deposits ( l started.Large-scale field works organized at site of such signifi presupposed the creation of whole corpus of fieldrecords and systematic work with them, including subjects like

the correlation of the site's spatial structureand stratigraphsince [ the beginning of the works objective was set tinvestigate the tell large-scale excavation areas. Thanks tthis, it was at Yunatsite that, [ the first time in the Bulgariaarchaeology, scholars have succeeded in reconstructing thspatial structure of settlements of different ages fal1ing witl1the n z Age epoch.Each field season yielded n u m e o u s and 1 l unique colections. Objects of various character and function wep o c e s s e d and restored in large numbers . The colections were conveyed to the repositories of the PazardzhRegional Museum of History.In 1982-2001, the expedition team included Bulgariaand Russian archaeologists. In different years, Stefanova, St. Terzijska-Ignatova, u Boyanin, L. Nikolova, S. Titov, L. 1. Avilova, N. Mishina, 1. Ivanchi u Tsetlin, 1. Balabina worked in the expedition.When excavating the r o n z g horizons, specialistsnatural science - the palaeobotanist Ts. , physicanthropologist S. Cholakov, and expert in archaeomagnetdating Kovacheva participated in the expedition. Thcollections of animal bones from the r o n z Age deposiwere processed Kovachev, Ts. Gigov and L. NinoArchaeological fmds were restored specialists [ thPazardzhik Regional Museum of History: ShumanovV. T o d o o v a and St. Velkov.Recently, l l Yunatsite has investigated the joiBulgarian-Greek expedition headed J. Bojadzhiev anJ. Aslanis. The excavatioJ1S of the Eneolithic horizons being continued.

The materials obtained [ l l Yunatsite thYunatsite village were introduced into academic circulatiofairly long since. 70 works devoted to this site hav published. Besides regular information the tions, individual archaeological works were publisheThese dealt with the site's spatial structure and architectu features related to the Early Bronze Age settlementsYunatsite. In series of publications, the site's stratigraphwas considered in relation with the problems of relativchronology. The results of radiocarbon dating of the layeand horizons of different age at Yunatsite were also lished.

I All summaries are translated L.I. Avilova.


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8 Introductionseries of publications was devoted to various categories of

s s materials and individual findJ>, such as ordinary potteryand vesseLs religious function, flint industry, separate groupsof clay al1d n f i g i n s , various objects made of cJay, stoneand meta1.At the stratified s t t l e n t l I t s i t , l n v i r l 1 t l researches , carried out [ severaJ seasons. [11 ofpublications, the results of soil studies were presented. Theresults of pa1aeobotanic investigations 11ave n partly lished. Several publications deal with tlle analysis o f p h y t o l h spectra and diatoms from tlle buried soils reveaJed at the site.ln some works, tlle authors search [ i t r r l t i I 1 bet,veentlle palaeoenvirol1mental and archaeological data.

materials recovered [ Yunatsite [ long timeused in complex, comprehensive works focused l t l and chronologica1 b l m s , in particular those based 011 tileanalysis ofpottery associations. Tlle discussed group ofpubIications incJudes also those of genera1ly scbolarly character, aswell as tbe works devoted to the l rite, sculpture and figurative vessels of religious n t i n . The first volume of the materials [ Tell YunatsHe waspublished in 1995. lt cornprises the results of investigations oflayer A(the Early IronAge, the Roman period and tJle MiddleAges, see: [ . , 1995]).TLle present issue contains tlle materials oftlle z g . In the flfSt part tlle [ , tI1e reader find sectionsdevoted to the spatial structure stratigraphy of the subsequent n z g s t t l m t s , the b u r i a L ~ of the r o n z g period (their analysis includes botll archaeological andal1thropoJogical aspects) al1d the probIems of l g y . Volume 11, part 1 devoted to Ule excavatiol1s tlle jointBulgarial1-Russian expedition was prepared an t m -t i l team. It i l u d d arcllaeologists: Matsallova,N. Merpert, N. i s h i n a , 1. Balabina, J. Bojadzhiev;pllysical anthropologist: Buz.hilova; specialists in t u l sciences: L. AJeksandrovsky, , Zazovskaya, Cblchagova. fortl1Coming volume part 2 wi.ll comprise the inform aU archaeological f d s from the excavations ofthe r o n z Age cultural deposits of Yunatsi1e and the results ofpataeoel1vironmental researches.

Acknowledgements] cOl1clusion, we would like ( express gratitllde tothose who 11elped us in g n i z . i g fie1d i n v s t i g t i s andpreparing this publication.We grateful 10 the Pazardzhik Community [ thefinancial support it provided for ( 25 years of the site'sexcavations. We constan1Jy received i s t i b l help [ the t of tlle Pazardzhik Regional u s u of i s t o r y headed Mjtrev.We [ l indebted to the m l l i t ofthe viJlage u t s i t for the 10l1g-term help, and to tne inhabltants of tI1e vi1lagewho participated il1 excavating and i processing the excavated materials.We take opportunity to express special gratitude [ the attel1tion paid ( the excavations cOl1ducted at l I t s i t

tJle direction the rnstitute of Archaeology of theBulgarian Academy of Sciences and personally to its djrectorProfessor Nikolov [ his friendly atti1ude and support indifficu.lt situations.We express gratitude to the director of tlle lnstitute

of l l f a c o l o g y of tlle Bu1garian Academy of SciencesProfessor Fol [ his permanent interest and assistanceto work.We ( n k f t l 1 to the Chair of Archaeology, l i m e n t ofOkhrid Ul1jversity of Sofia, for financial support and partici of tl1e group of students directed Leshtakovin tlle excavation s s s of 1995-1997.

The Russian of tl1e t were to cOl1tinuefield work at the s.ite in 1995-2001 due to tlle fll1ancia1 support provided the Russial1 F u d t i for tlle Humanities(RFH grants No. 17667 in 1995, No. 98-01-00153 in 1998,and No. 0 0 - 0 1 - 2 6 4 in 2000). Palaeo-ecologica1 research al1d1 4 dating were a1so accomplislled wHh the fillancial help ofthe RFH-Project No. 0 2 - 0 0 - 1 7 5 and tllc "Ethnoculturallnteraction of Eurasian Peoples" g r .

work Kovacheva and J. Bojadzbiev archaeomagnetic dating was prepared for publication t h k s to theAgreement - 9 0 1 / 1 9 9 9 for - . We [ 1 especially grateful to friends N. Trubetskoy,S. Gagova, L. Georgieva, L. Goder and Bogachuk [ theirseJfJess etforts to help the n ofthis book.


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1

. 5. r ( ) Fig. 5. Square grid the excavated eastern ofTell Yunatsite. East sidelennium-Iong period, as the settlement grew higher, theoutwash processes developed, the sediments being washedout down the slope in the direction ofthe Topolnitsa f1oodplain west to east. As result, the settiement was -stantly sinking into the alluvial sediments until channelwas constmcted the slope, thus protecting the site r o the outwash streams.

Up the slope, west ofthe tell at distance around 100 another settlement is situated; it covers 40 thousand sq. and yields materials related to the and theChalcolithic. Some distance to the south-west settlement the Roman period is located. These materials were mixed withsediments and deposited the outwash process around thetell's base, which is confmned the materials [ r o the testpits excavated the settlement of Yunatsite.

The teH itself had emerged smal1 natural height, thenit graduaHy grew higher, as cultural deposits of subsequentperiods accumulated. Now the tel1 measures 9-9.5 inheight, when measuring from the palaeosoiJ level below thesettlement in the middle of the central cross-section, and7-7.5 from the present ground surface, i.e. taking intoaccount modem sediments.

In the middle of the central cross-section, the Eneolithdeposits marked as layer around 5 thick. This layeroverlaid buried soil horizon, its thickness ranging 20 to 40 this horizon, layer from 3.5 to 4.5 thicis superimposed comprising sequence the Early BronzAge horizons. The upperrnost layer marked is around 1thick and contains materials from the Early lron Age to thMiddle Ages.

In sixteen horizons dating from the Early r o n z Ahave excavated at Yunatsite. These were the remainof successive settlements: horizons XVIjXVII - date bacto 1, horizons XIV-IX to and horizons VIIIto III. D i f e r e n t horizons substantiaHy in statepreservation, abundance of materials, and, consequently, the amount of information they contain. The horizonwere seriously damaged, so that three upperrnost ones fact of significant constmction remains. As the vations went down, the inforrnativeness of the horizons greslowly. The data yielded horizons XII-XVIjXVII shou considered most satisfactory.

The early settlement coexisted with the settlemenf u t i n i g at Yunatsite and was certainly related to


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16 being kind ofsuburb. l site situated the river ter west oftlle tell covered significant , which is documentcd the aeria1 photos (Fig. 3).'

The discussed site is also multilayer , its culturaldeposits measuring to 2.5 In accordance with the terminology used in Bulgarian archaeology, it must termed dwelling site (to distinguish it [ the tell). InRussian archaeology, the term " dweIling site" is used to denote muItilayer sites with such thick culturaldeposits, therefore we prefer to l the term " settIement". The site has not undergone systematie -tions so [ , and we have data its spatial structure al1darchitectural features at disposal. The materials that [ the test-pits only permit us to shape most gen l idea the site's stratigraphy and to it to thestratigraphie sequenee investigated at tlle t . The settlement the tell was discovered in 1980during the construetion of irrigating system. Thel1 sounding trench was excavated at distance of 150 SWWf o m the reference point estabIished the tell. The sounding treneh 6 in size oriented to the cardinal i t s wasnamed treneh (Fig. 1).11 reaehed l l of2 below thepresent surfaee, but the subsoil has not reaehed.In 2001, the northern wall of sounding treneh wascleared and square 1 I was excavated to levelof 2.9 below the modern surfaee. investigate underlying deposits, boring was applied, it reaehed level of 4 below the surface. The subsoil was situated at depth of 3.6

below surfaee. Stratigraphic description of soundingtrench is presented below (Fig. 4, 1).The uppermost layer 50 thick represented ploughedfield. At level o f a o u n d 60 below the surfaee, dark greylayer with inclusions of ashes was registered-it was the cultural deposit related to the activity of the last settlers of the n z Age settlement, partly d e s t o y e d ploughing.

At level of 0.75 to 1.25 below the surface, the II I potsherds were recorded; in particular, fragments ofpointed-bottom bowls. In tllis part ofthe cross-section, twoancient ground surfaces were clearly seen. Between them,several interlayers formed kvelIing g o u n d activity werepresent, aIternating with ashy lenses.In the deposit situated 1.25-1.54 below the surface, buried soil of syngenetic indistinct structure was -tionally mapped. In this layer and below it to level 2 below the surface, the materials associated with were registered (Mikhalich-type pottery). In the describedpart of the cross-section, three separate levels of ancientground surface were revealed.At l l [ 2 to 2.40 below the surface, potsherds were recorded, though distinct markers of theperiods 1 and were present. This l alsocontained the Eneolithic pottery of VI - . In the discussed part of the cross-section, ancient g o u n d surface was revealed-most itdates [ the , but 1he recovered materials aBow of exact 1 11 attribution.

I ! photos of the site and its environs were taken from Agricultura! Service aeroplane in 1985.

palaeosoil was reaehed at the depth of 2.40-2.5noteworthy, both and pottery was in its horizon also.Thus, the cross-seetion of the settlement situbeyond Yunatsite cOl1tained II I and f l ria1s, including ancient ground surfaces finds regaas cultural markers, whils1 in tlle lower part ofthe sect the palaeosoil and in its horizon-mixed mrials of the and Eneolithic ( VI) pewere discovered.The teH's central cross-section is much longer and s incomparably w h l s picture (Fig. 4, 2). the palaeosoil, cultural deposits attributed to the EEneolithic (Maritsa eulture) were identified; these superimposed several 11OriZOnS cul( uppermost comprised also materials attributeSalcuta 111 eulture. The Eneolitl1ic cultural depositoverlaid buried soil, it sequence of six l Bronze Age horizons was 10cated, reliabIy relattluee successive periods: 1, II and 111.

materials referring to 111 and Il disered at the teB and originating [ the settlemenundoubtedly coevaJ. Equally reliably we conside EneoJithic horizon at the l and the potterythe site attribllted to tllis period synchronous. S clear chronological markers of the 1 phase obtained [ sounding trench the questiollcerning the eorresponding cultural deposits the tIement remains unsolved. , future planned vations will help ( solve it.Before we proceed with tlle description of the matepubIislled in this part of tJle book, it seems necessadwelJ u the methods applied during the excavations the investigated itseJf.

multilayer settlement Yunatsite was excavated Iy: the investigations covered n J its eastern part, ining the excavation ( l } 1939. excavated limited the gradually growing eentral cross-sectioadvance ofthe exeavations, square grid was implemecovering the [ central seetion to tJle site'sgin. TotalJy, there were 171 squares 5 in size. Indirection (along the central cross-section), squares marked witb Cyrillic letters [ to In W-E dtion, squares were marked with numerals froto 1 (Fig. 5).As the excavations went stratigraphic horizons given numbers from 1 to X V 1 / V , starting [ theFollowing the sloping sides of the tell, the excavatedgraduaIly grew. That is wby the information the exced and [ square grid of each horizon is pubIish 1.rn the text, the description ofthe horizons isfollowing the natural order of their depositing: [ bottom to the top ones. The subjects concerning spstructure and l houses and structures of various func considered in relation to the corresponding constion horizons. The deseription of horizon incseparate numeration of structures: lists of ograin-storage bins, platfonns [ drying grain, and so f


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11

breastwork functioned l during the existence of horizonsXVI(XVII and Unlike traditional fortification systems,the breastwork was g d not in front ofthe ditch, but outwards.In the northem sector of the settlement, two structureswere investigated-Nos. 46 and 47. They already existed whenthe ditch was constructed.Structure No. 47 was of rectangular shape, orientedSE-NW. It was 16 m long and 8 m wide. The structure wasdivided into three rooms. Two levels of f100r with traces ofplaster were cleared Inside the house, two ovens were revealed-Nos. 1 and 2related to different f100r levels (Fig. 9), and grain-storage binsNos. 1 and 2 shaped ofunbaked clay.

Structure No. 46 was also of rectangular shape and oriented SE-NW, with the same dimensions-16 8 Thishouse was divided into two rooms crosswise compartment. Two f100r layers were preserved.The interior ofthe house consisted ofthe following objects: No. 3, grain-storage bui1t special pavementNo. 3 (Fig. 10), grain-storage No. 4 of unbaked l (Fig. 11),1 "ribbed platform" No. 1. Besides, beneath the l ofthe f1oor, big pit (No. 1) was cleared In the northem sector, structures f n d two clusters; thefirst included structures Nos. 55, 50 and 49, and the second Nos. 48/53, 51, 52.

Structure No. 55 was investigated partly, because it wasoverlaid the central cross-section. of its walls wasincorporated into structure No. 50. Two objects of household function were recorded in the interior: N 4(Fig. 12) and construction of baked l of l function, No. 1.Structure No. 50 was regarded as central in the clus

ter. It was rectangular in shape and oriented NW-SE. Thehouse measured 11.50 m in length and 7 m in width (Fig. 13).It had two layers of f100r with preserved traces of plaster.Evidently, the renewal was undertaken after fire. The debriswas discovered in several pits' infill (Nos. 2-5, Fig. 14) sealed the f100r l . ofhousehold constructionswere revealed in the house: No. 5 and g i - s t g binsNos. 5-7 (Fig. 15).

Structure No. 49 was rectangular in shape, 12.5 6 m insize. Its SW wall was incorporated in structure No. 50. Twolayers of f100r were established; with the we relate n 1 some groups of stones. series of householdobjects was associated with the lower f1oor: ovens N os. 6 and 8(Fig. i9), grain storage No. 11 and fragments ofunidentified l constructions No. 2 i square / and No. 3 insquare Structures Nos. 49 and 48/53 were separated passage 1-1.50 m wide.

Structure No. 48/53 was of rectangular shape, orientedSE- NW , 12 7 m large. Along l its walls, groups of stoneswere revealed; the walls' bases were secured with woodenplanks. Two f100r layers were recorded. With the lower Grain-storage i No. 4 was revealed in the course of investigation

of Eneolithic structure No. 3, it substantially disturbed the house's layout, cutting it h i s dug-up container was marked with field m V .

pits Nos. 6-8 were associated (in the latter, vau1ted No. 7 was g d ) (Figs. 20-22), as well as l t f n [ drying grain No. 1, l construction of l functioNo. 4 and pavement around 100 in diameter square / 6 . When constructing the f100r l , the house's sizand layout had changed; now it measured 12 7.5 ( 5, Fig. 23). the f1oor, h d wooden planks wefound, some of the best preserved h i g to 100 length, as well as the traces of ash and charcoal.

the f1oor, the excavators identified: No. g i - s t g bins shaped of unbaked l Nos. 8 and 9, l construction ofunclear function No. 5 and hemispheric l "boss".

Structure No. 51 corresponded to the second l l ofvetical measurements. It had wall with structuNo. 48/53 and was oriented similarly. Evidently, this struction was the earliest the spot. Three pits (Nos. 19 and 19) were disposed here. Pits Nos. 9 and 19 tumed out the first burials of the epoch performed at the si(burials Nos. 52 and 55).In the house, ovens Nos. 9 and 10 were cleared grainstorage of unbaked clay No. 10 and platform [ dryingrain No. 2.

Structure No. 52 had of its walls incorporated instructure N 51; the two houses were oriented identicallTwo layers of f100r were registered. , structures Nos. 52 and 47 were separated passage leading to the settlements' central precinct.Some constructions showed relationship to the thir

l l of horizon XVI/XVII l l . 6). In the southern sectof the settlement, there were structures Nos. 41/44 an42; they partly coincided, as regards their plans, withose underlying them. In the northern sector, structurN os. 35, 38 and 39 were excavated. Two of them-houseNos. 35 and 38-evidently were the lower layers of strutures N os. 34 and 36 attributed to horizon the plaof the lower and constructions were identic(Ill. 4, 5, 7).

Structure No. 38 presumably represented the lower layof structure No. 36 attributed to horizon The house wofrectangular outline, 15 6 m large and oriented SE-NW

compartment divided it in two (Fig. 24). The interiorstructure No. 38 included two objects of household funtion-oven No. 11 and grain-storage of unbaked clNO.22.

Structure No. 35 was oriented SE-NW. Its layout looke1ike wide rectangle 12 10.5 m in dimension. Apparently,was divided i two compartment. The construction wdestroyed fire. Its interior consisted of the f l l 0 w i objects: No. 12 (Fig. 25), grain-storage bins shapeofunbaked clay Nos. 12 and 13, " r n " built ofwood No.( 6, Figs. 27, 28), "ribbed l t f n " No. 2 and clay objeof unclear function No. 6.

Structure No. 39 was partly overlaid the central crossection. Two 1ines of post-holes s d i g to its NE anSE walls were registered. No. 13, grain-storage binsunbaked l Nos. 15 and 16 and clay objects ofunclear [ tion Nos. 7 and 8 functioned within the structure.I


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118 1

Structure No. 41/44 was rectangular in shape and wasarranged along the line SW-NE (Ill. 6). It was big house 23 long and 13.5 wide. The walls were identified in [ -dation trenches. The structure was divided into two rooms. Thewhole unit showed indications of s t o n g [ . Within the structure, of objects was revealed:ovens Nos. 14 and 15, grain-storage bins Nos. 17-19, "grindstone platfonn" No. 1, constructions ofunclear function Nos.9-12 (Fig. ) .

Structure No. 42 was partly overlaid the central crosssection. It was rectangular in shape and oriented SW-NE. l two walls (NW and SE) were partly traced the trenches and post-holes. The dimensions ofthe preserved part ofthestructure were established as 14 12 The house underwent

renewal: two layers offloors were traced.The house comprised: grain-storage n of unbaked l Nos. 20 (Fig. 31) and 21, and l construction of unclearfunction No. 13.In squares 0/6-7 and / 7 , " g r i d s t platform" No. 2and construction of l function No. 14 were disposed,which have evidenced existence of some makeshift struction.Horizon The horizon was investigated within of 1200 sq. The average thickness of construction remains ranged [ 20to During the existence of this horizon, the ditch andthe breastwork continued f u t i i g , but, northward of theditch, the had already built Structure No. 45appeared the spot. Southward of the ditch, there werestructures Nos. 34/35, 36/38, 37 ( 7).Structure No. 45 was partly overlaid the central crosssection. The part available [ investigation was outlined thefloors and wall. Evidently, the house was destroyed [ . In the structure, of objects was discovered: ovensNos. 1 and l grain-storage No. 1, "ribbed platfonn"No. 1 and two 1 e pavements that represented the foul1dations of now destroyed structures (squares / 9 , / 9 ) . Structure No. 36/38 was partly destroyed; the presentdescription covers its layer n J . The house was oriented SE-NW, its contours were traced the floors and, partly,

the walls' outlines. Its preserved part measured 16 i length and 6.50 in width. The house had the shape of elongated rectangle. In the house, grain-storage ofunbaked clay No. 2 and 1 e pavement (square / 6 ) wereidentified.Structure No. 34 was partly destroyed. It was almost

square in shape and measured 9.5 8.5 (Fig. 32). Its l tively smooth floor was made of rammed earth and preservedsome traces of plaster. Within the structure, ofhousehold objects was revealed: ovens Nos. 1 and 11(Figs. 25, 33), wooden grain-storage " r n " No. 6 similar to" r n " No. 14 in structure No. 35 cleared in the same l and similarly containing substantial accumulation ofcharred grain and rachis fragments 2

2 Radiocarbon dates were obtained [or the grain samples ( l n 3677,3678).

Structure No. 37 was investigated partly, since its part wasoverlaid the central r o s s - s t i . It comprised No. 2(Fig. 34) and grain-storage bins ofunbaked l Nos. 7-9.In the southern sector of the settlement, three structureswere investigated-Nos. 30/31, 32, and 29.Structure No. 30/31 was located along the tell's edge. Itwas oriented NE-SW and measured 24.5 7.1-6.5 (Fig. 35). The house was ofrectangular shape with its SW wall

forrning apse (index 0.50).The walls' contours were doubled, which indicates that thehouse had moved little during its renewal. The houseconsisted of two rooms.The SW underwent renewals: two floor layers wereestablished; the floors were made of rammed earth and ered with plaster. In the interior, No. 4, grain-storagebins of unbaked l Nos. 10, 11, 12 and 14, "ribbed plat

[ " No. 2 and clay construction ofunclear function No. 1were excavated.In the NE r o , some interior details were discovered,among them No. 5, grain-storage ' ' r n ' ' No. 13 (Fig. 36)and l objects ofunclear function Nos. 2 and 3.Structure No. 32 was situated SW of structure No. 30/31and separated [ r o it passage 1.50 wide. Major part ofconstruction No. 32 was overlaid the central cross-section.In its investigated part, No. 6, "ribbed platfonn" No. 3 and

l objects ofunclear function Nos. 4 and 7 were cleared Structure No. 29 was also partly overlaid the centralcross-section. The house was oriented N-S. Its excavated partmeasured 12 in length and 4.5 in width. The northernwall was slightly curved, but it is difficult to say definitely if itfonned apse. There could have two floor layers in thestructure. In the interior, the excavators revealed: No. 7,grain-storage No. 15 and clay platfonns of unclear [ tion Nos. 5 and 6 (Fig. 37). No. 8 was cleared outside structure No. 29.In squares - / 7 - 8 , series ofbig post-holes around 30 in diameter and smaller ones was registered. Spots of ash andcharcoal were also noticed tllere. Two objects functioned within the spot-oven No. 9 and pavement in square 0/7.Horizon XIVIts i v s t i g t d reached 1125 sq. (IlI. 8). In thebeginning of the existence of horizon XIV, the ditch had

almost filled sort of bridge was bui1t across it(Figs. 38-40). Along the southern border of the ditch, lines of paling were disposed, passage in the paling leading tothe bridge (Figs. 41-43).Three structures were disclosed in the northern sector:Nos. 27, 21, 28.Structure No. 27 was partly overlaid the central crosssection and its outlines were established to certain extentconventionally (Fig. 44). It was r o 1 y apse house. Theinvestigated part ofthe structure measured 10 7 partment separated the with the apse [ the rest ofthe house.The following objects were registered in the structure: No. 1, grain-storage bins of u k d l Nos. 1 and 2,"ribbed platfonn" No. 1.


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Structure No. 28 was of rectangular shape (14 6.50 min size) oriented SE-NW. Its l was traced the walls andtwo layers offloor. Witbln the house, grain-storage bins Nos. 3and 4, l object of unclear function No. 1, hemisphericalconstruction of small diameter (its function remains unclear)were cleared as well as several pebble-paved platfonnsfoundations of unpreserved constructions.Structure No. 21 was rectangular in shape, 11 9 large and oriented NW-SE. Its contours were estabIished the outlines of rtammed earthen (there were two floorlevels).

The house's interior included grain-storage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 5 and 6, platforrn [ drying grain No. 1and several pebble-paved foundations [ unpreserved objects.In the northem sector, structures Nos. 24/26, 25 and 2 4 were cleared Structure No. 24/26 had the shape of an elongated -tangle 24.50 11.50 oriented SW-NE. Its plan was traced

the walls (Fig. 46). The floors underwent rene\vals than . The house consisted of three rooms. It had beendestroyed fire.Within the SW room, there were: oven No. 2, grain-storagebins Nos. 7-10 and p e b b I e - v d platforrn designed [ some unpreserved construction. The majority of the objectswere related to the lower layer offloor.In the central room, No. 3 (Fig. 47), grain-storage n Nos. 11-16, "ribbed platform" No. 2 (Fig. 48) and anarch-shaped pebble pavement were found.

The interior ofthe NE room included No. 4.Structure No. 25 was partly superimposed the centralcross-section. The investigated part of the house was outlined

the floor contours and post-holes. It was oriented N-S,being 23 4.5 large (Fig. 49). From the east, r oftrapeze-Iike shape was attached to the house.The excavated part of the house included: ovens Nos. 5(Fig. 50), 6 and 7 and "ribbed platforrn" No. 3 (Fig. 51).Southward of structure No. 25, in squares - / 9 - 8 , there was pavement around 2 wide and to 9 long. It looked like paved path. Possibly, the "path" wasused the inhabitants both of the horizon XIV andhorizon ! . South of the "path", [ grain-storage bins of unbakedclay Nos. 17-20 were revea1ed. Apparently, the whole unitrepresented part of household structure marked withNo. 2 4 . Its plan remains l , since its major part wasoverlaid the central cross-section.

Horizon XIIIThe total excavated was 1100 sq. m (111. 9). During theexistence of this horizon, the zone of the already ftlled butperrnanently sinking ditch remained [ from any constructions. The three lines of paling erected in front of the ditchcontinued functioning (Fig. 52).In the northem sector, three structures - Nos. 20-22 were identified.Structure No. 22 was disposed in the northernmostprecinct of the tell separated the paling. 1t was partly -laid the central cross-section. Its plan was outlined post

holes and contours; the posts were initially strengthene stones. The house was ofrectangular shape 10 8.50 size, oriented NW-SE (Fig. 53). Within the house, grain-stoage bins of unbaked clay Nos. 1 and 2, wooden " m " No.(Fig. 54), "ribbed p1atforrn" No. 1 and platfonn [ dryingrain (?) No. 1 (Fig. 55) were excavated.

Structure No. 20 was oriented SE-NW. It had twfloor layers. The lower l l of the house was rectangular ishape with slightly short NW wall (an apse?-inde0.33). The dimensions of the house were 13.50 7.50 this floor level, ovens Nos. 1 (Figs. 58, 59) and 2, grainstorage bins Nos. 4-6, "ribbed platform" No. 2 (Fig. 60and arch-shaped clay construction No. 1 were related. Somof the objects continued functioning after the house habeen rebuil t.In the lower layer of this construction fragmentevessels were found (Fig. 61). Along the SW wall of thhouse, the remains of wooden construction almost 6long were cleared these were charred wooden planksdifferent size.

When the level, oven No. 2 continued functioning. Besides, series of new objects appeared: grain-storag of unbaked l No. 7 and stone pavement, probably,foundation of some household construction.

Structure No. 21 wasofalmostsquareoutline 1 2 . 5 11in size, oriented SE-NW (Fig. 62). Its walls were marked post-holes, some of them of larger diameter, and stonstrengthening the posts (Fig. 63). The floors were renewetwice. When constructing tbls house, stones were useThe traces of wooden constructions (walls and roofing) wealso encountered, together with charcoal spots.The following objects were registered in the house: No. 3, hearths Nos. 4 and 5, grain-storage binsunbaked l Nos. 8 and 9, clay constructions ofunclear funtion Nos. 1-3 and two slightly curved "ribs" .

As [ the southern sector, its spatial structure was identicto the earJier horizons XV and XIV.Structure No. 18 was oriented SW-NE and measure23.9 8 The house had an apse. The construction's oulines were traced the walls' contours and floor plaster. Thhouse was divided into three rooms; , in front of itlight shed was placed.In the NE , there functioned: No. 6, grain-stoage bin ofunbaked l No. 10, "ribbed platform" No. 3 anclay construction ofunclear function No. 4.The central r o contained household constructionsIn the SW room's interior, two successively functionin

grain-storage bins of unbaked clay Nos. 11 and 12 (Fig. 6were cleared narrow passage 1.50 wide separated constructioNos. 18 and 23.

Structure No. 23 was investigated partly, since it was laid the central cross-section. The excavated part of thhouse was rectangular in shape, 12 8 m in size. It was orented SW-NE. The i t r i included oven No. 7, grain-stoage bins of unbaked l Nos. 13 and 14 and "ribbed pla[ r r n " No. 4.

Structure 19 was also overlaid the central crossection; its eastem half, 18.5 4.5 in size, was excavate


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The house was oriented N-S with some inclination eastward(Fig. 66) and consisted of two rooms.The following objects were cLeared u No. 8, grainstorage ofunbaked clay No. 15, "ribbed platform" No. 3and pebble pavement.Besides, in the southem sector some household objects weredisposed outside the houses; these were No. 9, [ struction ofunclear function No. 5 and pebble pavement.Horizon XIIExcavations were conducted within of 1100 sq. (Ill. 1 ) In the northern sector, the paling, which had separated the topmost part of the ( , disappeared. In the 1

occupied the paling, structure No. 17 was built,another - No. 1 7 - was situated southward ofit . In thesouthem sector, traditions of development typical of thelower horizons were preserved.Structure No. 17 was partly overlaid the centraL crosssection. It was rectangular in shape, 11.50 14.50 large.The construction's contours were conventionally established

the spot of rammed earthen fIoor and construction debris.The southern part of the house was disposed the surfacesunken in fJlled u ditch, so that it was situated 60 deep than the rest of the house.Within the construction, series ofhousehold objects functioned, such as No. 1, grain-storage bins ofunbaked clayNos. 1-4; the latter concentrated within small therammed floor in square j 8 .

Structure No. 1 7 was disposed in squares - j 5 - 8 , itsoutlines were reconstructed the debris of burnt construction remains and preserved spots of floor.Within the construction and , several pits of minordiameter (Nos. 4-6) were excavated that could have related ( the construction. u of objects existed in the house: No. 2,wooden " r n " No. 6, two "ribbed platforms" Nos. 1 and 2(Fig. 67), clay construction of u 1 function No. 1 and pebble-paved foundation of some household object.Spatial structure ofthe southem sector was identica1 ( that

of the earlier horizon I I I and similar ( that of the subsequent horizon XI.Structure No. 13 had the shape of elongated rectangleoriented SW-NE and 28.50 8 in size. Numerous postholes allowed the excavators outline practically the entire

1 : the entrance was evidently arranged in the NW wall, thestructure consisted of t rooms.In the NE , grain-storage bins of unbaked l Nos. 7-9 and l "ribbed platfonn" No. 3 were cleared The central included No. 3 and g i - s t g ofunbaked clay No. 10 (Fig. 68).The third SW room's interior comprised the followinghousehold objects: No. 4 (Figs. 69, 70), two grainstorage bins ofunbaked l Nos. 11 and 12 and rectangularpebble pavement 140 155 in size.

Structure No. 15 was partly overlaid the central crosssection. Its investigated part measured 7.50 7.50 Twohousehold objects were identified - grain-storage bins ofunbaked l Nos. 13 and 14.

Structure No. 14 was also overlaid the central crosssection. It consisted ofthree rooms (Fig. 72). The outlines ofthe house were established according ( the fIoor contours andwaUs' lines. Most r o , the house had meridianal orientation. Apparently, the structure had apse its southemside). The investigated part of the house was 19 10ng, itswidth ranged [ r o 4.50 ( 5.00

The southem r o included the following householdobjects: grain-storage n of unbaked 1 Nos. 15 and 16(Fig. 74, 2) and "ribbed p1atform" No. 4 (Fig. 73). the floor ofthe 1 r o in square j lation of smaLl fragments of h d wood and heap of

h d grain was disclosed. r o , it was circular wood i around 45 in diameter filled with grain.

The northern r o contained platform No. 1 made ofbaked clay designed [ drying grain.Horizon XIThe tota1 i v s t i g t d reached 1000 sq. 11).In the northern sector, large spots oframmed earthen floors

were revealed (often witll traces ofplaster) . The distribution ofconstruction remains provides grounds [ distinguishing withsome certainty separate structures: Nos. 16, 1 6 and 1 6 ; they formed the same spatial structure as that in horizon

Structure No. 16 almost entirely superimposed the ofstructure No. 17 attributed ( horizon It was impossible( ( its walls. The whole ofthe was covered withash and charcoal interlayer. In the house, the folJowing objectsfunctioned: No. 1, grain-storage bins of unbaked clayNos. 1 and 2, clay construction ofunclear function No. 1 and"ribbed platform" No. 1. The majority of the objects formedunj(s.

Structure No. 1 6 was partly preserved, its major part wasdestroyed the excavation trench of 1939. The house wasoriented SE-NW. Within the investigated part 14 7.50 insize household objects were discovered.Structure No. 1 6 was oriented N-S, its preserved part

measured 12.5 8 The outlines of the 110use were established o r fragments overlaid the debris of constructionremains. series of househ01d objects were identified in theinterior: No. 2, grain-storage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 3and 4, platfonn [ drying grain No. 1 and clay platfonn of l function No. 2.In the southern sector, two structures were singled out:Nos. 11 and 12.

Structure No. 11 was extended in N-S direction andmeasured 14 in length and 4.5 in width. , it had apse (Figs. 74, 75) and consisted oftwo rooms. The housewas destroyed strong [ l e . In the northem r o , pebble pavement of l shape wascleared u (square j 9 ) . The southem r o was furnished with two householdobjects 10cated close ( each other-grain-storage ofunbaked l No. 5 and platfonn ofunclear function No. 3.

Structure No. 12 was rectangular in shape, orientedSW-NE, 28 8 large. It was identified thick construc

3 I f so, the apse index could have blgh, to 0.60.


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tion debris and bumt t100r (Fig. 76). The house consisted ofthree rooms.In the NE r o , the following objects were discovered:grain-storage bin unbaked clay No. 6, 1 p1atforms unclear function Nos. 4-6, "ribbed platforms" Nos. 2 and 3that r o 1 constituted single complex (Figs. 77-79), l pit No. 2 with stones inside and stone pavement.The central r o contained oven No. 3, grain-storage bins unbaked clay Nos. 7-9 and clay platform dryinggrain No. 2.In the SW r o , there were oven No. 4/4, grain-storagebins ofunbaked clay Nos. 10-15 (Fig. 80), stone pavementand pebb1e-paved platform.SW structure No. 12, passage was traced separatinghouses Nos. 12 and 1 2 . It was to 1.5 wide.

Struc1ure No. 1 2 was partly superimposed the centralcross-section. It was oriented like the neighbouring one. The n J preserved object was pebble-paved foundation.Horizon The horizon was excavated within an little than950 sq. Its surface was badly disturbed late pits ( 12).In the northern sector, there were some areas distinguished high concentration of construction remainsand household objects, which aJlowed singling out threepreliminarily identified constructions marked with Nos. 9,

9 and 9 Structure No. 9 was partly overlaid the central crosssection. Its southern part was superimposed the sunkeninfill the ditch in horizons XVI/XVII. The investigatedpart the house measured 13 5.50 number household objects were identified: oven No. 1, grain-storage

bins ofunbaked l Nos. 1 and 2, platform drying grainNo. 1. Evidently, No. 1 and grain-storage No. 1constituted single complex: they were situated close toeach other spot rammed t100r enclosed an archshape line post-holes, which looked like light construction ofshed type (Fig. 82).Northward ofhouse No. 9, foundation oflarge clay construction ofunclear function No. 1was cleared It was circular shape, 3 in diameter. clay base 15 thick waspaved with large t1at stones and covered with clay plaster(Fig. 83).Structure No. 9 This number marks conventionally thedebris located southward structure No. 9. Beneath thedebris, the remains t100r were traced. Within this , sixpits (Nos. 2-7) were disposed, some them were 10catedalong the debris' borders (Nos. 2-5). Some householdobjects were also situated in the : oven No. 2, grain-storagebin ofunbaked clay No. 3 and two "ribbed platforms" Nos. 1(Fig. 84) and 2.In the southem sector, three structures were inves tigatedNos. 10, 10A and 1 0 . Structure No. 1 was rectangular house with an apse(index 0.50) oriented SW-NE. Its preserved part was 13

7.5-8 in size (Fig. 85).Among the household objects there were: No. 3, claystorage bins unbaked clay Nos. 4-6 (Figs. 86, 87), clay

platform of unclear function No. 2 and small ments.Structure No. 1 0 was oriented SW-NE. Its plan waclose to wide rectangle 9 8-8.5 in size. the 1 1

number household objects were registered: No. 4grain-storage bins of unbaked clay Nos. 7 (Fig. 88), 8 and (Fig.89). the west of this structure, near the central cross-section

big round pit (No. 9) was cleared It contained largstones and group ofvessels.Structure No. 1 was partly overlaid the central crosssection. The wal1s were traced post-holes. Three householdobjects were disposed in the interior: two superimposed grainstorage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 10 and 11, and stone ment.Horizon IXThe horizon was excavated within of 900 sq.

( . 1 3 ) . In the northern sector, three areas debris were identifieas structures; they were conventionally marked Nos. 6, 6 and 6 Structure No. 6 had clear plan and was partly overlai

the central cross-section. It had sunken bottom, becausit was located in the l once occupied the ditch, wherafterwards sequence houses was built, starting horizon I (Fig. 90). It was impossible to trace the const ruction'walls, but the remains of 1 1 were registered beneatthe debris. Two pits (Nos. 1 and 2) were cleared withithe house.Rammed ground surface was traced southward of structur6 to the debris identified with structure No. 6 Structure No. 6 was identified the debris remainoverlaying rammed t1oor. The interior included 18 pit(Nos. 3-20), some ofwhich could have been post-holes. Thhouse was fumished with household objects: oven No. 1grain-storage bins unbaked clay Nos. 1-3 and clay platforms ofunclear function Nos. 1 and 2.In square / 8 , two lines ofminor post-holes were revealedthese were arranged in t\vo l l l arch-like chains. r o 1 these were the traces of shed built grain-storage binNos. 1 and 2 and the in front ofthem.Structure No. 6 was identified the debris remainand t1oor. Its interior included several household objects: No. 2, grain-storage bin ofunbaked clay No. 4, unbaked-claconstruction No. 3 ofunclear function.In the southern sector, two structures were investigatedNos. 7 and 8.Structure No. 7 was oriented NW-SE. The house waaround 17 long and 8-9 wide. Large areas rammeand plastered 1 1 were revealed. Charred wood t l lt100r and roofing was present4 Within the house and near isome household objects functioned: ovens Nos. 3 and 4grain-storage bins unbaked clay N os. 5-7, platform drying g r i No. 1, clay constructions unclear functioNos. 4 and 5, and three 1 pavements.4 Radiocarbon date was obtained f o m the sample l 3665.


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122 1Structure No. 8 was partly superimposed the centralcross-section and disturbed late pits. It was identified construction debris and rammed f100r beneath it. Two household objects functioned in it: No. 5 and 1 construction

of unclear function N 6.Horizon VIIIThe investigated area reached 900 sq. ( 14). The u 1 tural deposit was strongly disturbed late pits and the [ u dation of Roman defensive wall, therefore it was difficult toestablish constructions' contours.Significant accumulations of debris in the northern sectorwere located in three areas that apparent1y interpretedas the remains of three structures. Neverthe1ess, their poorstate of preservation and the lack of clear borderlines prevented marking these spots with separate numbers.The northernmost area with the accumulation ofburnt wallplaster was situated in squares - / 9 and / 8 , its western partbeing overlaid the central cross-section. The investigatedarea measured 8.50 9.50 The only preserved object was

oven foundation N 1.Another area supposed1y identified as structure was disposed in squares - / 8 - 9 and / with abundant remains ofburnt wall plaster, fragments ofranuned f100r and thin ash andcharcoal interlayer. Groups of stones were cleared u Withinthe debris area and near it, several pits (N os. 1-4) were discovered, grain-storage bin ofunbaked clay No. 1was attributedto the house interior.The third accumulation ofburnt wal1 plaster was located insquares - / 6 - 8 ; eastward ofwhich pit No. 5 was excavated.Part1y preserved househo1d objects were oven foundationNo. 2 (Fig. 91) and clay platform No. 1.In the southern sector, three structures were identified. Twoof them (Nos. 4 and 5) were of more definite character, thethird one (No. 5 was rather inexpressive.

Structure No. 4 was oriented SW-NE, around 20 10ngand 9 wide. Its layout was determined conventionally. Thewhole area was superimposed the debris with f100r fragments beneath.Within the structure were several household objects: ovenNo. 3, grain-storage bin ofunbaked clay No. 2, clay l t f s of unclear function Nos. 2-6 and pebble pavements,probably the foundations of some household constructions.

Structure No. 5 was of rectangular shape. It was investigated part1y, since its western section was overlaid the tral cross-section and the northern was destroyed theexcavation trench of 1939 (Fig. 92). The interior inc1uded twograin-storage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 3 and 4.In the northern part of structure No. 5, stone slab70 to 20 was found dug into the rammed f100r and preserved in vertica1 position.

Structure No. 5 was located southward of structureNo. 5. It was investigated partly, since i15 southern part wasdestroyed slope erosion and the western one overlaid the central cross-section.The house interior inc1uded two household objects: grainstorage i of unbaked clay No. 5 and platform for dryinggrainNo.l.

Horizon VIIThe horizon was investigated within area of 875 sq. The cultural deposit was much disturbed late pi15 and theRoman defensive wall. It was impossible to estabIish the out1ines of the majority of constructions ( 15).In the northern sector (squares - / 9 - 8 ) , part of construction overlaid the central cross-section was cleared u The house was outlined the debris ofburnt clay p1aster andthe f100r beneath, covered with ash and charcoal interlayers.The area measured 12 in length and 7 in width. Within it,

some household objects were found: oven No. 1 and grainstorage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 1-3.The next built area covered squares / 8 - 9 , / 8 - 9 and / 8 - 9 , its size was 10.5 long and 8 wide. Its southern partwas cut u the excavation trench of 1939. Several pebblepaved p1atforms were registered. Some household objects werepreserved: n s Nos. 2 and 3, grain-storage i ofunbaked clayNo. 4 and clay constructions ofunclear function Nos. 3 and 4.Another area 1 8 in size with the traces of constructions was disposed in squares - / 7 - 5 . Its borders were tracedconventionally the rammed floor and the debris of burntwall p1aster.In the northern sector, four pits (Nos. 2-5) attributed tohorizon were c1eared u

Structure No. was part1y overlaid the central cross-section. 115 excavated part measured 11 7 two pits Nos. 6 and7 and the only househo1d object-oven No. 4-were investigated.Structure No. was identified the debris of remains andf100r fragmen15, its size being 25 9 The interior includedthree pits (N os. 8-1 and number of household objects:ovens Nos. 5-7, grain-storage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 5-7,platform for drying grain No. 1, clay constructions of unclearfunction Nos. 5-8. The spatial distribution ofsome objects evident1y showed that the house was divided into several r o r n s . Between structures Nos. 3 and 3 were located: No. 8(Fig. 95), grain-storage bin of unbaked 1 No. 8 and clayconstruction of unclear function No. 9. Within this area, spot ofplastered floor was preserved (square 0/7). Besides, the edge of the excavation trench of 1939 two pebble -

ments of large size were traced.In the southern sector four pits (N os. 11-14) were attributed to horizon Horizon VIThe total excavated area reached 850 sq. The surfaceunderwent the destructions related to the pits dug u from the

1ater horizons. In the northern sector, structures Nos. 1 andIA were investigated, in the southem structure No. 2 ( 16).Structure No. 1 was apse house (index 0.45) oriented

E-W and partly superimposed the central cross-section. Itmeasured 13.30 13 Fragments of plastered floor werec1eared u part of northern wall was preserved u to 20 i height, it had covered with clay plaster [ r o bothsides. Inside the wall, the remains of charred posts were discovered5 (Figs. 96, 97). The house was destroyed fire. Its

5 Radiocarbon date was obtained [ the sample l 3661.


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interior inc1uded No. 1 and " " of rectangular shapeNo. 1 (Fig. 100).Structure No. 1 was to great extent destroyed theexcavations of 1939. Two walls with preserved f r a g e n t s ofwooden posts were identified6 and spot of p1astered floor.Within the house, construction of u 1 function No. 1 of

unbaked 1 was excavated. It was sub-rectangu1ar in shape,80 60 in size.In the southem sector the cu1tura1 deposit was heavi1y disturbed late pits. The remains ofstructure No. 2 were traced.Structure No. 2 was apse house 11 7 m in size. It hadp1astered floor. Within the construction, No. 2 andgrain-storage bins of unbaked 1 Nos. 2 and 3 (Fig. 101)were c1eared u Westward of structure No. 2, spot of p1astered floor wasdiscovered with grain-storage ofunbaked 1 No. 4 structed it.S and SW ofstructure No. 2, were also located the debris ofconstruction remains. No. 4 and grain-storage i ofunbaked 1 No. 5 functioned there.Three pits (Nos. 2-4) were attributed to horizon VI in the

southem sector.Horizon VThe tota1 excavated reached 825 sq. its major partrevealing accumu1ations of construction remains (II1. 17).Constructions' p1ans were identified conventionally, thereforethe bui1t-up areas were marked with 1etters.In the northern section, the remains of structure wereinvestigated. These represented rammed earthen floor over1aid

the debris of wall plaster and Iined post-ho1es.Unfortunately, the contours ofthe house were identified part1y.Structure was most r o apse house orientedNW-SE. Within it, there existed: ovens Nos. 1 (Fig. 103), 2(Fig. 104) and 3, g i - s t g bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 1- 7(Fig. 105), platform for drying g i No. 1, 1 constructions

of unclear function Nos. 1and 2.In the northem sector, three pits were attributed to horizon V(Nos. 1-3).In the southem sector, with high concentration ofconstruction remains was marked as construction Structure was around 18 10ng and 8.5 wide(according to the floor outlines) and oriented NE-SW. The

f l l 0 w i g househo1d objects were excavated in the interior: No. 4, grain-storage bins Nos. 8-10, p1atform for dryinggrain No. 2, p1atform for grindstone No. 1 and small construction of circu1ar shape No. 1supplied with 10w walls (Fig. 106).In the southem sector, u of pits were located

(Nos.4-7).Horizon IVThe horizon was investigated within of790 sq. itwas s t o n g l y disturbed the Roman defensive wal1 and

n u m e o u s pits dug u f o m the u horizons, most1y dating[ the Iron Age (layer ) No 1 n s of constructions were

, Radiocarbon date I 3660 was obtained.

revealed: n J separate parts were c1eared u The construction remains in the northem sector were in better state opreservation ( 18).In squares / 6 - 9 , concentrated the debris of construction remains and spots of rammed f]oor covered with ash andcharcoa1 interlayers. Two clay bases for wooden posts werrevea1ed in squares / and / 6 . The structures themse1vesevidently, were destroyed fire. Among preserved objectwere: ovens Nos. 1 and 2, hearth No. 3, g i - s t g bins of unbaked clay Nos. 1-6, platforms for drying grainNos. 1 and 2, and clay constructions of unclear functionNos. 1 and 2.In the northem sector (square ) , two pits (Nos. 1 and 2were attributed to horizon IV.In the southem sector, the remains of constructions wit 1 plans were excavated in squares - / 5 - 6 , - / 8 - 9 , - / 6 - 8 . complex ofhousehold objects was revealed in thi . It comprised No. 4 (Fig. 109), grain-storage ounbaked clay No. 7 and platform [ drying grain No. 5. Mos , these objects were re1ated to structure.In square / 8 , the mouth of pit No. 4 was cleared u thpit cut vertical1y the deposits ofhorizons V-VIII.Horizon 111The tota1 investigated reached a o u n d 750 sq.

( I . 19). In the northem sector, 1 separate spots of debriand household objects were revea1ed.In squares - / 8 - 9 , accumu1ation of the debris oconstruction remains and floor fragments were excavated spot of debris occupied the major part of square - / 6 - 9 , reaching as far as the northem edge ofthe tion trench of 1939. The spot measured 13 7.8 Somobjects of househo1d character were discovered here: No. 1 and clay platforms ofunclear function Nos. 1 and 2.In the southem sector, though the cultural deposit wabad1y damaged, some construction remains were a1so registered. Among them, were the ruins of structure 12 10nand 5.50 wide that represented heaps ofbumt plaster laying tamped earthen floor. No. 2 was cleared within it (Fig. 110).Another accumulation of ruins was situated in square j 7 - 9 , / 8 - 9 . It comprised spots of rammed floor, thiinterlayer of ash, charcoal and 1umps of plaster. Preservehousehold constructions inc1uded: No. 3 and grainstorage ofunbaked clay No. 1.In this of the sett1ement, pit N 1 was revealed.Horizon 11The horizon was excavated within of 550 sq. Iwas also bad1y disturbed pits, d i g g i g s and foundatiotrenches ofthe Roman constructions. Despite numerous spot

of debris, structures of the r o n z Age with 1 p1anwere identified (II1. 20).In the northem sector, substantial concentration of struct ion remains was observed in squares - / 8 - 9 , / 6 - 9 rammed surface was a1so present; it was covered with asand charcoa1 interlayer. Heaps of big 1umps of wall p1aste


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were excavated. Two household objects were registered: No. 1 and grain-storage ofunbaked clay No. 1.In the northem sector, three shallow pits Nos. 1-3 werecleared they were dug f the ground surface of horizon In the southem sector, construction debris were also discovered in squares 0/9-8, / 5 - 9 and / 9 , but they did notform single association. Two objects of household characterwere identified: No. 2 and grain-storage i of unbakedclay No. 2.In the southem sector, pit No. 4 was excavated and attributed to horizon Horizon IThe total excavated reached 450 sq. In some areas,interlayers of ash and charcoal and spots of rammed floorswere clearly seen. No structures were outlined in this horizon

( 21). Anyway, the debris of construction remains weredocumented in three areas. of them was located insquares - 3 j 7 - 9 , the second in squares / 8 - 9 , and thethird occupied squares 17 -9 .In the northem sector ( s q u s / 8 - 9 , 317-9, / 9 ) , ous fragments ofwaU plaster were found; they overlaid rammedfloor covered with ash and charcoal interlayer. Three householdobjects were cleared n No. 1 and grain-storage bins ofunbaked clay Nos. 1 and 2 situated close to each other.In squares / 8 - 9 accumulation of potsherds wascleared u ashy interlayer, the spot was bordered thedebris of strongly bumt wall plaster.In southem sector (squares /7-9), fragments of rammedfloor were excavated. the floor, clusters of artefacts werediscovered. Similar situation was observed also the border

of squares - /9: here, in ashy spot, g u of big stoneswas cleared mixed with bumt lumps ofwaU plaster, several whole vessels and numerous potsherds.


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. 1. . , . . . l 1985 Ill. 1. V. Matsanova, R. Katincl1arov and N.Ya. M e p e t at the expeditioD campus. 1985


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. 2 ( ) IlI. 2 Tell Yunatsite. View the west

. 26. ( ) lll. 26. Tell Yunatsite. View east


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. 2 2 . ( ) 2 2 . ditch in the process of excavations. View from the East

. 226. , 1983 111. 226. N o t h e m p a t of the tell's cross-section, 1983


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. 2 3 . . 6 ( ) 111. 2 3 . Centra! cross-section. Spots of buried soil the ditch sides. View [ the East

. 236. . 6 / ( ) Ill. 236. Central cross-section. Spots of buried soil in square / 9 . View [ the East


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. 2 4 . XVI/XVII. . 6 0 6 ( - / 9 ) 111. 2 4 . HOJizon XVI/XVII. Centra! cross-section. SmaIl hearth with sunken bottom and big vesse! embedded in buried soil. Square - / 9

. 246. N2 6 . - ! 9 III. 246. Horizon Clay s t u c t u r e ofuncIear function No. 6 in the centraI cross-section. Squares - ! 9 .


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ground surfaces. In squares E-)1(/9, some fragments of floorassociated with structure No. 27 were revealed together withribbed platform No.1 related to it.In squares H-O/9, the traces of a large earthen construction outlined by a brownish-black interlayer of organic matterwere located. In squares O-C/9, the remains of structureNo. 25 were traced. A thick lens of burnt wall plaster wasCleared up in square Y/9; probably, it should be attributed tostructure No. 24a.Horizon XIII (Figs. 111a, 1I2a, 113a-119a) was represented by a fairly even layer of deposits 20-30 cm thick. It alsocomprised several ground surfaces. The lowermost (basic)ground surface was registered in many squares: 3-JI/9,H- P/9. It consisted of an interlayer of oxidized organic matter 3-5 cm thick, brown or black in colour. In square 3/9, theremains of a big oven were revealed. The ground surface ofthishorizon was of stepped shape on the border of squaresH-O/9. In squares O-C/9, a series of spots of constructiondebris 17.5 m long was attributed to structure No. 19.

Horizon XII (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) in the majorityof squares was around 20-30 cm thick. Only in squares3-11/9 the deposit was thicker, due to the levelling of theground surface under structure No. 17, which sank to theditch. The floor of this structure was overlaid by constructiondebris 30-40 cm thick.In squares K-M/9, the ground surface was represented bythe interlayer of ash and charcoals. The remains of structureNo. 14 were located in squares H-C/9. In area T-Y/9, spotsof rammed floor related to structure No. 15were identified.

Horizon XI (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) measured mostly 20-30 cm in thickness. The ground surface in square E/9showed a substantial accumulation of construction debris,probably associated with structure No. 16. Its fragments werealso located in area )1(-3/9.In area JI-M/9, the ground surface was covered by a thinlayer of ash and charcoals. In squares O-C/9, in the centralcross-section, the interlayers formed of light-red dense claycovered by ash and charcoals were seen. These were the floorsof structure No. 11. The mass of dense grey loam with ashinclusions in square T/9 must have evidently been related tostructure No. 12A.

Horizon X (Figs. II 16, 1126, 1136-1196) in the majority ofsquares was around 20 cm thick.In area E-)1(/9, the cultural deposit consisted of densegrey clay; in square 11/9, the ground surface looked like athin layer of ash and charcoals. In the cross-section of theditch (squares 3-11/9), structure No. 9 fOIDled a series ofrelated fragments. In area JI-O/9, the cultural deposit consisted of dense grey loam. The ground surface traced insquare IT/9 was represented by a thin interlayer of burnt clayending in square P/9, where the floor of structure No. 10Ewas identified. In area C-T/9, the horizon was formed by alayer of dense yellow-green loam.Horizon IX (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) was generally

20-30 cm thick. In square /9, the horizon was representedby an interlayer of slightly burnt clay. In area )1(-3/9, an interlayer of dense grey clay was revealed. To the south, in areaK-IT/9, the ground surface looked like a thin ash layer, farther to the south, in area IT-P/9 , this layer was related to the

remains of structure No.8. In the southernmost squares, it wasimpossible to distinguish any rustinct layers associated withthe horizon in the mass of deposits.Horizon VIII (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) in the majority

of squares was 20-30 cm thick.In area )1(-E/9, the ground surface was traced as a thinlayer of burnt clay, the remains of a destroyed construction,and the interlayer of ash and charcoals. Farther to the south,the horizon consisted of a solid layer of dense grey clay. In areaO-P/9, the interlayer of burnt red clay related to structureNo.5 was revealed. In squares IT- T/9, the ground surface wasrepresented by a thin charcoal interlayer associated with struc-ture No. 5a.

Horizon VII (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) generally was20-30 cm truck. In squares E-3/9, the layer of ash, charcoalsand small fragments of burnt waH plaster were identified as theremains of a destroyed house. In area I1-K/9, the horizonwas formed of a layer of dense grey clay. Southward of thisarea, in square M/9, the ground surface was marked by yellow-brown burnt clay and a thin interlayer of ash and charcoals covered by a thin layer of burnt wall plaster. Theseremains point to a structure not traced in the deposit.

In squares H- 11/9, the ground surface was marked by a greyinterlayer, fragments of dense burnt clay and thin layers of floorplaster. The latter were overlaid by the accumulations of burntwall plaster belonging to structure No.3. In southern direction,the ground surface of the horizon consisted of a layer of densegrey clay with construction debris superimposed over it.Horizon VI (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) in the majority

of squares measured 15-30 cm in thickness. In the northernpart of the central cross-section, the horizon was representedby spots of dense yellow-grey clay sometimes covered with ashand charcoal layers. In squares I1-JI/9, the ruins of structureNo.1 were traced. In area M-H/9, the ground surface wasmarked by an ash-charcoal interlayer. In squares H-C/9 thehorizon consisted of a mass of dense grey clay.Horizon V (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) was 20-40 cmthick in the majority of squares. The horizon in the northernsector consisted of the levelling layer formed of yellow claywith sandy admixture; the layer was especially massive overthe ditch. In squares K-JI/9, the remains of structure A wereuncovered. Farther to the south, the horizon's ground surfacewas traced as a thin layer of ash and charcoals. In this area, thehorizon was badly disturbed by pits of later date.

Horizon IV (Figs. 1116,1126,1136-1196) measured 20-30cm in thickness in the majority of squares. The whole crosssection of the horizon was cut up by numerous pits. The marginal squares E/9 and T/9 were destroyed by erosion process.The ground surface was traced in separate areas only. Insquares )1(-11/9, it was marked by an interlayer of ash andcharcoals overlaid by shapeless construction debris not reliably related to any construction. In area JI-H/9, the groundsurface consisted of a thin layer of burnt dense clay overlaid bylarge fragments of burnt clay walls. In squares O-IT/9, theground surface was traced as a thin interlayer of dense greyclay without any construction debris. To the south of this area,a massive layer of yellow clay with sandy admixture wasuncovered together with construction debris, which suggestedlocation ofa habitation area (a house?).


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14n n a H ~ r p a ~ ~ c T p a T ~ r p a ~ ~ paHHe6pOH30BbiX r o P ~ 3 0 H T O B T e n n ~ I O H a u . ~ T e Horizon III (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) was mostlyaround 30 cm thick. The whole section of the horizon was cutup by pits of later date. Marginal squares E/9 and T/9 weredestroyed as a result of soil erosion. The ground surface wastraced only within separate areas. Thus, in squares )1(-3/9 itlooked like a layer of burnt clay disturbed by the foundation

trench of the Roman wall. In squares M-K/9, the ground surface was represented by a layer of dense clay, probably it wasthe floor of an unpreserved structure. In squares 0-C/9, thehorizon was formed of dense grey clay.Horizon II (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) was badly disturbed by numerous pits and therefore traced partly withinseparate areas only. In squares )1(-3/9, the ground surface wasrevealed as a layer of ash and charcoals covered by construc

tion debris (in square 3/9, the ashy-charcoal layer was disturbed by the Roman foundation trench). To the south of thiarea, in squares M-K/9, this surface was distinguished aslayer of dense grey clay, also superimposed by constructiodebris.In the neighbouring squares JI-H/9, the ground surfac

was marked by a thin interrupted interlayer of cinders andcharcoals. In squares 0 -P/9 , the horizon was formed of greloam.Horizon I (Figs. 1116, 1126, 1136-1196) did not exceed 3cm in thickness. The ground surfaces were established onlwithin limited areas due to the badly destroyed culturadeposit. Bot

balabina et al 200 yunatsite

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