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Evaluating Well Integrity
Dominic DieseruProduct Line Manager – Wireline & TCP - United KingdomDecomworld - 28th Feb 2013 – Ardoe House
© 2013 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.
Agenda
Casing Inspection Services Flux Leakage - Micro & High Resolution Vertilog Service
Imaging Caliper
Electromagnetic Measurements - Digital Magnelog
Ultra Sonics
Advanced Cement Bond Log Segmented Bond Tool
Combined Interpretation Solutions
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What is the condition of your casing and tubing ?
Casing Inspection Systems
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Evaluate Condition Of Casing Strings– Mechanical
• Evaluate Collapse • Locate Splits• Locate Separated pipe• Locate Subs, Mandrels, Collars, and other Hardware.• Locate Holes & Perforations• Locating a Packer Seat• Evaluate Tubing/Casing Prior to Workover
– Corrosion• Determine Condition of casing due to Corrosion• Monitor Corrosion Rate• Determine Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibition
Casing Problems
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurement
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Micro Vertilog & Digital Vertilog - Benefits
• Discriminates corrosion type :– isolated– annular – general corrosion.
• Detects small corrosion pits on both the inside and outside
• Discriminates between actual corrosion and well completion equipment.
• Analysis provides a corrosion map, for easy Interpretation
• Provides depth and % penetration, as low as 3/8” @ 30% penetration
• Provides multiple overlapping measurements for complete 360 degree circumferential analysis.
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Vertilog Pad Sensors
FL Passive Coils: Measure any “Flux Leakage”;
Signal Amplitude is proportional to % of penetration
EC active coils: Generate a 10 khz magnetic field to induce “eddie currents” on the internal surface of casing
EC SIGNAL
FL SIGNAL
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9
CourtesyTexas Gas Transmission LLC
Well # 15842
Acquisition & Field Deliverable
• MV32 Data Acquisition
• MVRT-Type Deliverable
• Standard Log Format
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Several external pits interconnected, observe the response of EC discriminator
Example – Micro Vertilog
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Efficiency….Data accuracy….People-oriented service
.148
.188
Two external pits.Lower pit real penetration is .188ins DVRT tool reading is 0.201ins 93%. accurate.Upper pit real penetration is 0.148ins tool reading is 0.155 ins 96% accurate.
Example – Digital Vertilog
Summary - Magnetic Flux Leakage
Advantages• Internal/External Defects• Fast - 120 ft/min• 100% Coverage FL & DIS• Safe –
–No Harm to Tubular or Coating
• Robust ––Immune to Scale/Paraffin –Works in any Fluid or Gas
• Improving Signal/Noise with Increasing Corrosion
Disadvantages• Indirect Measurement• Poor Sensitivity to:
–Axially Oriented Defects–Mechanical Deformation
• Speed dependent
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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• Speed independent– Increased logging speed (~200’/min) means less time on the well– Able to log slower through well head results in safer operation
• Increased dynamic range of instrument allows for the operation in a variety of downhole conditions
– Ability to operate in greater range of casing weights– Ability to negotiate casing patches and provide inspection
• No external wiring– Reduced tool maintenance– Reduced down time on well site
High Resolution FL Measurement
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• Increased circumferential and axial resolution– More sensors
• 144 FL , 48 DIS in 4 ½” tool• 144 FL , 48 DIS in 5” – 5 ½” tool• 288 FL , 96 DIS in 7” – 9 ⅝” tool
– Smaller sensors (1 ¼’’ coil to 0.25” Hall Sensors)• Multi-axial Sensors
– Results in better defect description• Quantifiable defect description
– Field verifiable calibration– Increased accuracy for length, width and depth of penetration
determination– Results in better input into burst pressure calculations– Data base output for long term data storage and integration into other
data systems
HR Vertilog
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HRVT - Tool Specifications
Length = 15.5 ft to 19.75ftWeight = 310 Lbs.Tool OD = 3 5/8 in to 5 ½ in Maximum Temperature = 350 DegF.Maximum Pressure = 15000 psi.Minimum Casing ID = 4.5 inMaximum Casing OD = 9 5/8 inMaximum Logging Speed = 200 ft/min.
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Advanced Analysis using information from three axes of MFL data to determine length, width and depth of penetration of features.
– Depth Based Analysis – Length, Width, Depth Of Penetration
– Pressures Based Analysis (Based on Client Selected Parameters)
• Four commonly used formulae to determine Casing Burst Pressure
– Barlow, Canadian Z341, B31G, Modified B31G
The HR Vertilog Final Report provides detailed information on each feature in the well.
HR Vertilog - Analysis
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High-Resolution Analysis
Circumferential
Radial
Axial
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Case History
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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Casing sizes 2 3/8” to 20”
Image Caliper
Applications
• Pipe Ovality• Casing Deformation• Total Metal Loss• Max/Min Penetration• Orientation and Inclination• Pitting/Corrosion• Splitting• Collar Inspection• Pipe Wear
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Scale/Header Section
All Curves displayed in raw data format
Casing collar response profile
Min / Max Presentation
Wellsite Log Output
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Rotational Display
On-Screen Data Reference
Closure Port Sleeve
Nominal ID
Larger ID
OD Reference
Smaller ID
3D Image CD
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X-Sectioned Display
Nominal ID
Feature Identification
3D Image CD
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Summary – Imaging Caliper
Advantages• Direct Contact with Pipe
– If Caliper sees it, it’s there• Good Defect Depth Resolution• Detection of Axially Oriented Metal
Loss such as Drill Pipe or Rod Wear
• Provides Direct Measurement of Pipe Geometry/Weight Changes
Disadvantages• Internal Only• Corrosion Products and Other
Deposits Can Fill Defects• Pits Can Fall Between Fingers• Possible Damage to Pipe
Coating/Inhibition Layer
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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Eddy Current
Phase Shift
Eddy Current
Phase Shift
Electromagnetic Measurement
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• Determines joints of casing with different weights and thickness.
• Locates casing collars ,shoe of outside casing strings and other casing hardware on the inner string e.g. scratchers and centralizers.
• Locates casing erosion and discriminates between external or internal metal loss.
• Locates casing holes larger than 2in diameter
• Locates severe anomalies on outside string of pipe when run aloneor when run in combination with other casing evaluation surveys.
Digital Magnelog - Applications
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• Tool Diameter 3.63in, 5.53 in or 8.0 in• Temperature 350 DegF• Pressure Rating 20,000 psi• Measurement Range 4 in to 13 in• Minimum Casing OD 4 ½ in• Maximum Casing OD 13 3/8 in• Accuracy ± 10% in Single String
± 20% in Multiple Strings• Repeatability within 5%
Digital Magnelog – Tool Specifications
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Digital Magnelog
Visual Response to Severe Metal Loss
from Field Data
• Parted Casing →
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Advantages• Internal/External Defects• General Wall Thinning• Detects Changes in Multi String
Applications (Qualitative Only)• Detection of Axially Oriented Metal
Loss such as Drill Pipe or Rod Wear.
• Detects Pipe Weight Changes
Disadvantages• Poor Defect Resolution
– Defects Must be Greater than Two (2) Inches
• Defects Can not be Quantified• Poor Circumferential Resolution
Summary – Electromagnetic Measurement
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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Ultrasonic Measurement Principle of Operation• Rotating Acoustic Transducer:
– Produces High Frequency Signal– At or Near Resonate Frequency of
Casing
• Measurement Of:– Amplitude & Travel Time of Signal– Impedance of Borehole Fluid
• Detailed Images of:– Internal Radius– Casing Thickness– Internal and External Defects
• 100% Coverage
• Direct Measurement of Casing Thickness.
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• Identification and Quantification of Casing Corrosion
• Identifies Holes in Casing and Perforated Intervals
• Estimation of Casing Damage Caused by Milling or Fishing Operations.
• Corrosion or Damage Characterized According to Remaining Metal Thickness
• Internal or External Metal Loss
• Casing Profile and Casing Weight Changes
Digital CBIL - Applications
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• Joint Identification and Depth
• Internal Radius of pipe and Pipe Amplitude Image Presentation
• Pipe Thickness and Image Presentation
Digital CBIL - Field Examples
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Advantages• Internal/External Defects• Very Good Remaining Wall
Thickness Measurement• Detects Axially Oriented
Defects• Direct Measure of Casing
Thickness
Disadvantages• Sensitive to Borehole Medium• Sensitive to Eccentricity• Clear & Stationary Fluid Only• No Dispersive Particulates /
Bubbles in Fluid• Diffraction at Pipe Surface
Due to Scaling/Corrosion Products
• Absorption at Pipe Surface due to Wax/Hydrates
• Slow Logging Speed• Decreasing Signal/Noise ratio
as Corrosion Increases
Summary – Ultrasonic Measurements
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Features, Advantages & Benefits
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SBT - Tool Measurement
• The Segmented Bond Tool (SBT) service provides quantitative analysis of the cement bond in six 60° segments for 360° borehole coverage, simplifying interpretation and cutting remedial cementing and logging costs.
• Simultaneous 5ft VDL measurement provides indication of cement to formation bond.
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SBT - Tool Specifications
Length = 68 ft.Weight = 1050 Lbs.Tool OD = 3 3/8 inMaximum Temperature = 350 DegF.Maximum Pressure = 20000 psi.Minimum Casing ID = 4.5 inMaximum Casing OD = 24 in with extended armsMaximum Logging Speed = 36 ft/min.
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Segmented Measurements
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SBT - Benefits
True 360° Coverage (NOT point samples)– Positively locates channelling and cement voids
Can Log multiple casing size in one run, saving rig time.
No mud weight limits or light weight fluids limits.
Transmitters and Receivers in direct contact with casing– Insensitive to Fast Formations
Compensated attenuation measurement– Corrects for poor Transmitter–Receiver contacts in rough casing
Relatively immune to decentralization– High quality data in deviated wells.
2 measurements simultaneously:– Pads - Quantitative analysis of cement bond to the casing
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Cement Compressive Strength Chart Class G Cement
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3000psi
Low Impedance Cement Interpretation
3000psi
Light Weight Cements Reduce the Dynamic Range of all Bond Log Measurements
Example only – Do not use for Interpretation.
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3000psi
3000psi
Heavyweight Casing
3000psi
Light Weight Cements + Heavy Wall casing Significantly Reduce the Dynamic Range of all Bond Log Measurements !!
Example only – Do not use for Interpretation.
Man
ufac
turin
g To
lera
nce
(12.
5%)
+ M
etal
Gra
de
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SBT Presentation1.
• Line Speed / Tension• Gamma Ray• DTMN and DTMX• Casing Collar Locator
2.• Six individual
attenuation responses• Relative bearing curve
(Shows Low Side)
3.• Attenuation average• Attenuation minimum
4. Cement map
5. Variable density log
1 2 3 4 5
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BondViewSM
Alternative Geoscience
Analysis
• Re-scale cement map to strength
• Filter out casing signal→Formation
• NB. Requires a cement impedance input
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Interpretative Solutions
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Combination Service
• Majority of our casing inspection and cement evaluation tools can be ran in combination with other tools saving rig time.
• SBT – HRVRT – Cement & Corrosion• SBT – MFC – Cement & Multifinger Caliper• SBT – RPM – Cement & Saturation logs• SBT – MVRT – Cement & Corrosion
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Interpretative Solutions
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Remedial Solutions & Options
• TeliCoil & Cameras
• MPC “Mechanical Pipe Cutter”
• Straddles
• Perforate & SqueezeUsing Customized charges
• Plugs & Retainers.
• Liquid Stone© 2013 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.52
Summary
Flux Leakage Measurements - MicroVertilog, DigitalVertilog& High Resolution Vertilog Services.
Imaging Calipers - Multi Finger Caliper
Electromagnetic Measurements - Digital Magnelog
Ultra Sonics - Digital Circumferential Borehole Image
Advanced Cement Evaluation - Segmented Bond Tool
Combined Service & Interpretative products© 2013 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.53
QuestionsThanks
- Casing Inspection & Cement Evaluation
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