baihaqi field paper analysis
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
MASTERING OF TEACHING SPEAKING THROUGH OPENING PLACE
PREPARED BY:
BAIHAQI, MA
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL EDUCATION OF TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
OF SAMUDRA LANGSA UNIVERSITY
2012
ABSTRACT
Speaking is complex skill, required the simultaneous of number of
different abilities which of develop different rates either four of five
components in generally recognized in analysis of speech, there are
including as the remembering system pronunciation, grammar,
vocabulary, fluency and comprehension.
I. INTRODUCTION
To communicate to other people we need a language. Every nation has its
own language. Every language has unique system, there are no two language
ever have the same system exactly. One of the languages is English. As we
know, English is as an international language. Because everything are written in
English now and it is used in many countries for any purposes. It is important and
become necessity to be studied and mastered by people in globalization era
today because of that reason.
Language is system, it means language is formed by different component
in suitable pattern and formula. According to Wardhough (1986: 3), says,
“Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbol use for human communication“.
Information is gotten not always from printed material like books, magazines,
newspaper, etc. but we can also get the information from audiovisual such as
computer, internet, television etc. and by the change of the information with
other people in other country, so we have to understand what they speak by
learning their language. We can learn a language by formal or informal
education.
Learning English speaking is one of skills to understand the other
language. Probably, if we are able to speak English well we can have big
challenge to get nice job and salary. Because English is as one of requirement
getting many formal or informal job today. English is a head condition to get it.
Today, almost school in this world teaching English as one of the main
subject. English is studying by all students in around the world including in
Indonesia. English is taught as an obligatory subject. It is taught from elementary
school up to university level. It is used as a tool in improving the student’s
knowledge, so they can live in society with this skill.
Each skill listening, speaking, reading and writing need to be mastered by
students; however, as language the student demanded to be able to speak.
Because when student can speak, show that they have mastered the language.
The goal of study a language is able to communicate. Speaking as one of the
skill in English becomes a biggest problem for almost all Indonesian students
who study it. It is caused as a foreign language, English has very different
grammar and culture. The students face a new situation that very different with
their basic language.
There are many factors cause the problem. As we know the differences of
structure between Indonesia and English is one of the factors. Moreover, the
culture background sometime becomes another factor. Besides that, English is
still as foreign language in Indonesia. Compare with our neighbor Malaysia or
Singapore, where English is as the second language, it means the people use
English for daily life beside their native language. It causes easier for students
there to master English. However, our government keeps trying to design
suitable curriculum, provide facility, and train teachers in order to increase
student’s achievement in mastery English.
In fact, teaching speaking at school still faces many problems. Since the
facility and environment do not support learning process, Student as the object
of study is the most sufferers in English learning. They face trouble in study it
because they feel that impossible for them to master it. This situation made
studying English has became something frightening for almost students who
study it. Ahmadi and Supriyono (2004: 77) state that, “The situation where
student cannot study as should be, that is the trouble of study”.
Looking to the development of teaching methods in the world, today the
method and technique tend to break the traditional rules and assumptions where
study is not always going on inside of the classroom but also outside or opening
place. However, this way is not the new method but just often to be done for
long time in our education world. DePorter (2000: 78) states, “Environment will
influence the students to focus and grab the information”. Environment is
important because as connection to the brain. New or different situation will help
learning become more interesting and good for students to increase their
concentration in receiving of the information from the teacher.
Then DePorter (2000:67) also stated, “Understand the connection between
environment and brain it is important to orchestrate supporting study
environment. The environment will increase confident and learning quality”.
We have known that environment study most used for learning activities is
in classroom. However, the same similar situation everyday makes students or
even teacher feel boring. Therefore, the choice to make the situation fresher is
through change the environment study from in classroom into the out of
classroom or at the opening place.
Study outside of classroom or at opening place such as in yard or school
field will give students new perspective because the atmosphere will influence
the way they take the lesson. The teacher also can take more advantage from
the environment and connect the situation and everything around them as the
media to support the learning process. Especially for speaking, things around of
the environment will help much because they can see directly object. Concurrent
to the growing interest in promoting learner independence is a trend in learning
studies to view language learning as a group phenomenon rather than an
individual process. There are many research conducted that showed, most
students believe that their learning is highly influenced by opportunities to have
variety experiences at the outside classroom or the opening place.
As stated by Polanyi et. al (1995: 271), “Both nationally and internationally
researchers claim that learners, at various levels of proficiency and at various
stages of study, continue to view their successful and unsuccessful learning
outcomes as related to their experiences outside the classroom”.
In the field of English education, much effort has been put into developing
teaching practices that support the interactions of students in the classroom and
encourage learning activities outside the classroom or the opening place.
However, little is known about what teachers perceive and believe about out of
class activity in the process of teaching and learning. This gap in our knowledge
is highly significant as it is often claimed that the ultimate goal of teaching
English is to increase the learner’s ability to interact successfully in the target
language in real situations. As stated by Anderson (2000: 11) In the field of
English education, much effort has been put into developing teaching practices
that support the interactions of students in the classroom and encourage
learning activities outside the classroom. Yet, little is known about what teachers
perceive and believe about these out-of-class activity in the process of teaching
and learning. This gap in our knowledge is highly significant as it is often claimed
that the ultimate goal of teaching English is to increase the learner’s ability to
interact successfully in the target language in real situations.
II. DESCRIPTION OF TEACHING THROUGH OPENING PLACE
Definition of Opening Place
If we look into ‘Opening Place’ term could be some interpretations
occurred to it. The term is consisted from two words that is ‘opening’ and ’place’.
Each word has many interpretations and various usage.
The word ‘Opening’ has many definitions in many aspects. According to
Collins Essential English Dictionary (2006: 124) as noun ‘Opening’ have four
definitions namely:
1. the beginning or first part of something
2. the first performance of a theatrical production
3. a chance or opportunity: an opening into show business
4. a hole or gap
Meanwhile according to Mifflin in The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language (2003: 152) defines ten meanings for Opening namely:
1. The act or an instance of becoming open or being made to open.
2. An open space serving as a passage or gap.
3. A breach or aperture.
4. A clearing in the woods.
5. The first part or stage, as of a book.
6. The first performance: the opening of a play.
7. A formal commencement of operation: attended the opening of the new
museum.
8. Games A specific pattern or series of beginning moves in certain games,
especially chess.
9. An opportunity affording a chance of success.
10.An unfilled job or position; a vacancy.
Based on the Etymology it comes from Middle English, from Anglo-French,
open space, from Latin platea broad street, from Greek plateia (hodos), from
feminine of platys broad, flat; akin to Sanskrit pr ̣thu broad, Latin planta sole of
the foot (Wikipedia, 2006).
Unfortunately, most of the definition above far from the meaning that this
written intended. However, from WordNet 3.0 (2008) gave close meaning of the
opening that is “an open or empty space in or between things” and the Oxford
Dictionary (1996: 288) define opening as “open space”. For the word ‘place’,
Wikipedia (2008) define it as “A place is a location in space”. From the definition
have some explanations which is has close meaning to the written intended
namely:
1. physical environment
2. physical surroundings
3. an indefinite region or expanse
4. a building or locality used for a special purpose <a place of learning>
5. a particular region
6. center of population, or location
7. a building, part of a building, or area occupied as a home
8. a proper or designated niche or setting <the place of education in
society>
From the explanation above the term of opening place could be interpret
as an open location in open space. Refer to the title of this written the opening
place here means any places in outdoor or out of the classroom. In another word,
the study activity operated at place without wall boundary.
The places could take the place around the school or outside the school.
The places around the school such as in the yard, field or school garden. The
opening place at the outside of school such as in the field or city garden.
Why Opening Place?
A question for all teachers or educators in around the world, where is the
right place to teach? Actually, in the world history, school using the classrooms is
a really new concept. It is because in the past before all the teaching and
learning processes took the classroom as the centre for study, nature or the
opening place was as the place where study activities held. The problem is
teaching and learning activities that held inside of the classroom could not
guarantee that the process more success than the teaching and learning
activities that took at the opening place. There are many examples that students
feel uncomfortable because of the monotonous of classroom. The classroom
even sometimes look like a jail. It is time to ask that study in the classroom is the
best way and still is the main forum for the learning or we need to back as in the
past. The condition of classroom that not support the teaching and learning
process will make the students even teacher feel numb. And the result for the
condition is failure. There are many proofs or cases show that students got
nothing from their school but only frightened and punishment. Because school as
the place for study turn into place for giving burden and punishment for students
who cannot ‘learn’ according their teacher. The exploiting of school about 200
days per year, several hours in a day and only use 15% times is the wasting of
the worth asset. And using of big part of time for one way teaching is the bigger
wasting from the 15%. It needs to emphasize that most of people will in the best
condition for learning through experimentally and whole senses.
As stated by Dryden and Vos (2002: 109):
The exploiting of school about 200 days per year, several hours in a day and only use 15% times is the wasting of the worth asset. And using of big part of time for one way teaching is the bigger wasting from the 15%. It needs to emphasize that most of people will in the best condition for learning through experimentally and whole senses.
Teaching and learning is the complex process. In the process, everything
has they own meaning. Every word, opinion, presentation, association, action
that used in the process and how far the teacher composes the surrounding that
is the process is running. The importance of surrounding in teaching and learning
process it is parallel with their purpose to make teacher and students easier in
teaching and studying.
Another question is how to teach more many through more little effort?
Through some research and experiment some experts recommend that change
the surrounding or situation will answer the question. As state by DePorter et.al
(2000: 64), “You can transmit a lot and your students will understand and
memorize more. How? Through alter your class surrounding”. The word class
here is not literal but it can interpret, as a place of study so it could be anywhere
not only must in the classroom.
In order to solve the problem regarding to the classroom issues, today the
education world start to change or combine the way of their teaching strategy.
There are many schools or education centers begin to use the techniques, which
can support the teaching and learning process. One of the techniques is through
study outside of the class or at the opening place. This way is to not only move
study from inside to outside the class but also have serious intention in making
student easier to grab the study material. The place or environment is very
important in learning process. Good place can be a value medium in build and
keep positive attitude.
Because supporting place will help student easier in developing their
ability, keep their focus in studying and winner mentality. The winner mentality
will create success students. As stated by DePorter and Hernacki (2002: 66), “If
you work in good ordering environment, then easier to develop and keep the
winner mentality. And the winner mentality will produce success students”.
Definition of Speaking
Language is used to communicate with series of rule and the way to
express it. As the quoted that states, “That language is communication, not
simply a series of social and grammatical regulations” (Celce-Mursia, Downey
and Thurrel, 1985).
Human expresses language through speaking generally. Before human
create written system, people communicate or interact through spoken. That is
why if people say that language is primarily spoken. Speaking is one problem
that recurs and more frequently talked these days. Speaking is ability of people
to communicate with the other people. Through speaking, we are able to express
our feeling, opinion or get our necessity. Speaking cannot separate from human
life that is why speaking is one of abilities needed to learn.
“Speaking is fundamentally and instrumental act, speakers talk in order
to have some effect on their listeners, they assert things to change state of
knowledge” states by Herbert and Ave (1980: 46). However, Speaking is complex
skill, required the simultaneous of number of different abilities which of develop
different rates either four of five components in generally recognized in analysis
of speech, there are including as the remembering system pronunciation,
grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension.
As stated by Haris in his book entitled Teaching the Spoken language
(1997: 32):
Speaking is complex skill, required the simultaneous of number of different abilities which of develop different rates either four of five components in generally recognized in analysis of speech, there are including as the remembering system pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension.
According to Wikipedia (2008: 155), speaking can be described, “As an act
of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or
other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of
language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. In other
more colloquial terms, speaking can be described in several different ways
(Onelook, 2008):
1. A linguistic act designed to convey information.
2. Various types of linguistic acts where the audience consists of more than
one individual, including public speaking, oration and quotation.
3. The physical act of speaking, primarily through the use of vocal cords to
produce voice.
When we are speaking, we make interact with someone else and usually
we need an action from someone as the listener. As Hammond et al. (1992: 5)
concluded speaking is interaction language or language accompanying action.
However speaking or speech can also take place inside one’s head, known as
intrapersonal communication, for example, when one thinks or utters sounds of
approval or disapproval. At a deeper level, one could even consider subconscious
processes, including dreams where aspects of oneself communicate with each
other as part of intra personal communication, even though most human beings
do not seem to have direct access to such communication.
Because of speaking is the way of human to express their opinion it is
need spontaneity when do that. In addition, the spontaneity is the major problem
of the students who learn the foreign language particularly English. He also
claims that many teachers often overlook the fact that in a relaxed atmosphere,
real learning takes place, and students use the language they have been
exposed to and have practiced earlier.
Teaching Speaking
The purpose of speaking can be used to convey meaning or to increase
social bonds between individuals or groups. For the latter, shallowness is not
problem. The success of speaking depends on numerous factors, including the
presence or absence if a variety of speech disorders, the ability of the speaker to
express the intended message and the ability and willingness. Such of language
education is to prepare student in term to be participate in modern society life
(Hammond et al. 1992: 56). In other words, language education is life skill
education that is the education, which give the skill to student to be surviving in
modern life patterned with globalization.
In practically level, generally Indonesian student cannot answer the global
communication challenge, whereas in theoretic language education needs to
have obvious focus about what competence need to develop if student targeted
to be able to communicate in global era. In standard of content of school-based
curriculum stressed how important to looking of language product as an
instrument to communicate, is not only the language that received through
explain by teacher. It means in teaching speaking, student expected to be more
active in express their speaking skill. They are not just listen what the teacher
said but demanded directly to practice.
It is very important to practice directly in their daily communication in
oreder to make it as their habitual. Because when an activity conducted directly,
it helps them to master it better. As the research presented that, “We learn 90%
from what we said and done” (DePorter, 2000: 32).
To reach the target, curriculum designed need to settled the syllabus
target that could be used as benchmark as suggested by Wells (1987: 65).
According to Wells, “four literacy degrees exist that is performative, functional,
informational and epistemic”.
1. Performative
In performative degree, people able to write and read, and speak through
symbols that are used.
2. Functional
In functional degree, people expected are able to use language to fulfill
daily life such as reading newspaper, magazine, manual reading etc.
3. Informational
In informational degree, people expected are able to access knowledge
through his language.
4. Epistemic
In epistemic degree, people expected to able to transform knowledge in
certain language.
Refer to standard of content of school-based curriculum, students of senior
high school intended to reach until the third degree that is informational,
because they prepared to enter university level.
Sequentially the purposes of teaching speaking for senior high school
student formulated in three of competence standard (Depdiknas, 2003: 5)
following:
1. Able to communicate through spoken language using suitable language
style, fluently and accurate in interaction or monolog expression in shape
of narrative, procedure, recount, report and news.
2. Able to communicate through spoken language using suitable language
style, fluently and accurate in interaction or monolog expression in shape
of narrative, descriptive, anecdote, analytic and hortatory exposition. It
intended to interpersonal meaning variation.
3. Able to communicate through spoken language using suitable language
style, fluently and accurate in interaction or monolog expression in shape
of narrative, explanation, discussion, commentary and review with
emphasis on complex of interpersonal meaning.
Since the standard demand teacher to be able to achieve the target, it
might be happened teacher only teaches to run the target without care about
the students’ capability or their intake in study. With all the burden of study that
mentioned above, the most suffer is students. Looking the situation students is
as the object of education, whereas nowadays they are not anymore.
Nowadays, students are not the education object, but they are as the
subject. Because the demand of curriculum that students must be active. They
must inquiry the knowledge not only receive or waiting teacher to give them.
And teacher also should be realized and accustomed to treat the students not as
the object. Therefore, teaching and learning is collaboration working between all
sides especially teacher and students.
However, teacher as the main director in the field needs to design the
scenario of study in order the design will work successfully. It means, the teacher
and students both gain their purpose in study.
Teaching Speaking through Opening place
As development nation, Indonesia needs to run the fallen behind in any
sectors. Especially, when we are talking about education sector. The education in
Indonesia still poor compared with its closest neighbor nations such as Malaysia
and Singapore. However, our government always tries to improve our national
education with many programs that could support accelerate of the education
progress. For example, the government builds facilities and infrastructure to
supporting learning process. Also held training for teachers in order to develop
their perception and teaching skill. It tends to create a competence teacher.
Because how modern the facilities that had by a school without competence
teacher, everything is useless.
One of features that a teacher competence to do his job is the teacher
should know and rich with many approach, method and techniques in order to
support his duty. The good mastery of teaching techniques will help teacher and
their student to accomplish learning target. In study a language, the main target
is making students able to communicate through spoken.
Today speaking ability is very important closer the globalization where
English as the international language urgent to be mastered. In this case, the
teaching technique for speaking at school is very important to make the students
understand and easier master it. As we know, there are so many teaching
techniques old or new. In teaching process, a teacher could use one technique or
more and combine it.
However, it is depended on the learning necessity. For teaching speaking,
teacher prefers to choose the technique that make learning situation more
active. Also, make student become braver to express their speaking ability. Since
the speaking is as the active skill that needs direct performance. Because in
many cases, sometimes we are trapped with the path that our predecessor have
done which not always correct or suitable with present condition where study
situation is very serious and far from fun. That situation will hamper the students
in enjoying and developing their ability.
As according to Kim (1995: 35) states that, “There is a common
perception that all learning should be serious and solemn in nature, and that if
one is having fun and there is hilarity and laughter, then it is not really learning.
This is a misconception. It is possible to learn a language as well as enjoy oneself
at the same time and that gives more advantages …”.
Regarding to the opening place, it is one way in order to accelerate
students’ developing in mastering speaking. Through the different situation of
study, hoped that the students would have interesting and pay attention to what
teacher teach. Moreover, by study at the open place the teaching and learning
process can be as a directly experience for students especially when the material
of study adjusted with the situation of the place. So the student can see, feel the
atmosphere directly and it is will help them much in memorizing and expressing
their spoken ability. The energize place of study, relieve a lot of tension students
and it can be also motivate them in learning speaking.
The Role of Teacher
The role of teacher is central as an active explainer. Teacher dominates
the teaching and learning process. In other words, teacher is like an orchestra
conductor. Cullingford (1995: 159) states, “Teacher makes a subject interesting,
he sets up experiments, brings in interesting materials, and is not merely bound
by routine”. This means that teacher become a source of knowledge.
When the teacher is an active judge, she make corrections, control the
students’ performance or answer. The teacher must judge the correctness of the
students’ responses. Before the study is started, the teacher should make sure
that all the necessary material ready.
It is suggested that teacher prepares the material that have connection
with the place or the teacher should be able to design the material that can
connected by student where the place support them to look the thing directly or
imagine it.
After that the study cannot be successful if the teacher does not explain
the tasks and the rules for students in studying at the open place. The rules must
be made clear to the students in order to prevent students take chance to play
because they are at the ‘free’ place.
Teacher should tell to the students what they can or cannot do. Teacher
should maintain the situation so that the teaching and learning process still in
the path. Because for students, study at the opening place quite different and
strange for them. This is crucial for the success of the activity, so every effort
should be made.
Following things that teacher should prepared and do to teach at the
opening place:
1. The selection of the place and time is very important. Study at the open
place such as at the football field at middle of the day is a stupidity.
2. The material that compatible with the place or can be supported with the
place.
3. Clear rule for students along the opening place.
4. Clear task for students so that they know what they must to do and focus.
5. Teacher should be able maintain the situation from the beginning until the
end of program.
6. Teacher should be creative and able to connect and relate the material
with the place.
7. Teacher always motivates students to be brave and using the place as
much as they can.
The Role of Students
Students play a reactive role by responding to teacher’s explanation. They
should contribute as much as they gain in the classroom. They are the real actor
in this situation. It is because the real purpose of this strategy in order to make
students feel different situation but support them to develop their ability through
different way. However, this way will help sides, students and also teacher.
Students are hoped to be able to use the new situation in developing their
ability. Students need to be more active in practicing their speaking ability and
using the place to help them memorize and express their spoken. That is
because if students do not active or less in using the place, the process will be
fail.
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