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SYLLABUS

B.A. (Hons.)POLITICAL SCIENCE

(Only for UTDs)

2016-19

SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

VIKRAM UNIVERSITY, UJJAIN

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Only for UTDs (2016-19)

B.A. (Honours) Political Science- Scheme of Course & Examination Semester Wise

First Semester

* Subsidiary Subject Any Two Out of Three

S.Noj Code Course Components Distribution ofMarks Totaland Name of Course Credit

-.

L T P Total Max MaxCredits Internal External

1 P101 Political Theory 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

National Movement &2 P102 Constitutional 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

Development in India

3* 5101 Introduction to5 1 6* 15~ 35 50*Sociology* ... -

-4* ES101 Micro Economics* 5 1 1- 6* I 15 35 50*

iHistory of India

if5* HS101 (Harappan Civilization 5 15 35 50*

1200 A.D.)*- -- ----

6 Cl01 G~neral Hindi 5 1 - 6 15 35 50- -'-

Total Credits and Marks30 I 1 250

._----. __ . .___1._________-----_L- ___~--J

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". Second Semester

SoNo/ CodeCourse Componentsand Name of Course

DistributionCredit

ofMarks Total

l T PTotal MaxCredits Internal

MaxExternal

50

50

50*

50*

35

35

35

15

15

6

6

1

1

5

5

Political Ideologies

Western PoliticalThought'

Basic Elements of I5 1 - 6* 15

Socio.logy* --l-Macro Economics* 5 1 - 6* I 0 15 35

History of India 1200 ~-~- L .----.to 1740A.D' 5 1 .T6~__LlS__ .35. 50*

General English 5 1 II - 16 I 15 35 50. .__ .1_ ._ __._.1 ._.__ _.__ ' ~--30 I 250

iTotal Credits and Marks

1 P201

2 P202

3* S201 -0;

4* ES201

5* HS201

6 C201

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Third Semester

S.No/ CodeCourse Components Distribution of

Marks Totaland Name of Course Credit

-

L T PTotal Max MaxCredits Internal External

1 P301 Indian Political System 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

2 P302Indian Political

5 1 6 15 35 50-Thought

3* S301Conceptualizing

5 1 6* 15 35 50*-Indian Society*

-4* ES301 Indian Economy* 5 1 - 6* 15 35 50*

-- ------ -- --- ---_._~._-------"-_._-- ---~~----I50~---5* HS301

History of India 17405 1 6* 15

to 1950 A.D. *- -

6 C301 Environment 5 1 - 6 15 35 50---

Total Credits and Marks 30 250

--* Subsidiary Subject Any Two Out of Three



Fourth Semester



-- --_.---~-.._--._--_.-._-- --- --


1 P401Human Rights and

5 1 6 15 35 50-Duties

2 P402 UN and It's agencies 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

3* S401Classical Sociological

5 1 6* 15 35 50*Theory'"

-~

.4* ES401 Public Economics* 5 1 - 6* 15 35 50*

-. ----- -----Main Current of

5* HS401 World History (Mid 5 1 - 6* 15 35 50*15th Century 1950)*

6 - C401Entrepreneurship

5 1 6 I 15 35 50-development -+----

Total Credits and Marks 25030 I-- !


-.

-.



Fifth Semester

S.Noj CodeCourse Components Distribution of


PTotal Max Max

L TCredits Internal External

1 P501 India's Foreign Policy 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

2 P502 Public Administration 5 1 - 6 15 3S 50

3 P503International

5 I 1 6 15 35 50-Relations

i

Human Rights: Indian I I4 P504 5 I 1 - 6 15 35 50Perspective

5 C501 Computer Awareness S 1 J6 15 35 sri- r-.L-l.Total Credits and Marks

I30 250

--------j-----~------ ______ ....J---------------------- -- ____ -.0 ... ,,_--".-



Fifth Semester




1 P501 India's Foreign Policy 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

2 P502 Public Administration 5 1 - 6 I 15 35 50

-.Internationa I ;

3 P503Relations 5 1 - 6 - 15 35 50

..

4 P504 Human Rights: Indian5 1 6 15 35 50-

Perspective

5 C501 Computer Awareness 5 1 - 6 15 35 50I

-

Total Credits and Marks 30 250



Sixth Semester




1 P601 Modern Political5 1 6 15 35 50-Analysis

--f--.South Asian Political

2 P602 System (Pakistan,5 1 6 15 35 50Nepal,_.Bangladesh,

-

Srilanka) .,

- Major Constitution of3 P603 the,world (UK, USA, 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

Switzerland, China)-

4 P604 Project & Viva - 6 - 6 15 35 50

5 C601 Communication Skill 5 1 - 6 15 35 50

Total Credits and Marks 30 I l 250 J'--.____1----_ .._--

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Semester - I (201G-18) CBCSMain Subject Paper - 1

Indian Political Thought (Code-Pol-1Oi'"

Political Theory

Unit I: Definition, scope and nature of political science.Relationship 'Nith allied disciplines like-History,Economics, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology,Geography.Study methods in political science.

Unit II: The state - definition and its essential elements.Theories of the origin of state,Citizenship- Meaning and definition, types andMethods of acquiring and loosing Citizenship'Sovereignty-Definition, characteristics, kinds .andCriticism.Law - definition, sources of law andTypes of the law.

Unit III Political Concepts:Rights-Definition, types and theories of rightsLiberty- meaning, definition and kinds.Equality- meaning, definition and kinds of equality.Justice- concept of justice, various forms ofJustice and theories of justice.

Unit IV Forms of political system:Federal: meaning, its merits and demerits.Unitary: meaning, its merits and demerits.Parliamentary: meaning, its merits and demerits.Presidential: meaning, its merits and demerits.Democracy: meaning, its merits and demerits.

Unit V Organization of government:Legislature and its functions.Executive types and its functions.Judiciary and its functions .

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Political parties: Definition, functions, merits and demerits.Pressure groups: Meaning and types of pressure groups.

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Readings1.2.

03.4.5.6.7.

8.9.10.ll.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.

E.Barker, Principles of Social and Political Theory, Calcutta, Oxford University Press.S. Ramaswamy, Political Theory: Ideas and concepts Delhi, Macmillan, 2002D.Held, Political Theory, Cambridge, Polity Press.Dr.Om Nagpal, Fundamentals of Political Science, Kamal Publisher, Indore.Prof. A.D. Panth, Basis of political Science Allahabad Publisher.Tripti Jain, Foundation of Politics - College Book Depot.

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Unit-I

Unit -II

Unit -III

Unit-IV

Unit - V

Readings

123

45678

Indian National Movement andConstitutional Development in India P.r-' I0 ~

1. The Causes of the Birth of Indian National Movement2. The Establishment of Indian National Congress, Objectives and Policies.3. Moderates and Extremists4. Morley Minto Act, 1909 - Main Provisions and Criticism

1. Government of India Act, 1919 - Main features2. Non-Co-operation Movement3. Simon Commission4. Nehru Report (1928)

1. The Civil Disobedience Movement_~. I, II and III Round table conference3. Government of India Act. 1935 Main features4. Cripps Proposals

1. Quit India Movement2. Cabinet Mission Plan3. Mountbatten Plan4. Partition of India

1. Independence Act, 1947. Main Provisions.2. The Role of C;:onstituent Assembly3. The making of Indian Constitution4. The preamble and features of India Constitution.

Prof.R.N.Agrawal National Movement and Constitutional Development of Indea.Prof.Vipin Chandra Indian National Movement Vikas Publisher New Delhi.Prof.R.C.Agrawallndian national Movement and Indian Contitution.

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Political Ideologies p- Q0(.' ,

Unit I Understanding Ideology.The role of ideology,Ideology of Left, Right and Centre.

Unit" Individualism.Utilitarianism.

Unit'" Idealism.Marxism.

Unit IV Socialism.Fascism.

Unit V Gandhism.Anarchism.

Readings1. "ffi.~. m, x I\li "'\1 fc1Cf) f*M ,2. $ ef> 611C'l '"iIx IL; 0 I. !>lfc1~ ~ x I\li rj1 f?Jif) fch:m Cf) ~ ~. f~rcrC1rC'1 3mc;r ~ Cf7ITA1

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• 9. g'8lxl\li ~, ~ xl\lirj1fc1Cf) ~10. Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, Pal grave Macmillan

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Unit I

Unit II

Unit III

Unit IV

Unit V

Western Political Thought r. ,;zClZ. ,

Characteristics .of Greek political thoughtPlatoAristotle

Characteristics of Roman political thought.Characteristics of Medieval Political Thought.AugustineThomas AquinasMarsilio of Padua

MachiavelliRousseauBentham

HegelT.H. green

Karl MarxLaski

Readings -1. :sT ~ ~ _. ~~cnfclmif cnr $F?n:;I{j (~ i-r ~). ~ -pn ~. ~.~~ .

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3fTTRT10. ~ ~T - "!ICli'i'lfflCh ~ cnr ~m. ~If%\ll ~i qfiC1cB~14 3J'TTRT11. E.Barker, the Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York, Dover P~~licati~~s.:12. E. Barker, Greek Political Theory: Plato his predecessors, New Delhi, B.1. Publications.

Chicago.Library.Deep & Deep

Press.

Christianity, London, and

origins toJ.bowle, Western Political Thought: A Historical Introduction from theRousseau, London, Jonathan cape. 1947.J. Coleman, A History of Political Thought: from Ancient Greece to early14.

Blackwell.15. H.J. Laski, Political Thought from Locke to Bentham, Oxford University16. D. Germino, modern Western Political Thought Machiavelli to Marx,17 A.D. Lindsay, Plato the Republic, London and Melbourne, Everyman's18. George Friedrich Hegel, Subrata Mukherjee and Sushila Ramaswamy,

Publications, New Delhi.19. Prabhudatta Sharma, Western Political Thought, College Book Depot.20. Sabine, A history of Political Theory.

13.

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Readings

Indian Political System P -30 \

1. The Meaning of Political System, Development andNature of Indian Political System.

2. The determinants of Indian Political System.3. The Role of Caste, Language, Regionality and

Communalism in the Politics.

1. Main Sources and Features of the Indian Constitution.2. The Philosophy of the Constitution: Fundamental Rights.3. The Philosophy of the Constitution: Directive Principles of StatePolicy.4.lndian Federal System and its Nature.

1. UnioQ Executive - president, Prime Minister and Council ofMinistets.2. Union Legislature- Parliament- Organization, Powers and

Functions.3. Union Judiciary- Supreme Court- Organization and Jurisdiction.

1. State Executive- Governor and Chief Minister- Powers andFunctions.2. State Legislature- Composition and Functions and Powers.3. Election Commission in India and process of Election.4. Election Reforms in Ir;tdia.5. Voting Behaviour.

1. Party System in India- Development and Features.2. The Major Political Parties in India.3. The Role of Regional Parties in Indian Political System.4. Politics of Coalition Government.5. Politics of Reservation.

a. A.G.Noorani Constitutional Questions in India the PresidentParliament and the State Delhi Oxford University

Press, 2000

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lC.Johri Indian Government and Politics OrientLongmans Publication New Delhi.Rajani Kothari Cast and Politics and India OrientLongmans Publication New Delhi.Prof. Rajani Kothari Politics of India, Orient LongmansPublication New Delhi.Prof.R.N.Agrawal National Movement andConstitutional Development of Indea.Prof.R.C.Agrawal Indian national Movement and IndianContitution.Jllruc;~lii ern ~ ~1\ii'-11ffiCh ~~ xm ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~1\ii-1~ffi

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INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT f - '302..-

. Unit 1 Indian Political Thought: Nature and Salient FeaturesManu-Views on State and King,Kautilya-Views on State, Saptang Theory, Shadgunya Policyand Mandai Theory.

Unit 2 Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Social and Political IdeasG.K. Ghokhale - Social, Political and Economical IdeasB.G. Tilak - Nationalism Swaraj.

Unit 3 Vivekanand - Nationalism and Political IdeasAurbindo - Nationalism and Political IdeasM.N. Roy - Political Ideas.

Unit 4 Gandhi - Truth, Non V(olence, Satyagrah, Ideal State.Ambedkar-Political & Social Ideas

Unit 5 Narendra Dev - Social and Political IdeasRarl!' Manohar Lohiya - Social and Political IdeasJay Prakash Narayan - Social and Political Ideas.

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~ m - crrfcrrr 3fR fct=cm",~ qcpm ~. ~ ~, m q f?<;;jch~1'"fl, ~ ~~ xl\i1r1lfflCf) ~ - 31cR0t - 31cR0t ~ qf?<;;jch~H. ~Balgangadhar Tilak Ed. Verinder Grover, Deep & Deep Pub., New DelhiProphet of India, Karan Singh Nationalism, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhawan, Bombay.SWami Vivekanand Ed. Verinder Grover, Deep & Deep Pub., New DelhiBhimrao Ambedkar- Ed. Verinder Grover, Deep & Deep Pub., New DelhiPolitical Leadership of Pt. J.L.Nehru- Akhileshwar Singh, Deep & Deep Pub., New Delhi

Readings1

234678910(B.q.)11

121314151617

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18 Representative Indian Social and Political Thinkers, Dr. Tripti Jain, College Book Depot, Jaipur19 Gandhi & Ambedkar- Sheshrao Chawan, Authors Press, New Delhi.20 Jawaharlal Nehru (Memorial Lectures), Vol. 1 & 2, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhawan, KM. Munshi Marg, Mumbai.21 Mahatma Gandhi (His Life Time) Louis Fischer, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Mumbai

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Human Rights and Duties f- ltd'

Unit 1- Human Rights: Meaning Concept and Historical Development

Rights: Meaning and DefinitionTypes of Rights: Moral and Legal

Unit 2- Theories of Rights:Theory of Natural RightLiberal TheoryLegal TheoryMarxist Theory

Unit 3- Duties: Meaning, Definition and Types.Relationship between Rights and Duties.

Unit 4- Charter of United Nations, .Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948,International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966,International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.

-.

Unit 5- Human Rights and Environment: Right to Clean EnvironmentHum'an Rights and Problem of Terrorism.

M.P. Dubey and Neeta Bora (Ed.) Perspective on Human Rights, Anamika Publications, New Delhi 2000.I

P.c. Sinha, (Ed.), Global Source Book of Human Rights, Vol:1&2.Kanishaka Pub. , Ne\NDelhi 2000.S. Subhramanyam, Human Rights: International Challenges, Vol. 1 and 2, Manas Pub. New Delhi, 1997.Satish Kanitkar, International Provisions of Human Rights, Rajat Pub. Delhi 2000.Ashwinikant Gautam, Human Rights, APH Publishing Co., New Delhi 2001Rahul Ray, Human Rights: UN Initiative, Authors Press, Delhi 2000.Ashine Roy, Human Rights of Women, Rajat Pub. Delhi, 2003.D.N. Gupta & Chandrachur Singh, Human Rights: Acts, Statutes and Constitutional Provisions, KalpazPub., Delhi, 2003.Satish Kanitkar, Culture and Human Rights, Rajat Pub., Delhi 2000.B.P. Singh Sehagal (Ed.), Global Terrorism, Deep and Deep Pub. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007.

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Readings12

a.b.c.d.

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Unit I

Unit II

Unit III

Unit IV

Unit V

United Nations and its Agencies (7- ~6 2..-.

United Nations: Origin of the UN; Objectives of the United Nations; Purposesand Principles; Membership, UN Secretary General- its appointment, term,

function.

Principal Organs of the United Nations: General Assembly Security Council;UN Economic and Social Council; Their Compositions, Functions and Powers.

UNO's Specialised Agency: UNESCO, International Labor Organisation (ILO),The World Health Organisation (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),International Monetory Fund (IMF), International Atomic Energy Association(IAEA), United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

Accomplishment of the United Nations: Maintenance of InternationalPeace -and Security; Refugee Problems: Human Rights.

United Nations: Success and Failure; United Nations and its relevance.

_Readings-Prakash Chandra International RelationsB.N. Maharishi International Organisation- Structure and Process

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Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Readings

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

India's Foreign Policy f ~5" () 1

Determinants of India's Foreign Policy.Principles and Objectives of India's Foreign Policy.

India is Non-Alignment Policy.India's Nuclear Policy after 1968.India's Security Issues.

India and its Neighbors-Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka,

Nepal.

India and U.S.A., India and Russia.

India and the United Nations, India and Common Wealth.

-~-.~.

India's Foreign Policy - M.S.RajanForeign Policy: Planning and New Challenges, Chand AttherForeign Policy of India - c.P. 8hambhriIndia's Foreign Policy and Relation - A Appaclorai, M.S.RajanGulf Crisis: US and the Emerging world order, Kulwant Kaur~ c#l fc1~ rflffr. 31P1 ;lflTlTlc;j

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Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Readings

1,

2.')v.

4.5.

6.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION f~S<:12....-.

Public Administration: Meaning & Definition, Nature & Scope: Public& Private Administration. Difference and Similarities, Methods ofStudy of Public Administration, New Public Administration.

Principles of Organization: Hierarchy, Span of Control. Unity ofCommand, Coordination, Authority and Responsibility, Centralizationand Decentralization.

Personnel Management; Recruitment, Training, Promotion, Pay andService Conditions, Discipline and Moral, Bureaucratic Model of MaxWeber & its Criticism:

F,inancial Administration. : BU,dget, Budget - Principles, Budget.Process in India Budget Formulation, Budget Enactment BudgetImplementation, Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Delegation, Delegated Legislation, Public Relations, Corruption inAdmin. Causes and Remedies, Impact and Important ofCommunication & Information Technology (ITC) in Administration.

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Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

International Relations p ...5"<33Development of International Relations, De-Colonization Non-Aligned Movement After1945, Nature of International Relations after 1945.

Cold War, End of Cold War, Disintegrationof Soviet-Union Characteristics of Post ColdWar, Globalization.

New International Economics order (NIEO)North-South Dialogue, South-South Co-Operation, World TradeOrganization (WTO)

Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, NPT, CTBT, Terrorism and Nuclear

Terrorism.

Regional and Sub-Regional Organizations especially SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC,

European-Union (E.U.).

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Readingscoulombs, wolfeKarl W. Dentsch

I

K.B.KeswaniM.S.Rajan

ndias F.P.-QT.tT.~~~

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International Relations: Power and JusticeThe analysis of International Relations,International Re'lation in Modern World (1900-1986)International Relations in a Changing World, Joseph Frankel

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Unit 1-

Unit 2-

Unit 3-

Unit 4-

Unit 5-

Human Rights Indian Perspective .p,. ~O ~

Development of the concept of Human Rights in India,Values of Indian Culture,Preamble of the Indian Constitution and Human Rights.

Fundamental RightsDirective Principles of State Policy,Fundamental Duties .

National Human Rights Commission: Structure and functions and Powers.Human Rights Protection Act, 1993Role of Police in Protection of Human Rights

Judicial Activism and Human Rights,Role of Public Interest Litigation in Protection of Human Rights.Role of Media in Protection of Human' Rights.

Consumer Rights,Human Rights and Problem of Poverty,Rights to Information.

Readings1

23

• 4

5•678

910

Arun Ray, National Human Right Commission of India, Vol. 1 & 2, Khanna Publications, New Delhi

1997.D.N. Gupta & Chandrachur Singh, Kalpaz Pub. Delhi 2003Krishna Mohan Mathur, Challenges to Police, Human Rights and National Securities, Kalpaz Pub.Delhi 2003S. Subharamanion, Human Rights: International Challenge, Vol. 1 & 2, Mahas Pub., New Delhi2007V.V. Devasia & Lilama Devasia, Women Social Justice and Human Rights, A.P.H. Pub. Co., NewDelhi 1998Y.K. Tyagi, Human Rights in India. Vol. 29 NO.2, April-June 1992.Vijay K. Gupta (Ed.), Perspective on Human Rights, Vikas Pub. House, Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi. 1996c.J. Nirmal (Ed.) Human Rights in India: Historical, Social and Political perspective, OxfordUniversity Press, New Delhi.

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13 ~. 31ftlcYt~l, gfffi1 3fR m, ~ !>lCfiI~I'1,~, 199514 3lR.qr.~ ~ ~.qr.~, ~ -;:rRT : cffi+rr;:r fjli«ll~ ~ ~ ~, ~.qr.~.,

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200416 C5lfid'lC1IC1 ~, 'liT'1'31fttCfiT'< mefUr ~<:r1, ~ 'C1T m~i, '~1-qr(1, 2002

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Modern Political Analysis f>~601

Unit 1

Unit 2

•Unit 3

l'

Unit4

Unit 5.,

Definition and scope of Modern Political Science.Comparison between Traditional and Modern Political Science. scientificmethod.Decline of Political Theory, Behaviouralism, Post Behaviouralism.

System analysis - Devid Easton, Structural and Functional approach:Almond, Revival of Political Theory 0

Power, Authority, Influence, Elite Theory.

Political Socialization, Political Culture and Political Modernization.

S.Bhatnagar Meenakshi Pub. MeeruthSoP.Verma vikas Pub. House New

Readings "" ...•...

1. Political Theory"--.

2. Modern PoliticalTheory,Delhi.

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South Asian: Political System .p,. 662....(Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Srilanka)

Unit 1 Political Background: Social and Cultural aspects of South Asia as a region;Colonial Experience and freedom struggle.

Unit 2 Political Economy of South Asian States: Issues of Poverty, Development

and Democracy.

Unit 3 Pakistan & Bangladesh: Partition, Constitutional Development, Role ofreligion Army in Political Process, Party System.

Unit 4 Nepal & Bhutan: Constitutional Developments, Transition from Monarchyto Democracy, Democratic Process, Party System.

. .Unit 5 Srilanka: Constitutional Development, Party System-, Religion Tamil

Separatism.

Dr. Parmanand - Political Development in South Asia, CragBaxter, Govt. & Politics in South Asia.

K. Bahadur - Democracy in Pakistan: Creies and CoufhitM.Chadda - Building Democracy in South Asia: India, Nepal,

Pakistan.Urmila Phaduis and.R.Ganguli - Ethnicity and .nation Building

in South Asia .

2.3.

4.

Readings~--'~ " ,1.

•

i

Major Constitution of the world p~663(U.K. USA, Switzerland, China)

'.

Unit' Great Britain

1. Evolution and salient features of the British Constitution.2. Conventions of the Constitution - Importance, types and sanction behind

conventions.3. Difference between the King and the Crown.4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet- functions and powers.5. Parliament - House of Lords and House of Commons- organization and powers,6. British Judicial System.7. Political parties.

Unit II United State of America

1 Background and salient features of American Constitution.2 Federal Executive: President- Election, functions and powers.3 Federal Legislature Congre_~s : Senate and the House of Representatives-

org~nization, functions and powers.'

4 Federal Judiciary: Supreme Court -organization and jurisdiction.5 Political parties.

Unit "' China1 Constitutional Development and characteristic of the Chinese Constitution.

2 Chinese Political framework: President, the State Council, and the CentralMilitary Commission- powers and functions.

3 Legislature: The National Peoples Congress: organisation power and functions.4 Judicial System: Organisation and functions.5 The Communist Parties.

I

Unit ,V Switzerland

1. Development and characteristics of the Swiss Constitution2. Direct democracy in Switzerland

3. Federal Executive: Plural Executive: organisation functions and power4. Federal Legislature : Federal Assembly-organization and power5. Federal Judiciary.

Unit V Comparative Study

1. British House of Lords and American Senate: Powers & Function2. British Prime Minisler and American President: Powers & Function3. Swiss Federal Council and British Cabinet4. Swiss Federal Tribunal and American Supreme Court

....- ".

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Readings-

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PROJECT WORK

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