baeb601 chapter 1(part 2): introduction to research methodology
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BAEB601
School of Marketing and Entrepreneurship (SoME)FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
PREPARED BY:Nur Suhaili Ramli
CHAPTER 1 (PART 2)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Topics
This chapter aims to:
1.Define the importance of research as a management decision-making tool;2.Define research3.Differentiate between basic and applied research;4.Define meaning of theory5.Discuss the term concept, proposition, variables and hypothesis;6.Classify research as exploratory research, descriptive research and causal
research.7.List the stages in the business research process
Chapter Aims
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Problem Statement
Identify the scenarios
Issues that lead to the formulation of the problem statement
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Process of Problem Definition
Discover the decision maker’s
objectives
Understand the background of
the problem
Isolate and identify the
problem
Determine the unit of analysis
Determine the relevant variables
State the research
questions and research
objectives
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Discover the decision maker’s objectives
MUST attempt to satisfy the decision maker’s objectives
MUST have a clear understanding of
the purpose of undertaking the
research.
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Understand the background of the problem
The background
of the problem is
vitalA situation analysis is the logical first step in
defining problemAnalysis
involve the informal
gathering of background information
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Isolate and identify the problem
Anticipating the many influences and
dimensions of a problem is impossible
for any researcher.
Certain occurrences that appear to be the problem may only be
symptoms of a deeper problem.
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Determine the unit of analysis
MUST specify the unit of analysis
Will the individual consumer be the source
of information?
Industries, organization,
departments or individual may be the focus data collection
and analysis.
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Determine the relevant variables
A variable is a quality that can exhibit
differences in value, usually magnitude or
strength
In statistical analysis, a variable is identified by a
symbol such as X, Y.
A category or classificatory variable
has a limited number of distinct variables
Example: Gender – Male or Female, Age – 20’s, 30’sIncome – Low, Middle, High
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Clarity in Research Questions and Hypotheses
Research question should be specific, clear, and accompanied by a well formulated hypothesis.
Hypothesis is an unproven proposition or possible solution to a problem. In its simplest form, a hypothesis is a guess!
Problem and Hypothesis are similar. Both state relationship. BUT Problems are interrogative, Hypotheses are declarative
and more specific to testing.
Null Hypothesis (H0) Alternate Hypothesis (H1)
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Hypotheses
A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variable expressed in the form of a testable statement.
There are TWO (2) important hypothesis in quantitative research.
1. Null Hypothesis (H0)
2. Alternate Hypothesis (H1)
Null hypothesis is typically corresponds to a general or default position. For
example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two
measured phenomena or that a potential treatment has no effect. It is important to
understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven.
Alternate hypothesis is a definite statement of the relationship between two
variables. The hypothesis which is accepted when the null hypothesis has been
rejected is called the alternative hypothesis.
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Research Objective
Research objective is the researcher’s version of the business problem.
Research objective is derived from the problem definition.
Research objective explain the purpose of research in measureable terms as well as
defining what standard the research should accomplish.
Research objective should be limited to a manageable number so that each one can be
addressed fully.
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Examples of Research Objectives
The example of Research Objectives:
1. To identify the factors of social problem among teenagers in
Kuala Lumpur.
2. To investigate the effects of smoking among youngster in Malacca
town.
3. To prepare an effective business plan to expand the business.
Tips: Simple and concise statement.Clear and understandable Direct and straight to the point
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Example of Research Questions:
1. What are the factors that contribute to social problem among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur?
2. Why are some people decided to jump into business?
3. How can environment influence this problem?
Tips: Simple and concise statement. Statement must end with question mark (?) Direct and understandable.
Examples of Research Questions
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Examples of Hypotheses:
1. Hypothesis 1: Health
H0: Smoking not contribute to bad health.
H1: Smoking contribute to bad health.
2. Hypothesis 2: Environment
H0: Environment not influenced to smoking habit.
H1: Environment influenced to smoking habit.
Tips: Take one keyword for title. Write both null hypothesis (H0) and alternate hypothesis (H1). Simple, concise, and straight forward.
Examples of Hypotheses
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCHRelationship Between Research Objectives, Research Questions, Hypothesis –VERY IMPORTANT
In Chapter 1, relationship between objectives, questions and hypotheses are related. You have to identify each clearly and relate them each other. For example:
Research Objective
1. To identify factors that contribute social problems among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur.
Research Question
1. What are the factors that contribute to social problems among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur?
Hypothesis
1. Hypothesis 1: Environment
H0: Environment is one of a factor that not contribute to social problems among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur.
H1: Environment is one of a factor that contribute to social problems among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur.
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Types of Business Research
Completely Uncertainty Absolute Certain Ambiguity
Causal or Descriptive Exploratory
Decisions are not all same: A continuum of decision making
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Types of Business Research
Exploratory research
Descriptive research
Causal research
Conducted to classify the nature problems. It is not intended to provide conclusive evidence from which a particular course of action can be determined.
Conducted to discover and determine the characteristics of a population. It Seeks o determine to answer “Who”, “What”, “When”,”Where” and “How”.Conducted accurately because the Evidence it provides will be used to determine a course of action.
To identify cause-and effect relationship between variables. Causal researchAttempts to establish that when we doOne thing (increase advertising), anotherWill follow (increased sales)
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Research Proposal
The research proposal is a
written statement of the research
design..
explains
Purpose of the study
Define s the problem
Outlines the research methodology
Details the procedures to be followed
State all costs and deadlines
Proposal should be precise, specific and
concrete
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Completed for chapter 1 You’re now can start your project:
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 – Literature Review
Chapter 3 – Research Methodology
Chapter 4 – Data Analysis & Result
Chapter 5 – Conclusion & Recommendation
What you MUST have in your Chapter 1 – Introduction?
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Format in Chapter 1
1) Introduction• Briefly discuss about your topic, what your topic is all about, giving big
picture of your topic.
2) Background of study• Background of the study is the part of any research where in the particular
topic is placed. This may contain the general description, and may include the broader description of the topic. Other include a brief preview of the topic to discuss such as the subjects, variables, sample size, history, etc.
3) Purpose of Study. Identify directly why you do this research? For example: The purpose of this research is because to examine the factors of smoking behavior among secondary school in Bangsar, and to identify the relationships occurred among variables.
4) Problem Statement• A problem statement is the description of an issue currently existing which
needs to be addressed. It provides the context for the research study and generates the questions which the research aims to answer.
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5) Research Objectives• Identify the objectives of your study. Make sure the objectives identified
are relevant to your topic. E.g. of objectives:1) to identify the factors of smoking behavior among
secondary school student s in Bangsar.
2) to investigate the factors of smoking behavior among secondary school student s in Bangsar.
6) Research Questions• Design research questions based on the problem statement and research
objective. For example, your problem statement is about a smoking behavior problem among secondary school students in Bangsar. There is an article and issue discussed earlier, so your research questions must relate to it. E.g. of research question:
1) What are the factors that influenced secondary school students in Bangsar to smoke?
2) How can the factors influenced secondary school student s in Bangsar to smoke?
Format in Chapter 1
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7) Hypotheses.• In this chapter you have to briefly identify what are your hypotheses.
There are two types of hypotheses to be tested. For example:Hypothesis 1: Environment
H0: There is no relationship between environment and smoking behavior.H1: There is a relationship between environment and smoking behavior.
Hypothesis 2: Family backgroundH0: There is no relationship between family background and smoking
behavior. H1: There is relationship between family background and smoking behavior.
Format in Chapter 1
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8) Significant of study• You have to explain why your topic is important? Why it is relevant topic to
research? For example:“This research is important because to prepare reports for those responsible to solve this issue. Moreover, it is important for future researcher to extend this study. Smoking is also………..”
9) Limitation of study• You must clearly state what are the limitations of your research. What area that
you will not cover. Elaborate for each of your point identified. For example:“This study will only research on factors of smoking among secondary school. This is because the timeframe given is very limited. Furthermore, the author identified that lack of research skills …. “
10) Keywords. The keywords are frequent words that appear in your research. For example: “Smoking, Behavior, Factors…..”
Format in Chapter 1
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
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CHAPTER 1 (PART 2): INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Project - Checklist for Chapter 1
Sub Topics Checked
1) Introduction
2) Background of Study
3) Purpose of Study
4) Problem Statement
5) Research Objectives
6) Research Questions
7) Hypotheses
8) Significant of Study
9) Limitation of Study
10) Keywords
Do not use ‘I’, ‘We', 'Us’,In research use ‘The author’, ‘The researcher’. Normally, for Chapter 1, the minimum page is 5 pages and maximum unlimited. Font: Times New Roman, Font Size: 12, Paragraph spacing: 1.5 lines.