bad emperors nero2520emperors_nero... · 4/26/12 4 domus-aurea& golden&palace&...

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4/26/12 1 Gaius “Caligula” (reigns 3741 AD) Son of popular Germanicus and Elder Agrippina Direct descendant of Livia, Aug., Agrippa & Antony Sources tell of catastrophic reign marked by unrestrained shows of autocraNc power and humiliaNon of senate Caligula supposedly insane, but take w/grain of salt: Young & inexperienced (sickly) Executes Tiberius’ grandson, Tiberius Gemellus Sings, performs, races chariots, & fights in spectacles Conquers Neptune during noninvasion of Britain?? Racehorse as consul? Dresses as gods & goddesses; living god! Drives chariot over Bay of Naples Alexander the Great breastplate Shuts granaries for no reason? Goodbye Caligula, Hello Claudius! Jan. 4 of 41 AD: praetorian guards kill Caligula, his wife, & baby daughter Senate meets and debates Restore Republic? Name another princeps? But real power lies with Praetorian Guard, who proclaim Claudius princeps (4154 AD) DonaNve to the praetorian guard secures power Claudius the fool vs. Claudius the genius? Claudius treats senate with respect (a‘er purges) but adds Gauls centralizes imperial administraNon: new treasury revamped courts Restructured grain supply adds imperial offices for freedmen as bureaucrats conquest of Britain (AD 434)

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Page 1: Bad Emperors Nero2520Emperors_Nero... · 4/26/12 4 Domus-Aurea& Golden&Palace& TheendforNero • SNll,&Nero&loved&by&many&people&(though&hated& by&senate)& • The&loss&of&the&army’s&supportis&laststraw&

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Gaius  “Caligula”  (reigns  37-­‐41  AD)  

•  Son  of  popular  Germanicus  and  Elder  Agrippina  

•  Direct  descendant  of  Livia,  Aug.,  Agrippa  &  Antony  •  Sources  tell  of  catastrophic  reign  marked  by  unrestrained  shows  of  autocraNc  power  and  humiliaNon  of  senate  

Caligula  supposedly  insane,  but  take  w/grain  of  salt:    

– Young  &  inexperienced  (sickly)  – Executes  Tiberius’  grandson,  Tiberius  Gemellus  – Sings,  performs,  races  chariots,  &  fights  in  spectacles  

– Conquers  Neptune  during  non-­‐invasion  of  Britain??  – Race-­‐horse  as  consul?  – Dresses  as  gods  &  goddesses;  living  god!  – Drives  chariot  over  Bay  of  Naples  – Alexander  the  Great  breastplate  – Shuts  granaries  for  no  reason?  

Goodbye  Caligula,  Hello  Claudius!  

•  Jan.  4  of  41  AD:  praetorian  guards  kill  Caligula,  his  wife,  &  baby  daughter  

•  Senate  meets  and  debates  – Restore  Republic?    Name  another  princeps?  

•  But  real  power  lies  with  Praetorian  Guard,  who  proclaim  Claudius  princeps  (41-­‐54  AD)  – DonaNve  to  the  praetorian  guard  secures  power  – Claudius  the  fool  vs.  Claudius  the  genius?  

                                   Claudius  

•  treats  senate  with  respect  (a`er  purges)  –   but  adds  Gauls  

•  centralizes  imperial  administraNon:    – new  treasury  –  revamped  courts  – Restructured  grain  supply  – adds  imperial  offices  for  freedmen  as  bureaucrats  

•  conquest  of  Britain  (AD  43-­‐4)  

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•  wives  and  kids:    – Messalina  (takes  2nd  husband)  –  2  kids:  Octavia  &  Brieanicus  – Marries  niece  Younger  Agrippina  (mother  of  Nero)  –  Claudius’  step-­‐son  Nero  becomes  son-­‐in-­‐law:  Once  Nero  designated  successor,  Claudius  dies…  

–  Poisoned  mushrooms  (food  of  the  gods)?  

•  Seneca's  Apocolocyntosis:  PumpkinificaNon  of  Divine  Claudius  

A  new  “New  Golden  Age”?  •  16  year  old  Nero  succeeds  Claudius  as  princeps  in  54  AD  

•  promises  a  new  “Augustan”  age  of  peace,  prosperity,  &  culture  

•  $$  to  senators  •  lowers  taxes  •  Bread  and  Circuses  •  Agrippina,  Seneca,  &  Burrus  

Nero  and  Seneca,  Eduardo  Barrón,  1904   Supposedly:  Extravagance  growing  out  of  control  

•  Sumptuous  banquets  last  night  (someNmes  on  floaNng  EgypNan  barges  with  noblewomen  posing  as  prosNtutes  along  shore??)  

•  Bankrupts  Roman  Empire  with  his  spending  •  Rumored  sexual  escapades  break  all  norms:  –  Incest  with  mother  Agrippina  –  Both  acNve  and  passive  in  the  bedroom  –  defiling  Vestals  – Worse  than  adultery:    while  married  to  his  various  wives,  stages  two  different  marriage  ceremonies  to  freedmen  (one  as  bride;  one  as  groom)  

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Notable  Murders  and  execuNons:  

•  Brieanicus  54  AD  •  His  mother,  Agrippina  59  AD  

•  First  wife,  Octavia  62  AD  •  Second  wife,  Poppaea  Sabina  and  his  stepson  •  Burrus  63  AD  •  Seneca,  Lucan,  Petronius  et  al.  forced  to  commit  suicide  in  wake  of  Pisonian  conspiracy  65  AD  

Nero’s  theatrical  obsession:    confusion  of  reality  and  role-­‐play  

Nero  is  poet,  singer,  actor,  lyre-­‐player,  charioteer,  dancer  –  Neronia  60  &  65  (Greek  style  art  and  sport  compeNNon)  –  Senate  upset  at  emperor’s  display;  but  public  delighted!  

–  Acts  in  tragedies  of  Orestes,  Oedipus,  AnNgone,  &  Thyestes  (mask  w/his  own  face  or  Poppea’s)!  

–  Goes  to  Greece:  wins  all  fesNvals,  incl.  Olympics,  66-­‐67AD  

–  triumph  at  Rome  for  his  “victories”  in  Greek  fesNvals;  uses  Augustus’  triumphal  chariot!  

–  Anxiety  about  singing  voice  =  refusal  to  address  troops,                  even  in  last  days  when  truly  in  danger                  -­‐-­‐  Qualis  ar5fex  pereo!    

Great  Fire  of  Rome:  July  19,  64  AD  •  Did  Nero  do  it?  Praetorian  guard  accuses  him  of  arson  – All  3  ancient  sources  (Dio,  Suetonius,  Tacitus)  report  the  current  rumor  that  Nero  had  burned  Rome.    Only  Tacitus  qualifies  it  as  rumor.  

–  Coincidence?  July  19  =  sack  of  Rome  by  the  Gauls  in  390  BC    (418  days,  months,  and  years  have  gone  by)  

– Wanted  to  rename  city  Neropolis  (Hellenizing)  –  Builds  Domus  Aurea:  Golden  Palace,  taking  up  most  of  downtown  Rome,  which  had  burned  

– What  do  we  make  of  the  rumor  that  Nero  sang  of  Troy  while  Rome  burned?  

–  Scapegoat?    The  ChrisNans  are  persecuted  (inc.  Peter  and  Paul)  

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Domus  Aurea  Golden  Palace  

The  end  for  Nero  •  SNll,  Nero  loved  by  many  people  (though  hated  by  senate)  

•  The  loss  of  the  army’s  support  is  last  straw  –  Revolts  in  Gaul  and  Judea  while  Nero  on  Greek  tour;  Nero  ignores  it.    Revolt  spreads  to  Spain;  Nero  ignores  it  &  refuses  to  address  soldiers  or  senate  

– When  he  finally  convenes  leaders  and  senate,  it  is  to  test  out  sound  of  new  water-­‐organ  

–  Eventually,  senate  feels  secure  enough  to  declare  him  a  public  enemy;  Nero’s  slave  helps  him  commit  suicide  

–  BUT:  SighNngs  of  Nero  conNnue  and  men  claiming  to  be  Nero  turned  up  now  and  then  for  next  20  years  

Nero  as  anN-­‐Christ  •  In  apocalypNc  RevelaNon  of  John,  Nero  is  the  “second  

beast”:      “Let  him  that  hath  understanding  count  the  number  of  the  [second]  beast:  for  it  is  the  number  of  a  man;  and  his  number  is  Six  hundred  threescore  and  six”  (13:18)    

•  “Neron  Caesar”  in  Hebrew  is  wrieen  in  leeers  whose  numerical  values  equal  666  

 (nrwn  qsr,  50  +  200  +  6  +  50  +  100  +  60  +  200)    •  If  the  LaNn  (rather  than  the  Greek)  spelling  "Nero  Caesar"  

is  transliterated  into  Hebrew  (nrw  qsr),  the  final  "n"  in  Neron  being  omieed  (and  its  value  of  50),  the  name  =  616,  which  is  number  indicated  in  oldest  surviving  copy  of  the  New  Testament    

QuesNon  to  Think  About:  •  Legends  of  bad  emperors  become  powerful  myth.    

•  When  we  cannot  determine  the  exact  reality  behind  the  myth,  we  can  sNll  ask  how  the  story  itself  makes  sense  and  works  in  the  cultural  discourse  –  analyze  it  as  though  it  were  myth  

•  What  aspects  keep  turning  up  in  the  “myth”  of  every  bad  emperor?    Do  any  of  them  surprise  you?