bacterial resistance against antibiotics and it’s prevention
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Bacterial resistance against antibiotics
and it’s preventionBy:ZARA KHASROWSHERWAN RAZAQWTAR OMER
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What Are Antibiotics? Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are types of medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria
There r 2 types of antibacterials:
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Spectrum of Activity
Broad spectrum antibacterials
Narrow spectrum antibacterials
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Mode of Action
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Mode of Action
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Mode of Action
Inhibitors of other metabolic processes.
Other antibiotics act on selected cellular processes essential for the survival of the bacterial pathogens.
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How to use antibiotics?
orallyinjection
applied directly to the affected part of the body.
or
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Some antibiotics should not be consumed with certain foods and drinks. Others should not be taken with
food in your stomach - these would normally be taken about an hour before meals, or two hours after.
Antibiotics are appropriate to use when :
1.There is a known bacterial infection 2.The cause of the infection is unknown and bacteria are suspected.
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ANTIBIOTICS KILL BACTERIA, NOT VIRUSES
If a virus is making you sick, taking antibiotics may do more harm than good.
most respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, so antibiotics won’t have any effect.
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What kinds of infections are caused by viruses and should not be treated with antibiotics?
• colds• Flu • Most coughs and bronchitis • Sore throats • Some ear infections
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1.Diarrhea
2.Feeling and being sick
3.Fungal infections of the mouth, digestive tract and vagina
What are the side-effects of antibiotics?
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Rare side-effects of antibiotics:1. kidney stones 2.Abnormal blood clotting 3.Sensitivity to sun
5.Deafness4.Blood disorders
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Antibiotic
Resistance
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an
antibiotic has lost its ability to
effectively control or kill bacterial
growth
It is a specific type of drug resistance.
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Multi-drug resistant (superbug)• When bacteria resist to several types of
antibiotics • Due to plasmids• shigella (sul,chlo,str,tetra) • MRSA (hospital) • TB (tuberculosis)
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DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE• Bacterial cells that have
developed resistance are not killed off.– They continue to divide– Resulting in a completely
resistant population. • Mutation and evolutionary
pressure cause a rapid increase in resistance to antibiotics.
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There are two types of resistance;1-Natural Resistance: Bacteria may be inherently carrying resistant genes • Streptomyces • Penicillin
2-Acquired Resistance:
.Mutations
. mobile genetic elements
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•Examples of drug-resistant organisms include:
•MRSA - methicillin/oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
•VRE - vanomycin-resistant enterococci
•ESBLs -extended-spectrum beta lactamases (resistant to cephalosporins and monobactams)
•PRSP - penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
•GISA - glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
•VISA - vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
•VSRA - vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (not yet found in nature, but it is believed it will emerge or evolve from VISA),
•MDR-TB- multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
LIST OF DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA
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How bacteria become resistance?
1. Inappropriate Use One of the main causes of
antibiotics drug resistance is antibiotic overuse, abuse, and in some
cases, misuse, due to incorrect diagnosis.
2. Inadequate Diagnostics
3. Hospital Use 4. Agricultural Use
Scientists also believe that the practice of adding antibiotics to agricultural feed promotes drug resistance.
Critically ill patients are more susceptible to infections and, thus, often require the aid of antimicrobials. However, the heavier use of antimicrobials in these patients can worsen the problem by selecting for antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms
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5. Mutation During replication, mutations arise and some of these mutations may help an individual microbe survive exposure to an antimicrobial
6. Gene Transfer Microbes also may get genes from each other, including genes that make the microbe drug resistant. 7. Selective Pressure In the presence of an antimicrobial, microbes are either killed or, if they carry resistance genes, survive. These survivors will replicate, and their progeny will quickly become the dominant type throughout the microbial population.
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Mechanisms of being resistant• (A) Chromosomal mutations:• 1. Reduced permeability. • 2. Enhanced efflux• 3. Enzymatic inactivation (beta-
lactamase)• 4. Alteration of drug target • 5. Loss of enzymes involved in drug
activation
• (B) Plasmid or transposon mediated:
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How does antibiotic resistance spread?
vertically horizontally
Genetically, antibiotic resistance spreads through bacteria populations both "vertically," when new generations inherit antibiotic resistance genes, and "horizontally," when bacteria share or exchange sections of genetic material with other bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer can even occur between different bacterial species. Environmentally, antibiotic resistance spreads as bacteria themselves move from place to place; bacteria can travel via airplane, water and wind. People can pass the resistant bacteria to others; for example, by coughing or contact with unwashed hands.
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Using antibiotics when you don’t need them may mean that they won’t work for you when you do need them in the future.
If you have an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection:
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•you will have the infection for longer
•you may be more likely to have complications of the infection
•you could remain infectious for longer, and pass your infection to other people, which increases the problem.
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Can bacteria lose their antibiotic resistance?
• Yes sure • but this reverse process
occurs more slowly • By selective pressure1- adequate diagnosis 2-effective antibiotic 3-apropriate dose May take several months or even years
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preventionCan you imagine a day when antibiotics don't work anymore?
It's concerning to think that:
could no longer workUnfortunately, the threat of untreatable infections is very real.
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So how can we prevent bacterial resistance against antibiotics?
Optimize Use
PreventTransmission
PreventInfection
EffectiveDiagnosisand Treatment
PathogenAntimicrobial-Resistant
Pathogen
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Use
Infection
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Key Prevention Strategies
Prevent infectionDiagnose and treat infection effectively
Use antimicrobials
wisely
Prevent transmission
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Prevent infection
• Patients can do:Wash your hands frequently Don't share personal items Get vaccinated.
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What else Patients can do:
•Take antibiotics exactly as the doctor prescribes.
•Only take antibiotics prescribed for you
•Do not save antibiotics for the next illness.
•Do not ask for antibiotics when your doctor thinks you do not need them
Prevent antibiotic resistance
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Healthcare providers can:
•Prescribe correctly:
Bacteria and Viruses
On necessary
overlaps in antibiotics
Collaborate with each other and with patients
"Are these really necessary?"
"antibiotic timeout"
Stop and assess
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What precautions might be in place if I work in a hospital?
Universal precautions:
•Hand hygiene
•Safe collection and disposal of sharps
• Gloves for contact with body fluids, non-intact skin and mucous membranes•Wearing a mask, eye protection and a gown if blood or other body fluids might splash
Avoid Needle Stick Injuries
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We need to preserve this resource by
working together Because
No action today, no cure tomorrow
Antibiotics are invaluable resources
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THANKS
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• References:• 1.http://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/antimicrobials/effect-on-bacteria• 2.http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/drugresist.html• 3.http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/infections-and-infestations/antibiotic-
4.medicines/antibiotics-for-respiratory-tract-infections/for-individuals/what-is-antibiotic-resistance
• 5.http://www.medicinenet.com/antibiotic_resistance/page4.htm#causes_of_antimicrobial_drug_resistance
• 6.http://www.cdc.gov/features/antibioticresistance/• 7.http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/resistance.htm• 8.http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibioticres.shtml• 9.http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance-
faqs.html• Book: Antibiotics the perfect storm by David M. shlaes