bacterial growth, metabolism and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Genetic
![Page 2: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GROWTH
It is an increase in all the cell components, which ends in
multiplication of cell leading to an increase in population.
It involves - an increase in the size of the cell & an increase in
the number of individual cells.
Bacteria divide by binary fission.
![Page 3: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Binary Fission
![Page 4: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Generation time
Interval of time between two cell divisions
OR
The time required for a bacterium to give rise to 2
daughter cells under optimum conditions
Also called population doubling time.
Escherichia coli 20 minutes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 18 hours
Mycobacterium leprae 14 days
![Page 5: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Logarithmic or Exponential Growth
The population of bacterial cells divide at a constant rate so that the total number of
cells doubles with each division
![Page 6: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Factors affecting Bacterial Growth
Amount of nutrients
Temperature
pH
Other Environmental factors
![Page 9: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Classification based upon Nutrient requirements
Prototrophs
Can live on simple compounds
Make all Amino Acids, Vitamins, etc.
Auxotrophs
Require complex compounds
Vitamins, Amino Acids
Fastidious
Most Pathogens
![Page 10: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Classification based upon temperature
requirements
• Mesophiles
• Organisms which are able to grow at 20-400C
• Most of the human pathogens
• Psychrophiles
• Organisms which grow best at <100C
• Capable of growth in pharmaceuticals and foods stored in
refrigerator
• Thermophiles
• Organisms which grow best at >6O0C
![Page 11: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effect of Temp on Growth
![Page 12: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
pH requirements
• Acidophiles(pH <5.0)
• Organisms that grow at a low pH e.g. Lactobacillus spp.,
• Neutrophiles (pH 6.0-8.0)
• Organisms that grow at a neutral pH
• Most of human pathogens
• Alkaliphiles (pH 8.5-10.5)
• Organisms that grow at a high salt conc. or at high pH e.g.
Vibrio spp., Bacillus alcalophilus
![Page 13: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Oxygen requirements
• Strict Aerobes
• Grow only in the presence of ambient oxygen (21%)
• e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
• Strict Anaerobes
• Grow only in the absence of oxygen
• Bacteroides fragilis
![Page 14: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Facultative Anaerobes
• Can grow in anaerobic environment but grow best in
aerobic environment
• e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
• Aerotolerant anaerobes
• Are anaerobes but can tolerate exposure to oxygen
• Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they
metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate
anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen.
• e.g. Clostridium perfringens, lactic acid bacteria
![Page 15: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Microaerophilic
o Require or prefer decreased oxygen environment (5%)
o Small amounts of catalase and superoxide dismutase
o grow best under increased CO2 tension
o e.g. Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori
• Capnophilic
• Require or prefer increased CO2 environment
• e.g. Neisseria meningitidis
![Page 16: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Oxygen is lethal to some organisms
All organisms produce superoxide ( O2-)
Superoxide is toxic to cells
Superoxide must be neutralized
![Page 17: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Superoxide dismutase
O2- + O2- + 2 H+ -------> H2O2 + O2
Hydrogen peroxide is also toxic to cells and it
must be neutralized
![Page 18: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Catalase
2 H2O2 --------> 2 H2O + O2
Obligate Anaerobes lack:
Superoxide dismutase ( SOD )
Catalase
![Page 19: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
– After Sugars are made or obtained, they are the energy
source of life.
– Breakdown of sugar(catabolism) in different ways:
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Fermentation
Energy Generating Patterns
![Page 23: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
4 subpathways
• 1. Glycolysis
• 2. Transition Reaction
• 3. Kreb’s Cycle
• 4. Electron Transport System
![Page 24: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
• Oxidation of Glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid
• Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
![Page 25: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
End Products of Glycolysis:
2 Pyruvic acid 2 NADH 2 ATP
![Page 26: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Transition Reaction
• Connects Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle
• End Products:
• 2 Acetyl CoEnzyme A
• 2 CO2
• 2 NADH2
![Page 27: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• Series of chemical reactions that begin and end with citric
acid
• Products:
• 2 ATP
• 6 NADH2
• 2 FADH2
• 4 CO2
![Page 28: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4. Electron Transport System
• Occurs within the cell membrane of Bacteria
• Function: Extract energy from NADH and FADH2 in order to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.
Requires
NADH or FADH2
ADP and P
O2
![Page 29: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Glycolytic Pathways
• 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria:
• Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway
• “Classic” glycolysis
• Found in almost all organisms
• Hexose monophosphate pathway
• Also found in most organisms
• Responsible for synthesis of pentose sugars used in nucleotide
synthesis
• Entner-Doudoroff pathway
• Found in Pseudomonas and related genera
• Phosphoketolase pathway
• Found in Bifidobacterium and Leuconostoc
![Page 34: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Anaerobic Respiration
• Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an E.T.S.,
but oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
• Nitrate (NO3-) ----> Nitrite (NO2-)
• Sulfate (SO24-) ----> Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• Carbonate (CO24-) -----> Methane (CH4)
![Page 35: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fermentation Summary
• Anaerobic
• Cytoplasm
• Partial Oxidation
• Small amounts of ATP generated via substrate level phosphorylation
• Organic intermediaries as final electron acceptors
• End products
• Acid: Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid, Butyric Acid, Acetone
• Alcohol: Ethanol, Isopropyl
• Gas : CO2, H2
• Contaminants
![Page 36: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bacterial Genetics
![Page 42: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
DNA
![Page 43: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
How RNA differs from DNA
• RNA contains - Sugar Ribose instead of Deoxyribose
• Uracil is present instead of Thymine
• Types of RNA
Messenger RNA mRNA
Ribosomal RNA rRNA
Transfer RNA tRNA
45
![Page 46: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Central Dogma
The process of gene expression/protein synthesis follows a specific order: 1.DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
2.mRNA is then translated into protein .
![Page 50: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Bacterial Chromosome
• Contains a Double stranded molecules of DNA
arranged in circular form.
• Length 1,ooo microns.
• Bacterial DNA contains about 4,000kilobases
• I kb = 1000 base pairs ( A-T ) ( G-C)
• Genome contains one chromosomal DNA and many
plasmids
![Page 52: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Asexual Bacterial Reproduction
• Binary fission
• Asexual form of
reproduction
• rapid
• Bacterial colony =
identical clone
![Page 53: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Transcription
![Page 56: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Translation
![Page 58: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Extra chromosomal Genetic Elements
Bacteria posses Extra chromosomal genetic
elements
Not Essential for survival of Bacteria
But makes the Bacteria Resistant to antibiotics, and
makes them survive
Able to produce toxins
![Page 59: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Bacterial Extrachromosomal Elements
1- Plasmids
2- Insertion Sequences (IS)
3- Transposons
4- Integron
In most cases can be transmitted from one cell to another
![Page 60: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Plasmids
• Plasmids are circular DNA
molecules present in the
cytoplasm of the Bacteria
• Capable of Autonomous
replication
• Can transfer genes from one
cell to other
![Page 61: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Mutations
• Changes in base sequence of DNA/lethal and inheritable
• Can be:
• Harmful
• Lethal
• Helpful
• Silent
![Page 64: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Mutation
Point
Mutation
Frame shift
Mutation
Transition
Transversion
Deletion
Addition
![Page 65: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Effects of point mutaions
![Page 67: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Frameshift Mutations
![Page 68: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Gene exchange
![Page 69: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Transduction by a Bacteriophage
![Page 70: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Transformation
![Page 71: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Conjugation
![Page 72: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Bacterial Growth, Metabolism and Geneticmicrobiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/bacterialgrowth-met-gen-2014.pdf · • 4 major glycolytic pathways found in different bacteria: ... H2 •Contaminants](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022009/5af461ed7f8b9a8d1c8c1c28/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)