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Ch 3
Bacteria and
Archaea
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SLOs for Culturing of Microorganisms
• Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• List structures all bacteria possess. • Describe three basic shapes of bacteria. • Provide terms to describe bacterial arrangements. • Describe structure and function of S-layer, glycocalyx, slime layer,
flagella, fimbriae, and pili. • Explain how a flagellum works in the presence of an attractant. • Discuss the structural and functional dfference between the two main
types of bacterial envelopes. • Name a substance in the envelope structure of some bacteria that can
cause severe symptoms in humans. • Describe bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and ribosomes. • Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination. • Differentiate between Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.. • Define species and subspecies in terms of bacteria.
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Form and Function of Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea are ubiquitous
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Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Common features?
Distinctive features: ?
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Bacterial Cell Structure
Fig 3.1
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Bacterial Shapes, Sizes, and Arrangement
Average size: 1 µm 2 - 8 µm
Mycoplasma: 0.15 - .3 µm
Three basic shapes
1. Bacillus, -i
2. Coccus, -i
3. Spirals (Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
Most monomorphic, some pleomorphic
Variations in cell arrangements (esp. for cocci)
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Pleomorphic Corynebacteria
Monomorphic E. coli
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Cell Arrangement
Compare to Figs. 3.4 and 3.5
palisades
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Figure 4.4
Spiral Bacteria
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External Structures Appendages located outside of cell envelope
Structure Function
Flagellum /-a
Axial filaments
Fimbria /-ae
Pilus /-i
Monotrichous Peritrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Atrichous
?
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Motility • Due to rotation of flagella
• Mechanism of rotation: “Run and tumble”
• Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
• Positive and negative Chemotaxis
Figs 3.8 and 3.9
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Fimbriae and Pili
Fimbriae adhere help with attachment
?
?
Pili made of pilin protein: transfer DNA from one cell to another conjugation
Fig 3.11
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__________ __________
__________
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Surface Coatings as part of Cell Envelope
• S layer (surface layer) consists of monomolecular protein layer. Function?
• Glycocalyx: Many bacteria secrete external surface layer composed of sticky polysaccharides, and/or glycoproteins – Capsule: organized and firmly attached to cell wall
– Slime layer: unorganized and loosely attached
– Allows cells to attach key to biofilms
– Prevents phagocytosis virulence factor
• E.g.: B. anthracis, S. pneumoniae
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• Rigid for shape & protection prevents osmotic lysis
• Consists of Peptidoglycan (PG) polymer of 2 monosaccharide subunits – N-acetylglucosamine (G or NAG) and – N-acetylmuramic acid (M or NAM)
• Linked by peptides (peptide cross-links)
• Fully permeable to ions, aa, and sugars (Gram + cell wall may regulate movement of cations)
Cell Envelope: Wall and Membranes
Fig 4.12
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Gram + Cell Wall • Peptidoglycan layer
thick
• Negatively charged (lipo)teichoic acid on surface
• Peptidoglycan layer thin
• Outer membrane
• Periplasmic space
Gram – Cell Wall
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Gram-negative Cell Wall Lipid A of LPS acts as endotoxin; O polysaccharides are antigens for typing, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
Gram neg. bacteria are less sensitive to medications because outer membrane acts as additional barrier.
LPS layer = outer layer of outer membrane
(protein rich gel-like fluid)
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Review of Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
Gram positive
No outer membrane
Generally easier to kill. Many antibacterial compounds target Peptidoglycan layer (E.g.:_______________, _______________)
Gram negative
Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria serves as extra barrier.
– Impervious to certain antimicrobial chemicals.
– More difficult to kill or inhibit than gram-positive bacteria.
– Alcohol-based compounds work well as disinfecctants and antiseptics
– Special antibiotics needed that can cross the outer membrane.
For details and practical application of Gram staining see lab!
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Acid-fast Cell Walls
• Genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia (read medical moment)
• Mycolic acid (waxy lipid) covers thin peptidoglycan layer
• Do not stain well with Gram stain use acid-fast stain (see lab)
Nontypical Cell Walls
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No Cell Wall: Mycoplasmas
• Mycoplasma have cell membrane which incorporates cholesterol compounds (sterols), similar to eukaryotic cells
• Cannot be detected by typical light microscopy
• M. pneumoniae causes ____________
EM of M. hyorhinis
Shape ?
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Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure
Analogous to eukaryotic cell membrane: • Phospholipid bilayer with proteins (Fluid mosaic
model)
• Permeability barrier: Selectively permeable
• Diffusion, osmosis and transport systems: Regulation of nutrients and waste transport
Different from eukaryotic cell membrane: • Role in Energy transformation/production ???
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Fig 4.14
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Bacterial Internal Structures
• 70 – 80% water
• Complex mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts
• Contains building blocks for cell synthesis or sources of energy
• Location of most biochemical activities
• Nucleoid: Region containing bacterial chromosome. Difference between human and bacterial chromosomes?
• Ribosomes (smaller than in eukaryotes) – Function?
• Inclusion bodies: granules containing nutrients, monomers, Fe compounds (magnetosomes)
Contents of Cytoplasm
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Plasmids: small, nonessential, circular DMA (5 – 100 genes)
Replicate independently
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Endospores
Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structures; germination vegetative cells
Spore forming genera: ______________________
Resistance to UV and radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants
Relationship to disease
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to vegetative state
For special staining technique: see lab!
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Fig. 3.21
Sporulation & Germination
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The Medical Significance of Bacterial ESs
Disease Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
• Ubiquitous in soil and dust
• Boiling will not kill ESs use pressurized steam chambers: Pressure cooker, autoclave
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Archaea – the other Prokaryotes
Extremophiles:
– Some live at extreme temperatures
– Some are halophiles or acidophiles
– Some live on sulfur or methane.
No known human pathogens yet. However, now some found on/in human body. May be capable of causing human disease?
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Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea
Two comprehensive Databases:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Provides identification schemes for identification of based on traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs
Based on phenotypic characteristics, i.e.: morphology, differential staining, and biochemical tests
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Provides phylogenetic information
Based on rRNA sequencing
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Species and Subspecies in Bacteria
• Bacterial species – Used to be collection of bacterial cells, sharing an overall
similar pattern of traits.
– Should share at least 70% - 80% of their genes.
– Now some rearrangement due to _______________(?)
• Subspecies, strains, or types
• Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics. E.g.: E.coli K-12 and E.coli O157:H7
• Serotype – Subset of a species that stimulates a distinct pattern of
antibody (serum) responses.
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• Case File: C. diff
• Inside the Clinic: A Sticky Situation
Who will present?