Bacteria BY:

K.M. HASANUR RAHMANPRODUCT EXECUTIVE ,PMD

+8801723078962

HAASANUR@OUTLOOK.COM

&

A.S.M. FARUK HOSSAINSR. PRODUCT EXECUTIVE, PMD

+8801717678894

SHADHIN1008@LIVE.COM

TECHNO DRUGS LTD.31,SEGUN BAGICHA, DHAKA -1000

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Only for the use of Medical Professionals 1

What is bacteria?•SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM

•VERY SMALL

•NEED A MICROSCOPE TO SEE

•CAN BE FOUND ON MOST MATERIALS AND SURFACES

•BILLIONS ON AND IN YOUR BODY RIGHT NOW

•SIZE OF BACTERIA: AVERAGE BACTERIA 0.5 - 2.0 UM IN DIAM.

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Bacteria are ALIVE!

•What does it mean to be alive?

-They reproduce (make more of themselves)

-They need to eat

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How do bacteria reproduce? Grow in number

not in size Humans grow in

size from child to adult

Make copies of themselves by dividing in half-Human parents

create a child

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How do bacteria eat?

• Some make their own food from sunlight

— like plants

• Some are scavengers– Share the environment around them

• Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast

• Some are warriors (pathogens)– They attack other living things

• Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne

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Classification of Bacteria

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Classification of Bacteria Morphology – shape,

color, gram specificity

Metabolism

Molecular techniques – Forensics, DNA finger prints, RNA, protein analysis

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Bacterial Morphology

There are three basic morphologies of bacteria-

• bacillus (little rod)

• coccus (grain or berry)

• spirillum (coiled or helical).

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Comparative Characteristics of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Characteristic Gram-positive Gram-negative

Gram reaction Retain crystal violet dye and stain dark violet or purple

Can be decolorized to accept counterstain (safranin); stain red

Peptidoglycan layer Thick (multilayered) Thin (single-layered)

Toxins produced Primarily exotoxins Primarily endotoxins

Resistance to drying High Low

Outer membrane Absent Present

Lipid and lipoprotein content Low High

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) conten Virtually none High

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Gram specificity

• Gram Positive Bacteria-

Staphyloccocus aureus C. perfringens – gangrene

Streptococcus pyogenes

Clostridium tetani

• Gram Negetive bacteria-

Campylobacter jejuni Borrelia burgdorferi

Treponema pallidum Legionella pneumophila

Bordetella pertussis Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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1 Gram Negative Spiral Bacteria

• Slender and flexible, come in a lot of different shapes

• More rigid than spirochetes

• Ex. – Campylobacter jejuni

– Symptom – tenesmus: the sensation of desire to defecate, which is common and occurs frequently , with out the production of significant amounts of feces (often small amounts of mucous or blood are alone passed).

 

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2 Gram Negative Spirochetes

• pathogenic

• very flexible

• tightly coiled, helically coiled

• Example

– syphilis

Treponema pallidum

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Gram Negative Spirochetes

• Most of pathogenic

• Very flexible

• Tightly coiled, helically coiled

• Example

– Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

(organism gets lodged in tissues)

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3 Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

-Legionella pneumophila

• Lower respiratory tract infection

• Needs oxygen

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Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

Bordetella pertussis – whooping cough

• Needs oxygen

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Gram Negative Aerobic Rods

– Pseudomons aeruginosa (pigmented)

– Needs moisture

– Common in hospitals

– Opportunistic pathogen – causes UTI, skin, and lung infection

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4 Gram Negative Facultative RodsVibrio

– V. cholerae

• Most well known of group

• Very severe dysentery. Can lose

10-15 liters of water/day. Leads

to hypovolemia – low water, hardly

any water in body

– V. vulnificus

• Very pathogenic

• Can cause flesh eating disease,

if it gets in a wound

– V. parahaemolyticus

• Found in shellfish – oysters

• Halophile – loves salt (will find in oceans, estuaries)

• Self limiting

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5 Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Usually a diplococcus

In PMN

Sexually Transmitted

Disease

very antibiotic resistant

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6 Gram Positive CocciStreptococcus pyogenes –

no antibiotic

resistance

right now

These bacteria can break down all tissues of body.

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7 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods• Difficult to get rid of because of endospores

• Example

– Clostridium tetani

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8 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods• Difficult to get rid of because of

endospores

• Example• C. perfringens – gangrene

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Pathogenic Bacteria ListInfectious Bacteria List

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3Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Bacillus anthracis•Cutaneous anthrax• Pulmonary anthrax• Gastrointestinal anthrax

Bordetella pertussis• Whooping cough• Secondary bacterial pneumonia (Complication)• Pertussis

Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease

• Brucella abortus• Brucella canis• Brucella melitensis• Brucella suis

Brucellosis

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis

Chlamydia pneumoniae Community-acquired respiratory infection (Pneumonia)

Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis

Chlamydia trachomatis • Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)• Trachoma• Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn (ICN)• Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Clostridium botulinum Botulism

Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Clostridium perfringens• Gas gangrene• Acute food poisoning• Anaerobic cellulitis

Clostridium tetani Tetanus

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria

• Enterococcus faecalis• Enterococcus faecium

Nosocomial infections

Escherichia coli • Urinary tract infections (UTI)• Diarrhea

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Traveler's diarrhea

Enteropathogenic E. coli Diarrhea in infants

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

E. coli (O157:H7) • Hemorrhagic colitis• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Francisella tularensis Tularemia

Haemophilus influenzae

• Bacterial meningitis• Upper respiratory tract infections• Pneumonia• Bronchitis• Arthritis• Otitis media• Pericarditis

Helicobacter pylori• Peptic ulcer• Risk factor for gastric carcinoma• Gastric B-cell lymphoma

Legionella pneumophila • Legionellosis• Legion fever

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis

Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis

Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia

Neisseria gonorrhoeae• Gonorrhea• Septic arthritis

Neisseria meningitidis

• Meningococcal diseases including meningitis • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:• Localized skin infections• Diffuse skin infection (Impetigo)• Deep, localized infections• Acute infective endocarditis• Septicemia• Necrotizing pneumonia• Toxinoses• Toxic shock syndrome• Staphylococcal food poisoningRead more at Buzzle:

Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky mountain spotted fever

Salmonella typhi • Typhoid fever - type salmonellosis• Dysentery• Colitis

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Salmonella typhimuriumSalmonellosis with gastroenteritis and enterocolitis

Shigella sonnei Bacillary dysentery/Shigellosis

Staphylococcus aureusa

Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:• Localized skin infections• Diffuse skin infection (Impetigo)• Deep, localized infections• Acute infective endocarditis• Septicemia• Necrotizing pneumonia• Toxinoses• Toxic shock syndrome• Staphylococcal food poisoningRead more at Buzzle

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections of implanted prostheses e.g. heart valves and catheters

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Cystitis in women

Streptococcus agalactiae • Meningitis and septicemia in neonates• Postpartum infection

Streptococcus pneumoniae• Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults • Otitis media and sinusitis in children

Streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcal pharyngitis• Scarlet fever• Tonsillitis• Rheumatic fever• Impetigo and erysipelas• Puerperal fever• Cellulitis• Necrotizing fasciitis

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Human Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic Disease

Treponema pallidum

• Yaws• Bejel• Congenital syphilis

Vibrio choleraeCholera

Yersinia pestis• Plague• Bubonic plague• Pneumonic plague

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