55

CHAPTER-II

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA

A study of the geographical and socio-economic background of

the city region under study is very' essential to understand and

analyze the data where the present research study has been

conducted. The Twin City of Hubli-Dharwad is the area of the study.

The twin cities are considered the cultural and commercial capital of

the Northern Karnataka region. This region was once called the

Bombay Karnataka region as it was in the erstwhile Bombay State. In

historical times, under British rule the region was also known as the

Southern Maratha Country. This was on account of the region being

once under the rule of the Maratha Peshwas of Pune and came to be

conquered by the British some time during 1818 A.D. However, the

region came under Karnataka State in 1956 when the states were re-

organized on linguistic basis. The location of Hubli-Dharwad City is in

a beautiful and enchanting area, which is quite picturesque as it is

located on the undulating slopes of the hills of the Western Ghat

region. The geographical space occupied by the twin cities extends

from 15' 20° to 20' 28° N latitude, along the National Highway No.4,

which connects the cities of Pune in the north and Bangalore in the

south.

The extension of the twin-city is in typical linear order as it has

grown and spread along both the sides of the National Highway. The

cities of Hubli and Dharwad were separate towns until 1962 with their

own local civic bodies. However in March 1962, the two cities were

merged under a single local authority of a Municipal Corporation for

the purpose of their proper planning, administration and

56

development. In this study, the growth and development of each city is

dealt with separately for the period upto 1962 and thereafter the study

of the cities are taken as a single unit. The distance between the two

cities are about twenty-five Kilmeters. Today the twin city

agglomeration is the second largest in the state. Dharwad City is the

District Headquarters of Dharwad District and is well known as an

educational and cultural center of North Karanataka region. It is

situated on the eastern fringe of the Western Ghats and is situated at

a height of about 2800-ft. above mean sea level. Hence the city enjoys

a salubrious and healthy climate and was therefore was once known

as "Chota Mahabaleshwar". This was the main reason as to why the

British rulers selected the town as the district headquarters of the

northern region when they conquered the territory after the defeat of

the Marathas.

The city experiences the summer season, which commences in

the month of March and ends in May, and the maximum temperature

is of about 36.05 C. The winter season is experienced with the

minimum temperature being recorded in the month of December

when the temperature drops to about 12.06 C. The maximum rainfall

is recorded in the months of June and July and the average rainfall is

of 32.5". The monsoon period is from June to September every year.

The general wind direction is from East to West. The maximum wind

velocity is in July, when it reaches about 10 miles per hour. Dharwad

is often described as a hill station enjoying a quiet life style as

compared to the bustling city of Hubli. The city is often preferred by

retired employees on account of its good climate and is therefore also

called "pensioners paradise.” Etymologically, the name Dharwad is

derived from the words "Dhara" and "wada." The two words are

derived from the Sanskrit words "Dwara" and "Wata". The two terms

together gave the early name of "Dwara Vatika" or 'Gateway Town',

which in course of time came to be known as Dharawada (Desai

1957:6). It is believed that the term was derived from the geographic

location of the town since it is located between the foothills of the

57

Western Ghats ("Male-Nadu") and the plains of the Deccan plateau(

"Bailu-Sime"). The place was convenient to collect .taxes from

merchants going from the hilly region of the Ghats to the Deccan

plains. It was also a place where the goods and produce from the

Western Ghats were exchanged for those from the plains region.

Hence the name 'Gateway town'. A local folklore attributes the name

Dharwada to the terms "Dhara" and "Wada" which means "Dhara's

Palace" or "Dhara's Locality".

According to this interpretation the city got its name from a

historical personality named Dhara Rao who was a governor of the

region sent by the Vijayanagar emperors to administer this region. The

folklore attributes this person the credit of building the fort of

Dharwad and therefore the city, which came up soon thereafter, got

its name from this historical personality. However the well-known

historian and epigraphist Dr. P.B. Desai, has proved beyond doubt

that the town of Dharwad existed much before the arrival of the

Governor Dhara Rao. He has shown from the two inscriptions dated

12 century A.D, which were found at Narendra, a village on the

outskirts of Dharwad, that the town existed during this period,

whereas Rao arrived in Dharwad only during the 15th century A.D.

Hence the city could not have been named after him because the city

existed more than three hundred years before his arrival in this

region. For a very long time the town of Dharwad was the

administrative capital of the Pargana of Dharwad under various

Kannada dynasties such as the Hoysalas, Kadambas, the Western

Chalukyas, who ruled from the 6th century A.D to the 12th century

A.Ds. Even later under the Adil Shahi rulers of Bijapur, Dharwad

continued to maintain its importance as an administrative capital. The

name" Dharwada" keeps occurring frequently from the time of the

Chalukyas. Dharwad gained importance on account of its strategic

location and the existence of the impregnable fort at Dharwad, which

guarded the territory both towards the north and the south.

58

It was said that whoever guarded the fort of Dharwad was the

master of the territories both towards the north and the Deccan

plateau region in the south. During the height of glory of the

Vijayanagar Empire several Portuguese merchants and traders passed

through Dharwad from the West Coast to the capital of the empire

especially to sell horses. Among such travelers was Domingo Paes,

Fernao Nuniz, etc who have mentioned Dharwad in their accounts.

When the British conquered the region they recognized the strategic

importance of the fort and therefore continued to recognize it as an

important city for their defence. They stationed a large British force in

the fort at Dharwad and thereby controlled the various minor Chiefs

and landlords in the region, such as the Desais of Kittur, Nargund,

Ramdurg, Jamkhandi etc. The British Collector stationed at Dharwad

controlled even the Chhatrapati of Kolhapur. It was not until the

Mutiny of 1857 that the British themselves destroyed the impregnable

fort of Dharwad so that the rebels could not capture it. Today only two

gateways have been left as a memorial' to this great fort. The

remaining seven walls of the once mighty fort were torn down and the

stones used for the construction of the Collector's Office and other

British administrative offices. Under the British, Dharwad became not

only a cantonment for the British army but also became an

administrative capital for the newly conquered territories from the

Peshwas whom they defeated in 1817 A.D. The British soon after their

arrival began to introduce several civic amenities in the town in the

nineteenth century.

In 1830, Dharwad was made the Divisional Headquarters of the

Dharwad Collectorate. This region covered a large area consisting of

the former areas of the Southern Maratha Country, which included

not only the present area covered by the district, but also the region

covered by the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur and Solapur districts.

Hence Dharwad became an important town during the 19th century.

One of the first measures that the new British rulers undertook was to

widen the roads and lay proper drains for the flow of rain water which

59

would otherwise flood the town every year. Captain Munbee, the Army

Executive Engineer undertook to draw a proper plan for the growth

and development of the town in 1848. Thus the Army authorities took

a keen interest in the improvement of the sanitary conditions of the

town till the enactment of the Municipal Act of 1850 also known as

the Town Act XXVI by the British Government. Over the years

Dharwad came to develop by attracting people from the nearby regions

by offering employment opportunities in the various Government

departments. The town also had some of the earliest schools started

both by the Christian missionaries of the Basel Mission and also by

the British Government. Education was imparted not only in English

but also in Kannada and Marathi. The first College in the region was

the Karnatak College established in the year 1917. Thus people began

to migrate also in search of the excellent educational opportunities the

town offered.

Over a period of time the town has become not only famous for

its cultural activities but is today known as an educational center. The

city of Dharwad has today two Universities, namely the Karnatak

University and the University of Agricultural Sciences. Further there

are several good schools and colleges, which offer not only traditional

courses but also professional degrees in Medicine, Engineering and

Dental Sciences Students, are admitted to these colleges from different

regions of the country. However the city lacks major industries.

Attempts are being made by the Government to set right this

inadequacy by providing various facilities.

THE DHARWAD TOWN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

With the enactment of the Town Act of 1850 the Army

authorities that were until then in charge of the civic upkeepment of

the town, persuaded the inhabitants of the town to petition for the

establishment of a Municipality, which the citizen did on 2nd May

1855. Accordingly the Secretary to Bombay Government issued a

Notification on 9th May 1855 and the Municipality came into

60

existence on 1st January 1856. With this the Municipality began to

function with the enforcement of proper regulations and a proper body

of personnel. Local self-governments were thus made responsible for

the upkeep of the towns. At the time when the town Municipal council

was started in 1856, Dharwad had a population of 26,471. The

council then had a paltry income of Rs. 2734 and its expenditure was

Rs. 3,085. In due course the Dharwad Municipal council grew in

terms of its members as well as budget.

The Dharwad town municipal Council started functioning with

only twelve members who were all nominated by the Government. This

nominated membership of twelve members continued for nearly thirty

years continuously. With the enactment of the Bombay Act IV of 1873,

cities were classified on the basis of the size of their population. The

Dharwad Municipality was raised to the status of a City Municipality

on 1st April 1883. With the passage of time, Lord Ripon the Viceroy

began to make many improvements in the structure of the local self-

governments in order to give the local inhabitants more participation

in the civic affairs of their cities. Thus according to Lord Ripon

Resolution of 1882 the local inhabitants began to be elected to the

Municipalities. The tenure of the commissioners was limited to three

years, with an election held every fourth year. All taxpayers had the

right to vote. After 1902 the Bombay Government ordered that the two

thirds of the total members of the council 'must be nominated and the

remaining one third should be elected. It was only in the year 1920

that Dharwad municipal council was constituted by election. In the

year 1956 the Government superseded the municipal council of

Dharwad and assumed all the powers and functions of the Municipal

council up to 1961. On 1st March 1962 the Government of Karnataka

established a single Municipal corporation for the twin cities of Hubli

and Dharwad.

61

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES :

Educational institutions provide skilled manpower for

engineering units and other small scale units like accountants

technicians managerial staff etc. as the twin city is based with

substantial number of all types of educational institutions. There are

many primary, secondary schools, pre-university and first grade

colleges, and professional institutions, in the twin cities providing

opportunity for academic excellence. The entire area under Dharwad

district is also well developed in educational facilities with various

private and government institutions established for providing

education from primary to degree levels. In the twin cities the

corporation runs two high schools to meet the educational needs for

the poorer sections of the society.

There are two universities. Karnataka University at Pawate

Nagar and Agricultural University at Yettingudda, both situated within

Dharwad city limits. Besides these, there are many first grade degrees

as well as pre-university colleges. The most prominent among these

being. S. D.M Dental college, Karnataka Arts college, Karnataka

Science college, Karnataka Commerce college, Kittle Arts college Kittle

Science college, J.S.S college and Karnatak University of Law,

Mrutunjay College, Hurkadli Ajja Law College, K.P.S.C. Law College

and others in Dharwad. In Hubli Karnataka institute of Medical

Science, BVB Engineering College, Sakri Law College, Kotambri

Science Institute, P.C Jabin Science College, Kadasiddeshwar Arts

College, J.G. Commerce College and Nehru College for Arts, Commerce

and Science and women's college, G.K. Law College, are the most

prominent. These aided institutions receive grants from state

Government and U.G.C. In these colleges every year many students

pass out with a degree, searching for jobs for an independent career.

These colleges have been providing good infrastructure facilities like

building, laboratories, libraries, study equipment's etc to students.

Hence these colleges attracted students from surrounding villages of

62

Hubli Dharwad as well as nearer district places. In Hubli Dharwad

area there are a score of Government, Semi Government and private

hostels, which provide free accommodation and food for poor

students. This has attracted the village poor students.

Apart from these there is a Technical Training Institute aided by

Swiss Government that provides specialized training in tools and die

making. The Gramodyoga center provides training in handy crafts.

The Government of India has established population Research center

in Dharwad, which is one of the five centers, established in different

parts of India.

HUBLI CITY

The city of Hubli, which is only 22 Kms away, is better known

as a business center. Geographically the city is located on the flat

plains of the Deccan Plateau and hence the climate is not as

invigorating and healthy as that is found at Dharwad. It is believed

that the term Hubli is derived from the Kannada word “Huballi” which

in term is derived from the Sanskrit term' Eleya Purvada Halli' an

inscription which is found in the Bhavani Shankar Temple in the city

and is dated l1th century A.D. The term is believed to have been

shortened to Purballoi, Purvalli, or Purvada Halli or Old Village. To-

day the city has grown immensely on account of several conducive

factors and is therefore divided into "Hale Hubbali" (Old Hubli) or also

known as 'Rayara Hubali' or the town which existed during the times

of the Vijayanagar Emperors and “Hosa Hubbali"( New Hubli) which

grew later during the times of the later rulers of the region, including

the British.

On account of its location on the flat plains of the Deccan

Plateau, Hubli has a warm and healthy climate. The summer is

generally hot, with the maximum temperature rising in April and May.

The average temperature experienced by the city is 86.8F. The

minimum temperature is in the month of December when the

temperature cools down to about 67.9 F. The average annual speed of

63

wind is about 7 miles per hour. Hubli City had its first civic body in

1885. It was upgraded as a Borough Municipality in 1925. Today the

total area administered by the Corporation. is about 183.49 Sq.Kms.

The British introduced a railway in the later half of the 19th century

called the Madras and Southern Maharashtra Railway (M& S M) in

order to transport grains to the region and prevent the frequent

famines that area was subjected to, due to scanty rainfall. At first the

headquarters of the new Railways was at Dharwad but in1882, with

the introduction of a Railway workshop the Office of the Railways was

shifted to Hubli. The introduction of the Railway line linking Bombay

and Bangalore gave a fillip to industrial and business activities in the

city, especially with regard to the sale of cotton. Hubli began to have

one of the biggest cotton markets in the region.

In 1844 Captain Wingate found Hubli to have a population of

not less than 33,000 with long established banking activities and

trading firms which did business with Bombay and Madras. Further

the city was also the hub of religious activities for the predominant

Veerashaiva Lingayat community. The Mursavira Matha a preeminent

monastery or Matha was founded in the city during the 12th century

A.D. Besides this there are also other monasteries such as the

Hosamatha, Kalyanamatha, Ole Matha, Rudrakshi matha, Hannerdu

matha, and Neelkantha matha. However the Murasaivra matha is one

of the most important monasteries of the North Karnataka region and

play an active role not only in the promotion of religious activities

among the Lingayats of the region, but also takes an important role in

promoting social, religious and educational activities.

THE HUBLI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

Under the provisions of Section 26 of the Government of India

Act of 1850 Hubli Town Municipal council consisting of only 18

members was established in the year 1855. The District Collector used

to work as the President of the Council while other members served as

council members. The Government upto the year 1883 appointed all

64

of them. After 1883 the first elections were held for Hubli Town

municipal council. A total of nine members were elected to the

Municipal council while the other nine members were used to be from

the official cadres of various district administrative bodies, who were

ex-office-members of the municipal council. The president was

appointed only from the elected members of the council and the

practice of appointing the president was given up in 1907 with the

practice of electing president to the Municipal council coming into

force.

The first elected president was a man from the British

Administration of India. In the year 1925, the method of adult

franchise came into practice and also separate member

constituencies. The Hubli town municipal council area was classified

into seven Non-Muslim and three Muslims member constituencies. In

the year 1948 the municipal council was re-organized and the

Government dissolved the separate member constituencies. At the

same time the total membership of the councilors was to forty two out

of these forty two seats, seven seats were reserved: four for women

and three for SC candidates. From June 1939 upto 1944 and from

October 1958 to 1962 the Government and all the powers superseded

the Municipal council and the Government assumed functions of the

Municipal council itself. In the year in which it became the municipal

council. It had an area of 16.40 sq. km covered under its jurisdiction

with a population of 35278 and an income of RS 6854 and

expenditure of RS 37550. The total expenditure on employees in terms

of salary was Rs. 3310 (H.D.M.C 1972), which was a big bill by

standard at that time. Hubli has developed as the hub of commercial

and business activities since it has many basic infrastructual

amenities.

The city has a Railway junction, which connects it with many

other big cities in the country. There is also an airport, which

connects it with Bombay and Bangalore. The city has also developed

65

as an important educational center with several schools and colleges.

The Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) is one of the

earliest and preeminent medical college and hospital.

DEVELOPMENT OF HUBLI-DHARWAD :

In order to promote the development of the two cities that are so

near to one another, the Government of Karnataka merged the two

Municipalities together in the year 1962. The joint civic body came to

be thence known as Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation or H.D.M

C. When both the cities were brought under single urban authority in

1962 the geographical area covered was about 52 square k.m.

However, consequent to the inclusion of several villages between

Hubli-Dharwad, owing to these villages having developed urban

characteristics, the total geographical area now stands at 181 square

kilometer in 1991.

The geographical out growth of Hubli-Dharwad began to occur

in a span of just 30 years. The ever-widening geographical area

covered under this urban agglomeration indicates the extent of which

various economic and service activities that has been established over

a period of time. In their urban environment, have been able to attract

people from far of places to persue their various interests. After the

formation of Hubli-Dharwad Municipal corporation area, 21 villages of

Hubli taluk came into the corporation jurisdiction in 1964. Thus in

1992-93 the area of the corporation on was 181.77 square kilometers.

Geographically this corporation is biggest in Karnataka. The twin -city

Hubli-Dharwad urban agglomeration is very important from the point

of its strategic location and economic importance to North Karnataka

in particular and Karnataka State and India in general. At the regional

also, both Hubli and Dharwad are important marketing centers for

agricultural produce for the surrounding.

The city of Dharwad has a Tuesday market, which is very

popular and important as a commercial market for the sale of cattle,

repair of tractors and the selling vegetables and grains. Similarly

66

Hubli has a Wednesday market, which caters to the people from

villages surrounding Hubli. Also Hubli City has an Agricultural

Produce and Marketing Corporation (APMC) yard. In Karnataka State,

next to the mega city of Bangalore, which is also the capital of

Karnataka state, Hubli-Dharwad is the biggest urban agglomeration

with a population of 6.47lakhs, and the population is projected to

cross a million mark by 2001 A.D. (Census of India, 1991). The twin

cities have several villages along the 22 kilometers stretch between

them. These villages are gradually assuming urban characteristics on

account of their proximity of these two urban centers. These villages

which are very close to either Hubli or Dharwad all along the National

Highway No.4 have been brought under one urban authority with the

formation of the Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation. An

unprecedented increase in the traffic all along this urban stretch in

recent times has led to the decision for building a by pass road to the

National Highway No.4 for diverting traffic on the highway.

With the completion of this bye pass road, which is parallel at a

7 kilometers distance from the existing road, which passes through

the city, the heavy vehicular and direct traffic is prevented from

entering the congested cities by diverting it on this by pass road. With

the construction of this by pass road, the urban growth expansion is

likely to move in this direction in due course of time. With this, the

existing linear structure of urban growth of the twin cities will change

to some extent as the urban center it is likely to get widened.

POPULATION

Hubli-Dharwad is the second largest city and is next only to

Bangalore in terms of its population size and density. The growth in

population in recent times has been phenomenal due to increased

migration from surrounding small towns, villages and other regions of

Karnataka who have migrated due to the educational and employment

opportunities that the twin cities afford. The total population as

recorded in the Census of 2001 shows that the cities have a

population of 1,00,000. The Table 2.1 provides details on the decade-

wise growth of the population in the twin cities.

67

Table-2.1

DECADE WISE GROWTH OF POPULATION IN

HUBLI-DHARWAD TWIN CITIES FROM 1881 TO 2001

Year Total

Population Total Variation Variation

1881 6363161 - -

1891 83454 20293 32.12

1901 81143 2311 2.76

1911 91031 9888 12.18

1921 100992 9961 10.94

1931 124398 23406 23.17

1941 143504 19106 13.31

1951 196180 52676 36.70

1961 248489 52309 21.05

1971 379166 130677 52.58

1981 527108 147942 39.01

1991 648298 120532 22.86

2001 1000000 4032360 54.40

Source: District Census Handbook, Dharwad District Government of Kamakata, Bangalore; 1881-1991.

The population of twin cities in 1881 was 63,63,161 where as

the population in 1991 was 6, 47, 640. A detailed analysis of the

population growth of the twin cities indicates that the population has

been increasing rapidly during the four decades between 1961-1991.

In fact the demographics increase has been almost three folds during

this period. The population of twin cities increased from 2, 48, 487,

1961 to 647640 in 1991. A projected estimate of the population of the

twin cities for the year 2001 was 10,00,000 i.e. one million. In

addition to the residential population there is a large floating

population. This population visits the cities either as daily commuters

like farmers for selling their products, businessmen for commercial

transactions, and people from various taluk places and villages for

68

commercial and official transactions. Besides, there are also a large

number of students who reside in hostels and rented accommodations

who come from other cities and rural areas to pursue education.

In the wake of this increase in the population size, the number

of commercial establishments in the cities has increased steadily. The

density of population in Hubli-Dharwad agglomeration is 14:42

persons per square acre of area (Census 1991). The area covered

under the urban limits is so vast (182-sq. km) that the city has to be

divided into several divisions for efficient 'administration. The

distribution of population is not uniform. In some wards in the central

parts of these twin cities the density is quite high. As a result the

geographical density in this region is quite high unlike in the outer

rings of the cities where the density is quite low. About 33 wards in

the centre of the two cities contain slums, and such localities are

known for their filth and squalor. The slums in the two cities account

for nearly 60 in number, which are identified by the Slum Clearance

Board of the State Government. The population in slums in the twin

cities account for nearly 8.66 (56.100) per cent of the total population

with a density of 292.74 persons per square area (H.D.M.C: 1972).

The Hubli-Dharwad urban agglomeration has been witnessing a

rapid industrial and commercial growth, consequently attracting large

influx of immigrants from far and near who have migrated in search of

greener pastures for finding jobs, business opportunities or for

establishing service activities and so on. The population of Hubli-

Dharwad twin cities has increased ten folds during the span of 110

years beginning with 1881 up 1991 as the following table indicates.

The population was 648298 in 1991 and the number of households

was 1,10,700. As in 1993-94 the number of non- residential houses

was 12650 in Hubli and 10,783 in Dharwad. As in 1993-94 the per

capita income expenditure and per capita tax burden was Rupees 284,

Rs. 311 and Rs. 73 respectively.

69

LITERACY RATE OF DHARWAD DISTRICT

Dharwad district includes many urban and educational centers

like Dharwad and Hubli, Gadag, Nargund, Navalgund, Naregal, Haveri

Ranebennur etc. Naturally the literacy rate of the district is higher as

compared to other districts of the state. The Table 2.2 gives the

literacy rate in the Dharwad District.

Table 2.2

Literacy Rate in Dharwad District 1961-1991

Year Population Female Male Total

1961 54.30 30.88 57.30 44.69%

1971 59.62 34.04 60.81 49.96%

1981 59.61 42.37 62.37 52.61%

1991 70.20 50.26 67.04 70.20%

From the above table it is evident that there is a steady rise in

the literacy rate in the District. While it was only 44.69 per cent in the

year 1961, it now stands at 70.20 per cent. The next table 2.3 gives

the literacy rate in percentage.

Table 2.3

Literacy Rate in India-1901-1991

Year Literacy Rate in

Percentage

1901 10.1

1911 27.5

1921 32.5

1931 36.43

1941 39.62

1951 44.60

1961 54.30

1971 59.62

1981 60.02

1991 62.05

Source : 1. Census of India 1901 to 1971, Vol. XI, Part II, A general population table Mysore, 1975, Page 105.

70

GROWTH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN TWIN CITIES

Growth of Industry: It may be said confidently that for the economic

growth of an area, the establishment of industrial centers becomes a

precondition for industrialization of the region. The Population of the

twin cities in 1991 is considerably large as compared to the

Population in 1881. Thus, over a period of a century the Population

has grown phenomenally due to the growth of industries. This has led

to urbanization and the population has been increasing as a

consequence of migration from the surrounding areas, not only for

education but also for the employment opportunities that the urban

region provides. Industrialization and urbanization has also led to a

general improvement in the standard of living of the people.

Not very long ago the northern region of Karnataka state was

considered industrially backward. The government perceived the twin

cities of Hubli and Dharwad as the ideal region for attracting

industrial investment. Hence the Government of Karnataka declared

the region as industrially backward and announced a package of

incentives to attract investment from industrialists. In the 1960s, the

Kirloskar Company, a private industrial unit, was in existence. This

industry had two units, one at Rayapur and the other at Gokul

industrial extensions of the city. It was the main provider for

employment opportunities for educated youths in the north Karnataka

region. This industry also encouraged many small-scale entrepreneurs

to provide ancillary parts to the unit.

However over a few decades the industrial unit began to face

losses and was on the verge of closure. It is during this period that the

State Government stepped in, to provide more jobs for educated

youths by declaring two regions for setting up industrial units very

close to the twin cities. One is situated towards to the north of

Dharwad city and is known as “Belur Industrial Estate" and the other,

adjoining Hubli city and is called the “Gokul Industrial Estate".

Recently the Government has started a third industrial area, which is

71

located between the twin cities and is called the "Tarihal industrial

center". These industrial centers are bridging the gap between the two

cities, which were once vacant areas or had small villages. The

Kirloskar Company finally closed down its unit in the 1990s leaving a

large number of people unemployed, but fortunately by this time

alternate employment opportunities were available with the creation of

the Industrial estates by the Government. The recently established

KIADA Industrial centers at Belur 15 km away from Dharwad, on

Poona-Bangalore road is boosting the industrial production and

employment generation in the twin cities.

Various private and government under takings have invested

several of crores of rupees in these areas and have provided

employment to several thousands of workers who are not only from

the twin cities but who have also migrated from the surrounding

regions. These Industrial estates have been occupied not only by large

multinational companies such as Brooke Bond Tea, Wheel Detergents,

Gas bottling Company, etc but also by several small scale

entrepreneurs who make ancillary parts, as also manufacture other

items for the local and outside market. Very recently the Government

has provided facilities for establishing a Technology Park at Hubli city

with a view to make it the information center for the northern region

of Karnataka state. Due to these steps undertaken by the

Government, the cities of Hubli and Dharwad are slowly registering

their name on the industrial map of India and have also been

providing employment opportunities for the educated youths who

would have to otherwise go to other cities in the country for jobs.

TRADE AND COMMERCE

The twin cities are major commercial centers on the National

map of India. Hubli is known as major business center of North

Karnataka, whereas Dharwad is known as the center of education.

Various items like iron and steel, construction materials, vehicles.

stationery, house holds utensil, provisions, clothes, electrical, and

72

electronics products plastic items etc are sold on whole sale basis,

meeting the requirements of people in the region. The average

transaction amounts to two crores of rupees. This provides

opportunity to the local people to get employment.

Service : A large number of services like garages for vehicles, petrol

station, hospital available in the city. Many specialized consultants in

engineering, accountancy, law, banking, managements, finance travel

and tourism etc, are helping the commerce and industry of the city.

BANKS AND FINANCE

The city has a wide network of banking, financial and insurance

institution. Most of the nationalized banks have their branches in the

twin city of Hubli and Dharwad in addition to the branches of some

private schedule banks and co-operative banks. A very large number

of finance corporation and leasing companies are working in the twin

cities. Life insurance corporation of India has its Divisional office in

Dharwad in addition to its networks of branches. There are also units

of the General Insurance companies. The Unit Trust of India and the

Karnataka state Financial corporation have their branches in Hubli.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION :

The twin city has been the center for publishing many

newspapers and news magazines. The famous dailies like Deccan

Herald, Prajawani, Vishwavani, Samyuka Karnataka, Indian Express,

Hornadu, Kannada Prabha, Vijaya Karnataka, Sanjewani, Vishwavani

and several weeklies like Prapancha, etc., are published from here.

There is an All India Radio station in Dharwad. A High Power

Television Transmitter is also located to meet the needs of the people

and beams television programmes of the national channel to the north

Karnataka region. . There are several private and government libraries

to cater to the reading needs of the public. The twin cities are also

linked to the world and other parts of the country through a newly

established airport.

73

TRANSPORT FACILITIES :

The industrial and commercial growth of Hubli city during

colonial era could be safely attributed to the revolutionary

developments in the railway line passed through Hubli in 1878. It was

linked to Solapur in 1960. The Marma Goa (harbour) - Bellary rail way

passes through Hubli. This development has converted Hubli into an

important railway junction in North Karnataka. Now, the Southern

Central Railway with its Headquarters located at Hubli serves Hubli-

Dharwad. The Hubli Railway station is a junction joining the railway

link between Miraj City, Solapur in Maharastra state, Guntakal in

Andhra Pradesh and Bangalore, the Capital City of Karnataka. The

National Highway No.4 connects commercial cities such as Poona,

Bombay of neighboring Maharastra state in the northwest and

Bangalore Capital city of Kanrataka. India's economic nerve center

Mumbai is located at a distance of 724 kms from Dharwad city and

the important harbour on the western coastline at Goa is 110 Kms.

away from Dharwad. Thus a wide new work of railway and road

system links the twin cities, with many entrepots of trade and

commerce in Karnataka and neighboring states.

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES

Because of fertile land, agriculture has prospered in and around

Hubli. This has helped the growth and development of agriculture

based industries. The city has an Agricultural Promotion and

Marketing Corporation( A.P.M.C) facility. Very recently the

Government also created a marketing facility in Hubli city for the

direct sale of agricultural products and fruits to citizens directly

without the middlemen playing a role This market is called the

Rayather Santhe, or Farmers' Market. This is an attempt to eliminate

the role of middlemen so that the growers can directly sell their

produce to the buyers at a good price. The concept being new, it is yet

to catch up with the people and farmers of the city. Dharwad district

enjoys a special place in the field of textiles. Dharwad district has 196

small-scale textile industries, while Hubli city has 31 textiles has

74

small-scale industries and thus enjoys the third place in the Dharwad

district. Hubli city has 16 important ginning mills, 7 compressor

units. The city also has 35 oil seed crusher units and 17 agricultural

produce-processing units. Along with these major industries there are

several small-scale and household industries, which have sprung up

in Hubli.

WATER SUPPLY

Water is an important requirement for urban dwellers. The

growth in the industrial and other service activities is directly linked

to the availability of water supply. We find several cities, which have

not grown due to a lack of adequate water supply. In 1908, the supply

of water from. Kelgeri tank on the out skirts of Dharwad was lunched

and completed in 1911 under the supervision Sir M.

Vishweshawaraiah who was the Sanitary Engineer in Bombay

Government. This work had cost of Rs. 4.75 lakh. There were several

wells in the city from where water was lifted and supplied through

pumps for human consumption. During historical times the two cities

had several' large and small tanks constructed by royal personages as

also by the British rulers. Unkal tank on the out skirt of Hubli was

built in 1881 for supplying water water to Hubli. The Hubli

Municipality and the Railway Company constructed it jointly. In 1892

water from this tank began to be supplied through the taps. When the

tank is full it can hold 150 million Cft. During British times, the

government constructed the Neersagar water supply unit, situated on

the outskirts of Dharwad city near the village of Dhumvad. Earlier this

lake supplied water to both the cities but with the fast expansion of

the two cities, the supply of water proved to be inadequate. During

1960s, the Government of Karnataka with the World Bank aid

constructed a barrage on the river Malaprabha near the holy town of

Savadatti. This reservoir known locally as Naviluthirtha has been

supplying water through large pipes to the twin cities. However, even

this source of water supply is now proving to be inadequate as the two

cities have grown beyond estimation of the authorities.

75

SERVICE AMENITIES :

With the increase in the size of population of twin cities, an

increase in the number of agencies providing various services has also

been witnessed. These services include facilities like means of

transportation of people and commodities, clean drinking water

supply, closed under ground drainage's, electrification, play grounds,

swimming ponds, and beautiful parks and gardens, within the Hubli-

Dharwad twin cities-limits. In addition to these facilities there are

many other facilities available for the residents such as social clubs,

cinema halls, drama theaters, cultural forums, academic and non-

academic institutions, sports facilities among others that can be

mentioned.

HEALTH AMENITIES

The Hubli-Dharwad Corporation has established 21 hospitals

for the use of weaker sections. The Chitaguppi Hospital in Hubli is one

of the oldest hospitals in the State having been established in the year

1894. The Karnataka Government directly controls the Karnataka

Institute of Medical Sciences (K.I.M.S.) situated in Hubli. The dental

college and hospital in Dharwad by the Shri Dharmasthal

Manjunatheshwara Trust (SDM) is adjudged as being one of the best

in the state. The government managed Civil Hospital in Dharwad is

one of the oldest hospitals in the northern region, having been

established by the British Army authorities more than 150 years ago.

It caters especially to the medical needs of the poorer sections of the

society by providing health services to all, free of charges. Along with

government hospitals there are various private clinics, hospitals with

modern facilities and equipments. Next to Bangalore, the twin-city has

the credit of having various scanning centers, cancer hospitals and

specialized high-tech medical facilities. There are many private

practitioners who are having clinics in the city. This has ensured the

maintenance of good health and a drastic reduction in the number of

deaths due to epidemics. Thus, the two cities have been prospering

over the past few decades and have become important commercial,

educational and industrial center for the Northern region of Karnataka

Stale.

76

MAP OF INDIA

77

POPULATION OF INDIA 2011 :

As of 2011 census India has a total population of 1,210,193,422

people in 35 States and Union Territories. Among them 62,37,24,248

are men and 58,64,69,174 are women. Uttar Pradesh top the state

wise population table with 19,95,81,477 (16.49%) people. Next top

four States with highest population according to 2011 census are

1. Maharashtra has second highest population with 11,23,72,972

(9.29%) people.

2. Bihar the third highest populated state in India with 10,38,04,637

(8.58%) population.

3. West Bengal stand at fourth with 9,13,47,736 (7.55%) population.

4. Andhra Pradesh is at number five with 8,46,65, 533 (7%)

population.

Five least populated states in India as of 2011 census are

1. Sikim the lowest populated state in India has a population of

6,07,688 (0.05%).

2. Mijoram second lowest state with a population of 10,91,014

(0.09%).

3. Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 13,82,611 people and

ranks third on lowest populated states list.

4. Goa ranks fourth with 14,577,23 (0.12%) people.

5. Nagaland fifth lowest populate state in India with 19,80,602

(0.16%) people.

For Union Territories NCT of New Delhi the highest populated

Union Territory has a population of 1,67,53,235 people. Lakshadeep

the lowest populated Union Territory has a population of 64,429

people.

78

Table-2.4

State wise Population of India as per 2011 Census

State

/UT Code

India/State/

Union Territory # Population Males Females Percent

INDIA 1210193422 623724248 586469174 100.00

1 Jammu & Kashmir

12548926 6665561 5883365 1.04

2 Himachal Pradesh 6856509 3473892 3382617 0.57

3 Punjab 27704236 14634819 13069417 2.29

4 Chandigarh # 1054686 580282 474404 0.09

5 Uttarakhand 10116752 5154178 4962574 0.84

6 Haryana 25353081 13505130 11847951 2.09

7 NCT of Delhi # 16753235 8976410 7776825 1.38

8 Rajasthan 68621012 35620086 33000926 5.67

9 Uttar Pradesh 199581477 104596415 94985062 16.49

10 Bihar 103804637 54185347 49619290 8.58

11 Sikkim 607688 321661 286027 0.05

12 Arunachal Pradesh

1382611 720232 662379 0.11

13 Nagaland 1980602 1025707 954895 0.16

14 Manipur 2721756 1369764 1351992 0.22

15 Mizoram 1091014 552339 538675 0.09

16 Tripura 3671032 1871867 1799165 0.30

17 Meghalaya 2964007 1492668 1471339 0.24

18 Assam 31169272 15954927 15214345 2.58

19 West Bengal 91347736 46927389 44420347 7.55

20 Jharkhand 32966238 16931688 16034550 2.72

21 Orissa 41947358 21201678 20745680 3.47

22 Chhattisgarh 25540196 12827915 12712281 2.11

23 Madhya Pradesh 72597565 37612920 34984645 6.00

24 Gujarat 60383628 31482282 28901346 4.99

25 Daman & Diu # 242911 150100 92811 0.02

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli #

342853 193178 149675 0.03

27 Maharashtra 112372972 58361397 54011575 9.29

28 Andhra Pradesh 84665533 42509881 42155652 7.00

29 Karnataka 61130704 31057742 30072962 5.05

30 Goa 1457723 740711 717012 0.12

31 Lakshadweep # 64429 33106 31323 0.01

32 Kerala 33387677 16021290 17366387 2.76

33 Tamil Nadu 72138958 36158871 35980087 5.96

34 Puducherry # 1244464 610485 633979 0.10

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands #

379944 202330 177614 0.03

79

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011:

By Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on

Demography (Population characteristics), Economic Activity, Literacy

& Education, Housing & Household Amenities, Urbanization, Fertility

and Mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Language,

Religion, Migration, Disability and many other socio-cultural and

demographic data since 1872. Census 2011 will be the 15th National

Census of the country. This is the only source of primary data at

village, town and ward level. It provides valuable information for

planning and formulation of polices for Central & State Governments

and is widely used by National & International agencies, scholars,

business people, industrialists, and many more. The delimitation/

reservation of Constituencies-Parliamentary/Assembly/ Panchayats

and other Local Bodies is also done on the basis of the demographic

data thrown up by the Census. Census is the basis for reviewing the

country's progress in the past decade, monitoring the on-going

schemes of the Government and most importantly, plan for the future.

That is why the slogan of Census 2011 is "Our Census, Our Future".

Table 2.5

Census of India - Figures at a Glance

POPULATION

Persons 1,21,01,93,422

Males 62,37,24,248

Females 58,64,69,174

DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH 2001-2011

Absolute Percentage

Persons 18,14,55,986 17.64

Males 9,15,01,158 17.19

Females 8,99,54,828 18.12

DENSITY OF POPULATION (per sq. km.)

382

SEX RATIO (females per 1000 males)

940

POPULATION IN THE AGE GROUP 0-6

Absolute Percentage to total population

Persons 15,87,89,287 13.12

Males 8,29,52,135 13.30

Females 7,58,37,152 12.93

LITERATE

Absolute Literacy rate

Persons 77,84,54,120 74.04

Males 44,42,03,762 82.14

Females 33,42,50,358 65.46

80

MAP OF KARNATAKA

81

POPULATION OF KARNATAKA 2011 :

The official census 2011 of Karnataka has been conducted by

Directorate of Census Operations in Karnataka. Enumeration of key

persons including Chief Minister of Karnataka was also done by

officials conducting population census.

As per details from Census 2011, Karnataka has population of

6.11 Crore, an increase from figure of 5.29 Crore in 2001 census.

Total population of Karnataka as per 2011 census is 61,130,704 of

which male and female are 31,057,742 and 30,072,962 respectively.

In 2001, total population was 52,850,562 in which males were

26,898,918 while females were 25,951,644.

The total population growth in this decade was 15.67 percent

while in previous decade it was 17.25 percent. The population of

Karnataka forms 5.05 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure

was 5.14 percent.

Literacy rate in Karnataka has seen upward trend and is 75.60

percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands

at 82.85 percent while female literacy is at 68.13 percent. In 2001,

literacy rate in Karnataka stood at 66.64 percent of which male and

female were 76.06 percent and 57.80 percent literate respectively.

In actual numbers, total literates in Karnataka stands at

41,029,323 of which males were 22,808,468 and females were

18,220,855.

Total area of Karnataka is 191,791 sq. km. Density of

Karnataka is 319 per sq km which is lower than national average 382

per sq km. In 2001, density of Karnataka was 276 per sq km, while

nation average in 2001 was 324 per sq km.

Sex Ratio of Karnataka is 968 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is

below national average of 940 as per census 2011. In 2001, the sex

ratio of female was 964 per 1000 males in Karnataka.

Figures of population have been represented in chart for your

reference. proportion

82

RATIO OF KARNATAKA

Description 2011 2001

Approximate Population 6.11 Crore 5.29 Crore

Actual Population 61,130,704 52,850,562

Male 31,057,742 26,898,918

Female 30,072,962 25,951,644

Population Growth 15.67% 17.25%

Percantage of total Population 5.05% 5.14%

Sex Ratio 968 964

Child Sex Ratio 943 973

Density/km2 319 276

Density/mi2 826 714

Area km2 191,791 191,791

Area mi2 74,051 74,051

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 6,855,801 7,182,100

Male Population (0-6 Age) 3,527,844 3,690,958

Female Population (0-6 Age) 3,327,957 3,491,142

Literacy 75.60 % 66.64 %

Male Literacy 82.85 % 76.06 %

Female Literacy 68.13 % 57.80 %

Total Literate 41,029,323 30,434,962

Male Literate 22,808,468 17,661,211

Female Literate 18,220,855 12,773,751

5.05%

94.95%

83

Description Rural Urban

Population (%) 61.43 % 38.57 %

Total Population 37,552,529 23,578,175

Male Population 19,010,998 12,046,744

Female Population 18,541,531 11,531,431

Population Growth 7.63 % 31.27 %

Sex Ratio 975 957

Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 945 941

Child Population (0-6) 4,351,788 2,504,013

Child Percentage (0-6) 11.59 % 10.62 %

Literates 22,860,653 18,168,670

Average Literacy 68.86 % 86.21 %

Male Literacy 77.92 % 90.54 %

Female Literacy 59.60 % 81.71 %

84

MAP OF DHARWAD DISTRICT

Population of Dharwad District 2011 :

An official Census 2011 detail of Dharwad, a district of

Karnataka has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in

Karnataka. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census

officials in Dharwad District of Karnataka.

In 2011, Dharwad had population of 1,846,993 of which male

and female were 939,127 and 907,866 respectively. There was change

of 15.13 percent in the population compared to population as per

2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Dharwad District

recorded increase of 16.68 percent to its population compared to

1991.

The initial provisional data suggest a density of 434 in 2011

compared to 377 of 2001. Total area under Dharwad district is of

about 4,265 sq.km.

85

Average literacy rate of Dharwad in 2011 were 80.30 compared

to 71.61 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and

female literacy were 86.83 and 73.57 respectively. For 2001 census,

same figures stood at 80.82 and 61.92 in Dharwad District. Total

literate in Dharwad District were 1,314,353 of which male and female

were 721,440 and 592,913 respectively. In 2001, Dharwad District

had 992,550 in its total region.

With regards to Sex Ratio in Dharwad, it stood at 967 per 1000

male compared to 2001 census figure of 949. The average national sex

ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate.

In census enumeration, data regarding child under 0-6 age were

also collected for all districts including Dharwad. There were total

210,194 children under age of 0-6 against 218,262 of 2001 census. Of

total 210,194 male and female were 108,231 and 101,963

respectively. Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 942 compared to

943 of census 2001. In 2011, Children under 0-6 formed 11.38

percent of Dharwad District compared to 13.61 percent of 2001. There

was net change of -2.23 percent in this compared to previous census

of India.

Dharwad District population constituted 3.02 percent of total

Karnataka population. In 2001 census, this figure for Dharwad

District was at 3.02 percent of Karnataka population.

All details regarding Dharwad District have been processed by

us after receiving from Govt. of India. We are not responsible for errors

to population census details of Dharwad District.

86

RATIO OF DHARWAD

Description 2011 2001

Actual Population 1,846,993 1,604,253

Male 939,127 823,204

Female 907,866 781,049

Population Growth 15.13% 16.68%

Area Sq. Km 4,265 4,265

Density/km2 434 377

Proportion to Karnataka Population 3.02% 3.04%

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 967 949

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 942 943

Average Literacy 80.30 71.61

Male Literacy 86.83 80.82

Female Literacy 73.57 61.92

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 210,194 218,262

Male Population (0-6 Age) 108,231 112,335

Female Population (0-6 Age) 101,963 105,927

Literates 1,314,353 992,550

Male Literates 721,440 574,522

Female Literates 592,913 418,028

Child Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.38% 13.61%

Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.52% 13.65%

Girls Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.23% 13.56%

96.98%

3.02%

87

Description Rural Urban

Population (%) 43.17 % 56.83 %

Total Population 797,430 1,049,563

Male Population 409,828 529,299

Female Population 387,602 520,264

Sex Ratio 946 983

Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 931 952

Child Population (0-6) 97,852 112,342

Male Child(0-6) 50,681 57,550

Female Child(0-6) 47,171 54,792

Child Percentage (0-6) 12.27 % 10.70 %

Male Child Percentage 12.37 % 10.87 %

Female Child Percentage 12.17 % 10.53 %

Literates 505,173 809,180

Male Literates 292,105 429,335

Female Literates 213,068 379,845

Average Literacy 72.21 % 86.34 %

Male Literacy 81.33 % 91.01 %

Female Literacy 62.59 % 81.60 %