backcontentsnext cardiovascularrespiratorymusculo-skeletaldiet & healtheffect of exercise a...
TRANSCRIPT
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
A guide to respiratory fitness
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
main listing enterquit © Copyright Ali Clarke Design 2003
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Contents - Respiratory
Introduction
Structure of the respiratory system
Breathing
Lung function
Lung capacity
Summary
main listingquit
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Introduction
what is the respiratory system
function of the respiratory system
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The respiratory system is made up from the following components;
What is the respiratory system?
Lungs Airways Blood supply Respiratory muscles
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Function of the respiratory system
To remove the waste gas carbon dioxide from the body
To get air into the body so oxygen can be added to the blood
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The respiratory system
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Structure of the Respiratory System
upper airways
lower airways
structure of the airways
lungs
blood vessels
respiratory muscles
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Respiratory – move air in/out of the airways & lungsmuscles
The respiratory system is made up from several components
Structure of the respiratory system
Airways – allow oxygen into the body
Lungs – deliver oxygen to the bloodstream
Blood vessels – deliver oxygen to the body tissues
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The upper airways
The airways are divided into upper & lower
The upper airways begin in the nose/throat region, or nasopharynx
Inhaled air travels down through the ‘voice-box’ (or larynx) before entering the ‘windpipe’, also called the trachea
The trachea then divides into the right & left main bronchus, supplying air to each lung
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The lower airways
Each main bronchus splits into increasingly smaller branches, called bronchioles, that reach every part of the lung tissue
The bronchioles finally divide into tiny sacs, called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen (O2) for waste carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood takes place
There are more than 300 million alveoli in each lung, providing a huge total surface area for oxygenation to take place (equivalent the to area of a tennis court!)
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Structure of the airways
Lower airways
nasal cavity
Upper airways
nasopharynx
epiglottis
tracheaoesophaguslarynx
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The lungs are the organs that allow us to breathe Each lung is joined to a main bronchus, which is then
attached to the trachea (windpipe)
The lungs are surrounded by a thin membrane called the pleura
Each lung is divided into regions called lobes
The lungs have a soft, spongy texture that allows them to stretch as we take a breath
The inside of the lung contains numerous airways that divide many times to resemble the branches of a tree
The lungs
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Structure of a lung
Alveolar sacs
Lungs
Windpipe (Trachea)
Lung tissue
Bronchus
Bronchiole Pleural membrane
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Lung tissue has a very rich blood supply
This allows as much blood as possible to pass through the alveoli (air sacs) for oxygenation
The oxygenated blood travels to the heart to be pumped to the body tissues
Deoxygenated blood containing waste CO2 travels to the heart & is then pumped back to the lungs for more O2 to be added (& so on…)
This movement of blood between the heart & lungs is called the pulmonary circulation
Blood vessels
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Blood vessels
Pulmonary circulation
Lung Capillaries
Left heart
To Body
From Body
Right heart Blood vessels in the lung
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary Artery
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Various muscles are required to contract & relax in order to move air in & out of the lungs
Respiratory muscles
Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm
These are called the ‘respiratory muscles’ and include the
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Respiratory muscles
Diaphragm A large, dome-shaped muscle that divides the chest from the
abdomen The base of each lung is attached to it It contracts & flattens, pulling the lungs down to expand them
& opening the chest
Intercostal muscles Lie between the ribs They contract to pull the ribs up & out, opening up the chest
& expanding the lungs
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Respiratory muscles
Diaphragm
LarynxTrachea
Lung
Sternum
Nasopharynx
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Intercostals (shaded)
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Breathing
how oxygen gets in
how carbon dioxide is removed
mechanisms for breathing
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The air we breathe passes through the upper airways first; nasopharynx, larynx, trachea & main bronchi
It then enters the lower airways of the lungs; small bronchi & bronchioles
Finally, the air enters the many tiny air sacs, or alveoli
How does oxygen get in?
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The alveoli are covered with microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels, called capillaries
O2 from the air is taken up into the blood within these capillaries, it then flows into the larger blood vessels & eventually ends up in the heart
Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart & into the blood vessels supplying the body’s tissues
Upon reaching the tissues, the O2 is released & the blood is said to be deoxygenated
How does oxygen get to the tissues?
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Waste CO2 produced by the cells is collected in the blood & travels back to the heart via the circulation
This deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart into the blood vessels of the lung, eventually arriving in the capillaries
The capillaries lining the alveoli release CO2 into the air sacs, it then travels up the airways & out of the body into the atmosphere
How is carbon dioxide removed?
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
This increase in chest volume makes the pressure inside the body lower than that outside the body
To move air into the lungs, the volume of the chest must be made to increase by contracting the respiratory muscles;Intercostals – pull ribs up & outDiaphragm – flattens downward, stretching lungs
This causes air to be sucked down the airways & into the lungs
How do we breathe in?
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Mechanism of breathing in
contractingDiaphragm
(Inspiration)
inspiration
Intercostals(Inspiration)
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
How do we breathe out?
Moving air out of the lungs involves reducing chest volume by relaxing the respiratory muscles; Intercostals – ribs move in & down Diaphragm – pushes upwards
This decrease in chest volume makes the pressure inside the body higher than that outside
This causes air to be squeezed out of the lungs & up into the airways
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Mechanism of breathing out
Diaphragm(Expiration)
expiration
relaxingIntercostals(Expiration)
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Lung Function
gaseous exchange
respiration
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
This is the addition of oxygen to the blood & the removal of waste carbon dioxide from it; i.e. it is the ‘exchange’ of one gas (CO2) for another (O2)
Gaseous exchange takes place in the air sacs of the lung, called the alveoli
The lining of each alveolus is very thin & is covered by a network of tiny blood vessels, called capillaries
O2 from inhaled air travels across the alveolar lining & enters the capillaries
Here, it is taken up by red blood cells in a special oxygen-carrying molecule called haemoglobin
Gaseous exchange: O2
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Waste CO2 must also be removed from the body
CO2 is released from the cells & taken up by the tissue capillaries, where it dissolves into the blood
CO2 is then carried in the blood vessels until it eventually reaches the capillaries that line the lung alveoli
CO2 travels out of the capillaries & across the alveolar lining to enter the ‘airway tree’
CO2 is then pushed out of the body during expiration
Gaseous exchange: CO2
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
This is the process whereby cells breakdown O2 & nutrient (sugar) to release energy
CO2 is formed as a waste product during this process
Respiration can be expressed in this simplified equation:
Cellular respiration
O2 + sugar (oxygen) (water)(carbon
dioxide)
+ CO2 + H20energy
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Lung Capacity
lung capacity
lung capacity & fitness
effects of exercise
effects of smoking
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The amount of air breathed in/out during normal breathing is called the tidal volume
The largest amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after taking as big a breath in as possible is called the vital capacity
The amount of air left behind is called the residual volume
Lung function is measured using a peak flow meter or a more complex machine called a spirometer
Lung capacity
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Lung capacitynormal breaths maximum exhalation
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Vital capacity
Total lung
capacity
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Lung capacity varies with age, sex, body shape, & level of fitness
‘Lung capacity’ is not the same as ‘respiratory fitness’
Respiratory fitness is determined by measuring the maximum amount of O2 that can be used by a person’s body, this is called VO2max
The higher VO2max the fitter the individual
Lung capacity & fitness
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
The respiratory system responds to the demands of exercise
More O2 is required by the muscles & more CO2 is produced for removal
Breathing rate increases
Depth of breathing increases (maximum = vital capacity)
Blood flow through lungs increases
Effect of exercise
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Exercise
Exercise keeps the lungs in good condition
Gives your heart & lungs a good workout
Promotes a healthy lifestyle
Improves your quality of life
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Smoking damages your lungs
Reduces the amount of O2 that can be carried in the blood
Damages the lining of the airways & increases the amount of mucus produced
Reduces alveolar function
Increases the risk of lung infection, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, & lung cancer
Effect of smoking
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Smoking & fitness
Smoking damages your fitness
Reduces lung vital capacity
Reduces aerobic fitness
backcontents next
cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise
Respiratory system: summary
Respiratory system = lungs + airways + blood supply + muscles
Exercise keeps the respiratory system healthy
Exercise improves respiratory fitness
Adds O2 to blood & removes CO2 from it
backcontents end