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PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 (INDIA)

(Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947 - enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SYLLABI

FOR

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.)

Ist – VI

th CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM;

VIIth

& VIIIth

SEMESTER SYSTEM (NON-CREDIT)

[ACADEMIC SESSION 2012-2013]

- - : o: - -

@ The Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh

All Rights Reserved. .

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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS & CREDITS

(Credit Based Semester System)

SEMESTER

THEORY PRACTICAL/REPORT

TOTAL

MARKS

TOTAL

CREDITS NUMBER

OF

PAPERS

MARKS CREDITS

NUMBER

OF

PAPERS

MARKS CREDITS

First

M 5 350 14 4 225 9

575 23

B 5 325 13 5 250 10

Second 5 375 15 4 275 11 650 26

Third 6 400 16 6 275 11 675 27

Fourth 6 375 15 5 250 10 625 25

Fifth 5 375 15 4 250 10 625 25

Sixth 6 425 17 5 275 11 700 28

Seventh 4 300 12 4 250 10 550 22

Eighth 4 300 12 3 300 12 600 24

Total

M 41 2900 116 35 2100 84

5000 200

B 41 2875 115 36 2125 85

M: Mathematics Stream

B: Biology Stream

(i)

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BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.) CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER – I

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paper Subject Teaching Credits Sessional Exam. Total

Hours/Week Marks Marks

T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-1011 Organic Chemistry-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-1021 Pharmaceutical Technology-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

(General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

PHARM-1031 Pharmacognosy-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-1051 (M) Remedial Mathematics OR 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-1051 (B) Remedial Biology 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-1061 Computer Science and applications 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PRACTICAL

PHARM-1111 Organic Chemistry Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-1121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75


PHARM-1131 Pharmacognosy Practical -I - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-1151 (B) Remedial Biology Practical - 2 - 1 5 20 25

PHARM-1161 Computer Science Practical - 2 - 1 5 20 25

Total 16 15 16 10 575

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper.

ii) Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

(ii)

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SEMESTER – II


Paper Subject Teaching Credits Sessional Exam. Total


T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-2011 Organic Chemistry-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-2012 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-2021 Physical Pharmaceutics-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-2041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

(APHE-I, Cell Biology)

PHARM-2071 Pharmaceutical Statistics 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PRACTICAL

PHARM-2111 Organic Chemistry Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-2112 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical –I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-2121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-2141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

Practical-I (APHE-I)

Total 15 15 15 11 650


ii) Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

(iii)

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SEMESTER – III




T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-3011 Chemistry of Natural Products and including 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

Heterocyclic compounds

PHARM-3012 Medicinal Chemistry-I 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-3021 Physical Pharmaceutics-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-3022 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-3031 Pharmacognosy-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-3041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

(APHE-II)

PRACTICAL

PHARM-3111 Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Practical

PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I - 2 - 1 5 20 25

PHARM-3121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-3122 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-3131 Pharmacognosy Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-3141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Practical-II (APHE-II)

Total 16 17 16 11 675


ii) Internal assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

(iv)

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SEMESTER – IV




T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-4011 Physical Chemistry 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-4021 Pharmaceutical Technology-II 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-4022 Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-4031 Pharmacognosy-III 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-4041 Pharmacology-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-4081 Environmental Studies 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PRACTICAL

PHARM-4111 Physical Chemistry Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4122 Pharmaceutical Operations Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4131 Pharmacognosy Practical-III - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4141 Pharmacology Practical-I - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Total 15 15 15 10 625



(v)

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SEMESTER – V



Hours/Week Marks Marks Marks

T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-5011 Medicinal Chemistry-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-5012 Biochemistry 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-5021 Pharmaceutical Technology-III 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-5022 Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-5041 Pharmacology-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PRACTICAL

PHARM-5112 Biochemistry Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-5121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-5122 Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-5141 Pharmacology Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Total 15 14 15 10 625



(vi)

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SEMESTER - VI


Paper Subject Teaching Exam. Sessional Exam. Total

Hours/Week Hours Marks Marks Marks

T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-6011 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-6012 Medicinal Chemistry-III 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-6021 Cosmetology 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-6022 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 2 - 2 - 10 40 50

PHARM-6031 Pharmacognosy-IV 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-6041 Pharmacology-III 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PRACTICAL

PHARM-6111 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-6112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-III - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-6121 Cosmetology Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-6131 Pharmacognosy Practical-IV - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75

PHARM-6141 Pharmacology Practical-III - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Total 17 16 17 11 700



iii) There will be an industrial/pharmacy practice training of four weeks duration after the completion of sixth semester examination.

(vii)

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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

(SEMESTER SYSTEM)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

SEMESTER THEORY MARKS PRACTICAL/ MARKS TOTAL

REPORT

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

First Semester 5 500/450 4/5 400/450 900

Second Semester 5 500 4 400 900

Third Semester 6 600 6 600 1200

Fourth Semester 6 600 5 500 1100

Fifth Semester 6 550 6 550 1100

Sixth Semester 6 600 5 500 1100

Seventh Semester 6 600 4 400 1000

Eighth Semester 4 400 3 300 700

44 4350/4300 37 3650/3700 8000

(viii)

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTERS

B. Pharm. I to VI (Credit Based Semester system)

1. The question paper shall be set for 60 marks.

2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. One question shall be compulsory of 20 marks of objective/short answer

type covering the entire syllabus.

3. All other questions shall be of 10 marks each.

4. Total 5 questions are to be attempted.

5. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.

PHARM-1051 (B) Remedial Biology


2. The paper should be set into two parts, Part-I (Botany) & Part-II (Zoology)

3. Part-I shall contain 4 questions of Botany; the candidates shall attempt 3 questions out of 4.

4. Part-II shall contain 3 questions from Zoology; the candidates shall attempt two questions out of 3.

5. All the questions shall be of equal marks.

PHARM-1061 Computer Science


2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. One question shall be compulsory of 12 marks of objective/short answer

type covering the entire syllabus.

3. All other questions shall be of 7 marks each.

4. Total 5 questions are to be attempted.

5. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.

(ix)

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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.)

CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER-I

PHARM-1011 : Organic Chemistry-I

PHARM-1021 : Pharmaceutical Technology-I (General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

PHARM-1031 : Pharmacognosy-I

PHARM-1051(M) : Remedial Mathematics

OR

PHARM-1051(B) : Remedial Biology

PHARM-1061 : Computer Science

PHARM-1111 : Organic Chemistry Practical-I

PHARM-1121 : Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-I


PHARM-1131 : Pharmacognosy Practical-I

PHARM-1151(B) : Remedial Biology Practical

PHARM-1161 : Computer Science Practical

PHARM-1011: Organic Chemistry-I

3 hours/week

1. Structure and Properties

Organic chemistry, structural theory, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals,

electronic configuration, molecular orbitals, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy, polarity of bonds,

polarity of molecules, dipole moment, structure and physical properties including melting point, boiling point

and solubility, acidity and basicity, isomerism.

(4Lectures)

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2 Bachelor of Pharmacy (Semester System)

2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds

Stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, optical activity, chiral centre, racemic modification,

meso-structures, configuration, reactions involving stereoisomers, stereoselective and stereospecific reactions.

Geometric isomers, conformational isomers, configurational isomers, conformational analysis of ethane and

n-butane, conformations of cyclohexanes, axial and equatorial bonds, Newman projections, Fischer and

Wedge formula.

Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L, R & S and E & Z system of nomenclature.

(4 Lectures)

3. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes : Nomenclature of straight and branched chain alkanes and alkyl groups, classification of carbon

atoms of alkanes, isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical

reactions.

Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes, orientation, reactivity and selectivity, chlorofluorocarbons

and ozone layer.

Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, Bayer’s strain theory, ring strain,

isomerism in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, reactions of carbenes, cyclic ethers, crown ethers, epoxides.

Quantitative elemental analysis and structure elucidation, empirical formula and molecular formula.

(8 Lectures)

4. Alkyl Halides

Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, mechanisms of

nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2 reactions, carbonium ions, carbenium ions and carbocations,

structure, relative stability, ease of formation, rearrangements and other characteristics of carbocations.

(4 Lectures)

5. Alcohol, Ethers and Role of the Solvent

Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

Role of Solvent: Secondary bonding, solubility of non-ionic and ionic solutes, protic and aprotic solvents, ion pairs, role of solvent in substitution reactions, phase-transfer catalysis.

(4 Lectures)

6. Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes

Alkenes: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and

dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, E1 and E2 reaction mechanisms, physical properties and relative

stabilities of alkenes, chemical reactions, mechanisms of hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical

additions, Markovnikov’s rule, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction, epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4.

Substitution at allylic and vinylic positions, theory of resonance and conjugation, free radical polymerization

of alkenes.

Dienes: Nomenclature, structures of isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, 1, 2- and 1, 4-addition

reactions, free radical polymerization of dienes.

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Bachelor of Pharmacy (Semester System) 3

Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes, method of preparation, chemical reactions, acidity

and electrophilic addition reactions.

(8 Lectures)

7. Benzenes, Arenes and Aromaticity

Nomenclature of benzene and derivatives, structure of benzene, Kekule’s structure, stability and length of C-C

bond of benzene, resonance structure, aromaticity and Huckel rule.

Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, mechanisms of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation,

Friedal-Crafts reaction, activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and reactivity.

Arenes: Nomenclature, method of preparation and reactions of alkynyl benzenes, alkyl benzenes, halogenation of alkylbenzenes - ring vs side chain, stability of benzylic free radical, triphenylmethyl free radical and benzyl

cation.

Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkenyl and alkynyl benzenes. (8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Solomens G, Fryhle C, Johnson R. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1021: Pharmaceutical Technology-I


3 hours/week

1. Orientation and Historical Background of the Profession

Important historical events which led to the development of this profession from middle ages to

the current era.

Ethics, oath and scope of pharmacy.

Introduction to official compendia with emphasis on Indian Pharmacopeia, British Pharmacopeia and United State Pharmacopeia.

(5 Lectures)

2. Routes of drug administration

Need for dosage forms, therapeutic consideration in dosage form designing. Routes of drug administration and

dosage forms for oral, rectal, parenteral, epicutaneous, ocular, otic and nasal route.

(4 Lectures)

3. Liquid orals and solutions

Official pharmaceutical solutions, products for oral, ENT and topical use including syrups, elixirs, glycerins,

mouth washes, gargles, spirits, nasal drops, ear drops, throat paints, aromatic waters, lotions and liniments.

(6 Lectures)

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4. Powder dosage forms

Standards for powders, sieves and their usage in grading. Bulk powders and divided powders for internal and

external use. Special powders including insufflations, effervescent powders and granules.

(3 Lectures)

5. Metrology

Introduction to units of weights and volume in both metric systems and imperial systems. Simple calculations

involved in preparing solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids and method of alligation.

(4 Lectures)

6. Extraction and Extractives

Various methods of extraction including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation and digestion with

examples of some official extractives.

(4 Lectures)

7. Prescription

Description and parts of a prescription, handling the prescription, reading the prescription, checking the written

prescription, consulting the prescriber, other methods of receiving prescription, refusal to accept the

prescription; compounding the prescription, pricing the prescription, delivering the prescription.

(4 Lectures)

8. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities

Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities: Types and methods to overcome these. Inorganic incompatibilities

including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, nonmetals, acids and alkalis.

(8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

2. Cooper JW, Gunn G. Tutorial Pharmacy. Pitman Books Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

3. Carter SJ. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Books Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Lachman L, Liebennan HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

5. Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

6. Raymond C, Rowe JP, Sheskey E.M. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press, London.

Latest Edition.

7. Martin E.W. Husa’s Pharmaceutical Dispensing, Mack Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

8. Rowlins EA, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Latest Edition.

9. Sprowls JB, Prescription Pharmacy. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-1031: Pharmacognosy-I

3 hours/week

1. Introduction, development, present status and future scope of pharmacognosy. (2 Lectures)

2. Introduction to following groups of plant constituents (only definitions and brief explanations) Carbohydrates,

glycosides, tannins, lipids, volatile oils, terpenes, resins and resin combinations, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, gums & mucilages.

(7 Lectures)

3. Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, pharmacological and chemical.

(2 Lectures)

4. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of the following:

Diatoms, Agar, Alginic Acid, Ergot, Yeast, Male fern.

(5 Lectures)

5. Distinguishing characters of the following families and their important medicinal plants - Apocynaceae,

Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae,

Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbelliferae.

(12 Lectures)

6. Techniques in microscopy of powdered drugs covering use of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic reagents, micrometer, quantitative microscopy and a brief introduction to electron microscope.

(7 Lectures)

7. Study of plant tissues and ergastic cell inclusions with a view to identify and authenticate powdered crude drugs.

(5 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tylor VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy. KM Varghese Company, Bombay. Latest Edition.

2. Evans WC, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

3. Robbinson T, The Organic Constituent of Higher Plants. Burge Publishing Co., Latest Edition.

4. Trease GE. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. Bailliere Tindall, London. Latest Edition.

5. Jackson BP, Snowdon DW. Powdered Vegetable Drugs. Stanley Thomes Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-1051 (M): Remedial Mathematics

3 hours/week

1. Algebra

Revision simultaneous equations, partial fractions and resolution of linear and quadratic

(non repeated) equations.

(5 Lectures)

2. Trigonometry

Revision on angle measurement and T-Ratios, addition, substraction and transformation formulae. T ratios of

multiple, sub-multiple and allied angles; applications of Logarithms.

(8 Lectures)

3. Analytical Plane Geometry

Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points, area of triangle, locus of a point, straight line, slope and

intercept form, double intercept form, general equation of first degree.

(8 Lectutres) 4. Calculus

Differential: Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of standard functions, including

function of a function (chain rule), differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric

differentiation, element of successive differentiation, Application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.

Integral:: Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration by parts, partial functions and substitution, formal evaluation of definite integral including definite integral as area

under curve, Application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.

(20 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Grewal BS, Higher Engineering Mathematics. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. A Textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII students, NCERT Publication, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Schaum. Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1051 (B): Remedial Biology

2 hours/week

A. BOTANY (Part-I)

1. General structure of the plant body - structure and function of the stem, root and leaf and the modification,

anatomy of the stem, root and leaf. Cell structure and function, kinds of tissues, mitosis and meiosis.

(6 Lectures)

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2. Structure of the flower with reference to their families, Ranunculaceae. Cruciferae, Leguminosae,

Malvaceae, Compositae, Labiatae, Liliaceae and Graminae, description of flower, floral diagram and

floral formulae, Reproduction processes - pollination and fertilization, fruits, seeds structure, germination

and dispersal.

(8 Lectures)

3. Knowledge of physiological process – Transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and growth, growth

regulators, morphogenesis, heredity and variation, Mendel's Law and evolution.

(5 Lectures)

B. ZOOLOGY (Part-ll)

1. Classification and general characters of invertebrates and vertebrates up to class with important examples.

(2 Lectures)

2. Structure and life history of parasites as illustrated by amoeba, entamoeba, trypanosome, plasmodium,

taenia, ascaris and schistosoma.

(3 Lectures)

3. Mendel's laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance, evidence and theories of evolution.

(2 Lectures)

Book Recommended

1. 10+2 Biology Text Books

PHARM-1061: Computer Science and Applications

2 hours/week

1. Fundamentals: Introduction to computers, I/O devices, operating systems, basics of DOS and Windows,

memory devices, RAM, ROM, storage, Binary system; bits, bytes, ASCII, codes.

(3 Lectures)

2. Software’s: Classification of software, application software, system software, interpreter, compliers, editor,

word processing, PowerPoint presentation, encell: data handling and processing, functions, charts, computer

viruses, worms, trozen.

(5 Lectures)

3. Networking: LAN, WAN, elements of various networks, network security, internet, various topologies for

LAN, websites, LAN setting on PC.

(3 Lectures)

4. Problem Solving: Concept of algorithm and flow charting, Programming: variables and constants, control

statement, DO, IF, GOTO. Arrays, function formatting, files handling. Application of programming to solve

problem (i) largest number of given set of numbers (ii) roots of equation (iii) handling in built functions (iv)

find mean, mode, and standard deviation of given data in a file (v) correlation and regression (vi) fitting a

straight line to given data ((vii) matrics handling (viii) difference of data (ix) integration (Trapoizoidal rule).

(15 Lectures)

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Books Recommended

Rajaraman V. Fundamentals of Computers. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1111: Organic Chemistry Practical-I

4 hours/week

1. Introduction of various laboratory techniques including:

a. Calibration of thermometer

b. Determination of melting point

c. Determination of boiling points

d. Determination of mixed melting points.

e. Distillation

f. Crystallization

2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatization.

3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels to study

a. R and S configuration of enantiomers.

b. E and Z configuration of geometric isomers.

Books Recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.

2. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry.

Pearson Education Limited, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-I


4 hours/week

Experiments illustrative of the course contents of pharmaceutics as:

1. Dispensing of various prescriptions including liquid orals, antiseptics, disinfectants, styptics, restoratives,

inhalations, liniments, lotions, douches, linctuses and ear/nasal drops etc.

2. Dispensing of powder dosage forms including bulk and divided powders for internal and external use,

effervescent powders and granules.

3. Dispensing of prescriptions covering various physical and chemical incompatibilities.

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4. Extractives including liquid and dry extracts, tinctures, infusions, etc. by the techniques of simple, modified

and multiple maceration; simple, intermittent and reserved percolation, repercolation; decoction, infusion, soxhletation, dilution/ admixture using concentrated preparations.

PHARM-1131: Pharmacognosy Practical-I

3 hours/week

1. Taxonomic study of some medicinal plants with at least one representative of each of the families covered in theory.

2. Use, care and focusing practices of microscope.

3. Microscopic examination of diagnostic tissues in powdered crude drugs.

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of diagnostic ergastic principles in powdered crude drugs.

5. Exercises on quantitative microscopy.

Books Recommended



PHARM-1151 (B): Remedial Biology Practical

2 hours/week

1. Care, use and type of microscope.

2. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.

3. Gross identification of slides of structure and life cycle of lower plants/animals mentioned in theory.

4. Preparation, microscopic examination of stem, root and leaf of monocot and dicot leaves.

5. Structure of human parasites mentioned in theory with the help of specimen.

Books Recommended

10+2 Biology Text Books

PHARM-1161: Computer Science Practical

2 hours/week

Practical will be conducted based on the programs covered in the theory.

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SEMESTER – II

PHARM-2011 Organic Chemistry-II

PHARM-2012 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I

PHARM-2021 Physical Pharmaceutics-I

PHARM-2041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I (APHE-I, Cell Biology)

PHARM-2071 Pharmaceutical Statistics

PHARM-2111 Organic Chemistry Practical-II

PHARM-2112 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical –I

PHARM-2121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical -I

PHARM-2141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-I (APHE-I)

PHARM-2011: Organic Chemistry-II

3 hours/week

1. Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl compounds), preparation of aldehydes and ketones,

Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, oxidation of primary alcohols, oxidation of methyl benzenes and reduction of acid chlorides and using organometallic compounds.

Reactions of aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation, reduction, addition of Grignard reagents, Cannizaro reaction,

synthesis of organic compounds using Grignard synthesis, planning synthesis starting from alcohols and use of

tetrahydropyranyl ethers as protecting agents.

(5 Lectures)

2. Carboxylic Acids and Their Functional Derivatives

Carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, ionization of carboxylic acids, structure of carboxylate ions, conversion to acid chlorides, esters and amides, reduction to

alcohols, halogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids (Hell- Vohlard- Zenisky reaction), dicarboxylic acids.

Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic substitution, acyl substitution, preparation of acid chlorides and conversion to acid

anhydrides, amides and esters, hydrolysis of these derivatives, transesterification, reaction of esters with

Grignard reagents, reduction of esters, functional derivatives of carbonic acids.

(5 Lectures)

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3. Reactions involving Carbanions

Acidity of α- hydrogens, acid catalyzed and base promoted halogenation of ketones, Aldol condensation,

reactions related to Aldol condensation, Wittig reaction, Claisen condensation, malonic ester and acetoacetic

synthesis.

(3 Lectures)

4. Amines, Diazonium Salts and Phenols

Amines: Nomenclature, physical properties, salts of amines, stereochemistry of nitrogen, preparation methods

including reduction of nitrocompounds, ammonolysis of halides, reductive amination, Hoffmann degradation

of amides, Hoffmann rearrangement, preparation of secondary and tertiary amines.

Basicity, effect of structure on basicity, reactions of amines, Hoffmann elimination, conversion to substituted

amides, sulphonation of aromatic amines, sulpha drugs, reactions with nitrous acids.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, reactions, replacement with halogens (Sandmeyer reaction), replacement with

–CN (synthesis of carboxylic acids), replacement with –OH (synthesis of phenols), replacement with H, synthesis using diazonium salts, coupling reactions and synthesis of azo compounds, analysis of amines

(Hinsberg test), analysis of substituted amides.

Phenols: Nomenclature, structure, physical properties, salts of phenols, preparation, rearrangement of

hydroperoxides, acidity, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, formation and

reaction of aryl ethers, analysis of phenols.

(9 Lectures)

5. Aryl Halides

Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic aromatic substitution

reactions, low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides, reactivity and orientation in nucleophilic aromatic

substitution, benzyne intermediate.

(3 Lectures)

6. α-β- Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Structure and properties, preparation, interaction of functional groups, electrophilic and nucleophilic addition,

Michael addition, the Diels-Alder reaction, quinolones.

(2 Lectures)

7. Symphoria

Symphoria, neighbouring group effects, homogenous hydrogenation, diastereoselectivity and

enantioselectivity, oxo process and enzyme action.

(2 Lectures)

8. Macromolecules Macromolecules, polymerization, free radical vinyl polymerization, copolymerization, ionic polymerization

and living polymers, coordination polymerization, step-reaction polymerization, structure and properties of

macromolecules. (3 Lectures)

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9. Carbohydrates ( Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides : Introduction, definition and classification, stereoisomers of (+)-glucose, oxidation,

osazone formation, lengthening of C-C chain of aldoses (Kiliani-Fischer synthesis), shortening of aldoses

(Ruff degradation), conversion of an aldose into its epimer, configuration of (+)-glucose, configuration of

aldoses, D and L system of configuration, tartaric acid, families of aldoses and their absolute configuration, cyclic structure of D-(+)-glucose and formation of glucosides, configuration at C-1, methylation reactions,

determination of ring size, conformation.

Disaccharides and polysaccharides- (+)-maltose, (+)-cellulose, (+)-lactose, (+)- sucrose, starch, structure of

amylose, end group analysis, structure and reaction of cellulose.

(8 Lectures)

Books recommended

1. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Solomens G, Fryhle C, Johnson R. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2012: Pharmaceutical Analysis- I

3 hours/week

1. Quantitative Analysis and Data Handling

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of analysis, preliminaries and

definition, choice of analytical method, significant figures, rules for retaining significant figures in

multiplication, division, addition and subtraction, key number, types of errors (determinate and Indeterminate),

minimization of errors, propagation of errors in addition and subtraction, multiplication and division,

exponents, logarithms, precision and accuracy, selection of sample. (8 Lectures)

2. Acid Base Titrations

Acid base concepts, role of the solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases, Law of mass action, common ion

effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts, Handerson – Hasselbach equation, buffer and buffer

capacity, acid base indicators, theory of indicators, choice of indicators, neutralization curves (strong acid

strong base, strong acid weak base, weak acid strong base and weak acid weak base) polyprotic systems,

dissociation calculations for polyprotic acids, fractions and equilibrium concentrations of dissociating species

at a given pH, salts of polyprotic acids, (amphoteric salts and unprotonated salts), buffer calculations for

polyprotic acids, titrations of polyprotic acids, amino acid system and its titrations, pharmaceutical application

in assay of H3BO3, HCl, H3PO4, NaOH and Na2BO3.

(10 Lectures)

3. Oxidation-Reduction Titrations

Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, electrochemical cells, reduction potential, standard reduction potential, nemst equation, cell representations,

measurement of electrode potential and its application in determining the equilibrium constant of a reaction,

concept of formal potential, oxidation reduction curves, redox indicators, theory and principles of potassium

permanganate titrations, iodometry and iodimetry, ceric sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations, sodium

2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenoltitrations, pharmaceutical applications.

(10 Lectures)

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4. Precipitation Titrations

Precipitation reactions, solubility product, effects of common ion, acids, temperature and solvent upon

the solubility of a precipitate, conditional solubility product, fractional precipitation, argentometric titrations,

ammonium or potassium thiocyanate titrations, mercuric nitrate titrations, Indicators, Gay-Lussac method,

Mohr's method, Volhard's method, Fajan's method, pharmaceutical applications.

(8 Lectures)

5. Gravimetric Analysis

Precipitation techniques, the colloidal state, gravimetric factor, supersaturation, Von Weimarn ratio,

coprecipitation and its types, post precipitation, digestion, washing of the precipitate, filtration, filter papers

and crucibles, ignition, thermogravimetric curves of copper sulphate, specific examples like barium as barium

sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium

pyrophosphate, organic precipitants. (4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD, Thomas M. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.

Pearson Education Ltd, Singapore. Latest Edition.

2. Christian GD. Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of London,

London, Latest Edition.

4. Indian Pharmacopoeia. The Indian Pharmacopeia Commission, Central Indian Pharmacopeia Laboratory,

Govt. of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad. Latest Edition.

5. Settle FA. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. Pearson Education, Ltd.,

Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2021: Physical Pharmaceutics–I

3 hours/week

1. Solubility and related Phenomena

General considerations, solubility expressions, determination of solubility, solvent-solute interactions,

solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids and solids in liquids, presentation of solubility data, solubility

parameter, solubility curves, solubility product, effect of co-solvents, pH & other factors.

(10 Lectures)

2. Interfacial Phenomena

2.1 Surface & Interfacial Tension: Origin & dimensions, surface free energy, contact angle, pressure

difference across curved surfaces, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading

coefficient, surface films.

2.2 Surface Active Agents: Chemical classification, HLB, solubilization and co-solubilization, Gibb's

adsorption equation, critical micellar concentration, emulsification, wetting, imbibition, detergency, etc.

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2.3 Adsorption at solid surface/interface: Electrical properties of interfaces, interfacial properties of

particles in suspensions.

(9 Lectures)

3. Rheology

Scope and concepts, Newtonian systems and viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems & flow expressions,

thixotropy, determination of viscosity and other rheological parameters, applications in pharmaceutical product

development. (7 Lectures)

4. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology

Introduction, importance in pharmacy, particle size and size distribution, particle shape, particle volume,

methods of determining particle size, statistical diameters from number and weight distributions, Coulter-counter method for determining particle volume, specific surface, particle number, particle volume,

derived properties of powders, porosity, density, angle of repose. Flow properties of powders

and factors affecting these.

(10 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Martin W, Swarbrick J, Cammarata A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2041: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I

(APHE-I Cell Biology)

3 hours/week

1. Introduction to Human Body

Levels of body organization, skeleton, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis & its regulation.

(2 Lectures)

2. Cellular Physiology

Structure of cell, plasma membrane, membrane transport processes, subcellular organelles, cell metabolism,

cell division, cell junctions.

(4 Lectures)

3. Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics

Genes, genetic code, RNA, DNA and the Genome; basic double helix structure; control of genetic function and

biochemical activity in cells, molecular basis of transcription and protein synthesis. (6 Lectures)

4. Tissue Physiology

Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues; bone, skin, tissue repair;

molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. (8 Lectures)

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5. Physiology of Blood Cells

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, Rh factor, transfusion, hemostasis.

(4 Lectures)

6. Cellular Signaling

Neurotransmitters; Receptors: G-proteins coupled and ion channel gated receptors, electrical signals in

neurons, signal transmission at synapses, neural circuits, intracellular secondary messengers.

(3 Lectures)

7. Health Education

Concepts of health and disease. Disease causing agents and prevention of disease.

(3 Lectures)

8. Nutrition

Balanced diet, nutritional and vitamin requirements, deficiency disorders of various nutrients, their prevention

and treatment.

(2 Lectures)

9. Communicable Disease

Mode of transmission and prevention of chicken pox, measles, poliomyelitis, rabies, tetanus, sexually

transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency disease. Immunization and immunization schedule.

(6 Lectures)

10. First Aid

Emergency treatment of shock, snakebite, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA. Latest

Edition.

2. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Prism Books Ltd., New Delhi on Arrangement with

W. B. Saunders Company, USA. Latest Edition.

3. Ganong WE. Review of Medical Physiology. Appleton and Lange, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, USA. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2071: Pharmaceutical Statistics

3 hours/week

1. The concepts, mathematical computation (wherever applicable) and pharmaceutical applications (wherever

possible) on:

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Significant digits and rounding of numbers, collection of primary and secondary data through experiments on

surveys, sampling and complete enumeration survey, merits and limitations of various random and non-

random sampling methods, data organization including frequency distributions and tabulation, diagrammatic

representation of data, simple, multiple, sub-divided and floating bar diagrams, pie diagrams, 2-D and 3-D

pictographic representation, graphs of frequency and cumulative frequency distributions.

(10 Lectures)

2. Measures of central tendency, ideal characteristics, mean, median, mode, GM, HM and weighted arithmetic

mean from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, quartiles, deciles and percentiles, measures of

dispersion, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, calculation of standard deviation

from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, standard error of means, coefficient of variation.

(10 Lectures)

3. Probability and events, Baye's theorem, probability theorems, elements of binomial and Poisson distribution, normal distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, calculation of areas under normal curve and

standard normal variate (Z statistic), confidence limits, deviations from normality, kurtosis and skewness,

elements of central limit theorem.

(8 Lectures)

4. Linear correlation and regression analysis scatter plots, method of least squares, Pearsonian coefficients of

correlation and determination, definitions of amount of explained variance, standard error of estimate and significance of regression (F).

(7 Lectures)

5. Statistical inference, Type I and II errors, Students's t-test (paired and unpaired), F- test one way and two way

ANOVA. Nonparametric tests, Sign test, Chi- square test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann Whiteny test,

Spearman's rank correlation.

(6 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Bolton S. Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest

Edition.

2. Gupta SP. Statistical Methods. Sultan Chand & Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Daniel WW. Biostatics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. John Wiley, New York. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2111: Organic Chemistry Practical–II

3 hours/week

1. Steam distillation technique for

1.1. Separation of o- and p- nitrophenol

1.2. Separation of naphthalene from its suspension in water

2. Synthesis of organic compounds by

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1.1. Acetylation (acetyl salicylic acid, acetanilide)

1.2. Benzoylation (benzamide, benzanilide, phenyl benzoate)

1.3. Nitration (p- nitroanilide, 2,4,6- trinitrophenol)

1.4. Halogenation (p-bromoacetanilide)

1.5. Oxidation (benzoic acid from benzyl chloride)

Books Recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry. Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.


Pearson Education Ltd., Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2112: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical–I

4 hours/week

The students should be introduced to various analytical tools and apparatus used in analytical procedures. Exercises covering the following aspects should be covered:

1. Preparation & standardization of various reagents; assays of sample given in parentheses

1.1. Acid base Titrations: Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide (sodium carbonate, mixture

of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, boric acid )

1.2. Oxidation Reduction Titrations: potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium

thiosulphate (hydrogen peroxide, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid)

1.3. Precipitation Titrations: Silver nitrate , ammonium thiocyanate (sodium chloride)

2. Gravimetric Analysis : Estimation of sulphate as barium sulphate and magnesium as magnesium

pyrophosphate

3. Standardization of analytical weights, setting up of an analytical balance and calibration of volumetric

apparatus.

4. Calculations for normality/ molarity of various reagents ( acid and bases)

Books Recommended

1. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD, Thomas M. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.

Pearson Education Ltd., Singapore. Latest Edition.

2. Christian GD. Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Beckett H, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of

London, London. Latest Edition.



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PHARM-2121: Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-I

4 hours/week

1. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by optical microscopy.

2. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by sieve analysis method.

3. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by Andreasen pipette method.

4. To determine the relative viscosity of the given Newtonian fluids by Ostwald viscometer.

5. To study the working of a rotaviscometer.

6. To determine the critical micellar concentration by drop weight method.

7. To study the working of a DuNouy's tensiometer.

8. To determine the HLB of a given surfactant by saponification technique.

9. To determine the angle of repose of the given sizes of a powder and study the effect of moisture, talc and

magnesium oxide on the angle of repose.

10. To study the effect of particle size and column head on the flow of a given powder through a glass tube.

PHARM-2141: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical–I

(APHE Practical–I)

4 hours/week

1. Anatomy of Human Skeleton

2. Haematology {RBC & WBC counts, haemoglobin concentration, bleeding & clotting time)

3. Anatomy of various cells with the aid of histological slides

Books Recommended

1. Ghai CL. A Text Book of Practical Physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

Latest Edition.

2. Baker FJ, Silverton RE. Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER – III

PHARM-3011 Chemistry of Natural Products including Heterocyclic Compounds

PHARM-3012 Medicinal Chemistry-I

PHARM-3021 Physical Pharmaceutics-II

PHARM-3022 Pharmaceutical Microbiology

PHARM-3031 Pharmacognosy-II

PHARM-3041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II (APHE-II)

PHARM-3111 Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles Practical

PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I

PHARM-3121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II

PHARM-3122 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical

PHARM-3131 Pharmacognosy Practical-II

PHARM-3141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-II (APHE-II)

PHARM-3011: Chemistry of Natural Products Including Heterocyclic compounds

3 hours/week

The following topics shall be treated in accordance with modern perspectives of structure, stereochemistry and

reaction mechanism and in relation to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry.

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry

Nomenclature, structure, reactions and synthesis of different heterocyclic systems: pyrrole, furan, thiophene,

pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenothiazine and acridine.

(15 Lectures)

2. Natural Products

2.1. Glycoside including cardiac glycosides and saponins: Brief introduction, occurrence, types, general

structure and uses.

(2 Lectures)

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2.2. Fats and Oils (Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoproteins): Chemistry, hydrolysis, detergents,

biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids, acid value, iodine value and saponification value etc.

(2 Lectures)

2.3. Alkaloids: Isolation and general methods of structure determination, classification with examples,

structure elucidation of Ephedrine and Nicotine.

(5 Lectures)

2.4. Xanthine Bases (Purine, Uric acid, Alloxane): Structure elucidation of methylated xanthine bases i.e.

Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine.

(5 Lectures)

2.5. Terpenoids: Introduction and general methods of isolation, classification with examples, structure

elucidation of Citral, Menthol and Camphor.

(5 Lectures)

2.6. Flavones and Isoflavones: Occurrence and various methods of synthesis.

(2 Lectures)

2.7. Coumarins: Introduction with examples.

(2 Lectures)

2.8. Porphyrines: Introduction with examples.

(2 Lectures)

Books recommended

1. Finar IL. Organic Chemistry. The English Language Book Society, London and Longman Groups Ltd,

London. Latest Edition.

2. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry. Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Acheson RN. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Inter-Sciences Publishers, New

York. Latest Edition.

4. Joule JA, Smith GF. Heterocyclic Chemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3012: Medicinal Chemistry-I

2 hours/week

1. Impurity Testing

Impurities in pharmaceutical substances and their control (sources and types of impurities, their limits, limit

test for chloride, sulphate, iron, lead and arsenic).

(4 Lectures)

The following topics will be treated covering important methods of preparation, assay procedures and

pharmaceutical uses:

2. Pharmaceutical Aids & Necessities

2.1. Official inorganic acids (boric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid), non-official

inorganic acid (sulphuric acid), official inorganic bases (strong ammonia solution, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodalime)

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2.2. Antioxidants: Theory, the selection of antioxidants, official antioxidants (hypophosphorous acid, sodium

bisulphite, sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite and nitrogen).

(6 Lectures)

3. Major Intra & Extracellular Electrolytes

Major physiological ions (chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium);

electrolytes used in replacement therapy, sodium replacement (sodium chloride), potassium replacement

(potassium chloride), calcium replacement (calcium chloride, calcium gluconate); parenteral magnesium administration (magnesium sulphate); physiological acid base balance; electrolytes used in acid base therapy

(sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium biphosphate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium

chloride); electrolyte combination therapy.

(6 Lectures)

4. Essential and Trace Ions

Iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, selenium and sulphur. Official iodine products (iodine, potassium iodide,

sodium iodide).

(2 Lectures)

5. Gastrointestinal Agents

5.1. Acidifying Agents

5.2. Antacids: Sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, dihydroxy aluminium amino acetate, dihydroxy aluminium, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, tribasic calcium phosphate,

magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium

trisilicate and combination antacid preparations.

5.3. Protectives and Adsorbents: Introduction; bismuth subnitrate, bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, attapulgite

and activated charcoal.

5.4. Saline Cathartics: Introduction; sodium biphosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium sodium tartrate,

magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulphate, sulphur, non official cathartics (sodium

sulphate, potassium phosphate, potassium bitartrate, calomel).

(8 Lectures)

6. Topical Agents

6.1. Protective Topical Agents: Definition; talc, insoluble zinc compounds (zinc oxide, calamine, zinc

stearate), titanium dioxide, aluminium and silicone polymer.

6.2. Antimicrobials and Astringents: Antimicrobial terminology, mechanism of action, control of

antimicrobial/astringent action.

6.3. Antimicrobial Astringent Products: Oxidative antimicrobial agents; hydrogen peroxide, zinc peroxide,

sodium carbonate, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, iodine preparation and compounds.

6.4. Protein Precipitant Antimicrobial Agents: Silver nitrate, mild silver protein and related products, yellow

mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury, mercuric chloride, sulphur and sulphur compounds, sublimed

sulphur and precipitated sulphur, boric acid and sodium borate, antimony potassium tartrate.

6.5. Astringents: Official compounds of aluminium and zinc.

(8 Lectures)

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7. Dental Products

7.1. Anticaries agents: Fluorides (Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride), phosphates.

7.2. Dentifrices: dentifrices containing fluorides (Pumice) and desensitizing agents (Zinc chloride and Zinc-

Eugenol cement).

(4 Lectures)

8. Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceutical Agents

Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, expectorants and emetics.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Block JH, Roche E, Soine TO, Wilson CO. Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lea &

Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Artherden LM. Bentley and Drivers, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

Latest Edition.



4. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of London,

London, Latest Edition.

PHARM-3021: Physical Pharmaceutics-II

3 hours/week

1. Particle Phenomena

Low & high energy solids, intermolecular forces, particle-particle interactions, particle interactions in liquids,

flocculation kinetics. (2 Lectures)

2. Colloids

Dispersed systems, methods of preparation of colloidal dispersions, size & shape of colloidal particles,

pharmaceutical applications, types of colloidal systems, optical, kinetic & electrical properties, and stability of

colloidal systems, sensitization & protective colloid action.

(10 Lectures)

3. Kinetics and drug stability

General considerations and concepts, zero order, first order, second order reactions, complex reactions,

influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, thermodynamic considerations and

mechanisms in general. Degradation of medicinal agents, hydrolysis and oxidation, accelerated stability (shelf-

life determination).

(10 Lectures)

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4. Complexation

Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, occlusion compounds and analysis of complexation, protein

binding, hydrophobic interaction and self association.

(8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Martin W, Swarbrick J, Cammarata A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3022: Pharmaceutical Microbiology

2 hours/week

1. Microbiology

1.1. Historical Development (2 Lectures)

1.2. General Biology of Bacteria

Morphology of bacteria, nutritional requirements of bacteria, different types media for growth, and enumeration of bacteria, physical conditions of monitoring growth, growth curve, continuous flow

culture, synchronous growth and cytomorphosis, bacterial cell count determination - direct and Indirect

methods, purification of bacterial cultures and different staining techniques for characterization and

identification of bacteria.

(10 Lectures)

2. Preservation and Preservatives

2.1. Definition of bactericide, bacteriostat, disinfectants, sanitizer and antiseptic.

2.2. Methods of Evaluation of Disinfectants

Phenol Coefficient Tests: Rideal Walker, Chick Martin, and surface film tests, determination of minimum

inhibitory concentrations.

2.3. Dynamics of Antimicrobial Action of Disinfectants

Mechanistic and vitalistic theories, factors affecting rate of antimicrobial action.

(8 Lectures)

3. Sterilization

3.1. Sterilization by Heat

3.1.1. Dry heat-design of equipment, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

3.1.2. Moist heat - factors affecting thermal destruction of microorganisms, preliminary concept of

saturated steam and superheated steam, design of portable autoclaves, applications, advantages

and disadvantages of method.

3.1.3. Testing the efficiency of sterilizers. (8 Lectures)

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3.2. Chemical Methods

Gaseous sterilization by ethylene oxide and factors affecting its efficiency, applications.

(2 Lectures)

3.3. Mechanical Methods/Bacteria Proof Filtration

Different devices used (sintered glass, sintered porcelain, fibrous pads, membrane filter), testing of

filters, bubble pressure technique and pore size determination. Advantages and disadvantages of bacterial

filtration. Mechanism of bacterial filtration.

(3 Lectures)

3.4. Radiation Methods

3.4.1. Ultraviolet radiations - sources, penetrating power and applications.

3.4.2. Ionizing radiations - mode of action, sterilizing dose, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

(3 Lectures)

4. Surgical Supplies

Surgical Dressings: Definition, classification, primary and secondary dressings, and protectives.

Sutures and ligatures: Definition, absorbable, non absorbable and metallic sutures.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Pelczar MJ. Reid and Chan Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Medical Publishing Co.,

New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Hugo WB, Russel AD. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Latest

Edition.

PHARM-3031: Pharmacognosy-II

3 hours/week

1. Factors involved in the production of drugs from wild and cultivated sources including cultivation, collection,

drying, storage, commerce and quality control.

(4 Lectures)

2. Study of carbohydrate containing drugs dealing with biological sources; geographical distribution, collection, commercial production, chemical constituents, chemical tests for identity, substituents, adulterants and uses of

the following:

Acacia, Tragacanth, Sterculia, Xanthan, Guar gum, Plantago, Starches and Cellulose.

(8 Lectures)

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3. Study of lipids and lipid containing drugs dealing with the general methods of extraction of fixed oils,

biological source, chemical constituents, tests for identity, and uses of the following:

Arachis oil, Castor oil, Sesame oil, Cotton seed oil, Almond oil and Olive oil.

(5 Lectures) 4. Study of drugs containing resins and resin combinations: Colophony, Podophyllum, Cannabis, Myrrh,

Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin and Storax.

(9 Lectures)

5. Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambir, Catechu and Hamamelis.

(5 Lectures)

6. Sources, chemical tests for identity and salient microscopic features of the following fibres:

Cotton, Jute, Flax, Silk wool, Rayon, Nylon and Glass wool.

(8 Lectures)

7. Study of the biological sources, constituents and uses of the following selected drugs from animal sources:

Cantharides, Beeswax, Wool fat, Cod liver oil, Honey and Gelatin.

(5 Lectures)

8. Preparation of herbarium specimens of plant drugs.

(1 Lecture)

Books Recommended





PHARM-3041: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II

(APH-II)

3 hours/week

1. Nervous System

Neuron and its neurotransmission, structure of brain & spinal cord, spinal reflexes, arrangement and functions

of autonomic nervous system; basal ganglia, reticular activating system, hypothalamus, limbic system and

cerebral cortex; significance of electroencephalogram.

(10 Lectures)

2. Cardiovascular System

Structure of heart, haemodynamics, cardiac cycle, impulse generation in pacemaker and cardiac tissue,

significance of electrocardiogram, regulation of cardiac output and blood pressure. (7 Lectures)

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3. Respiratory System

Structure, respiratory volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange and transport in blood, compliance and

resistance, nervous and chemical regulations of respiration, acid-base balance.

(5 Lectures)

4. Renal System

Structure of kidney and urinary tracts, nephron transport processes, concentration and dilution of urine, renal

control of body fluids, renal plasma clearance, blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, micturition.

(5 Lectures)

5. Digestive System

Structure of alimentary canal, functions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic and bile secretions; carbohydrate, lipid

and protein metabolism, structure and functions of liver.

(5 Lectures)

6. Endocrine and Reproductive System

Endocrine glands, hormone activity, mechanism of hormone action, hormones of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,

pancreas, ovaries & testes; menstrual cycle, pregnancy, family planning.

(6 Lectures)

7. Lymphatic System

Function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes, spleen.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA. Latest

Edition.

2. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Prism Books Ltd., New Delhi on arrangement with

W. B. Saunders Company, USA. Latest Edition.

3. Ganong WE. Review of Medical Physiology. Appleton and Lange, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, USA. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3111: Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles Practical

3 hours/week

Analysis of fats and oils and extraction of selected natural products; preparative organic pharmaceutical chemistry.

Books Recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry. Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.

www.Pharmainfo.Net

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Pearson Education Ltd, Singapore. Latest Edition.

3. Indian Pharmacopoeia. The Indian Pharmacopeia Commission, Central Indian Pharmacopeia Laboratory, Govt. of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad. Latest Edition.

4. British Pharmacopoeia. The Stationery Office on Behalf of the Medicine and Health Care Product

Regulatory Agency, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I

2 hours/week

1. Purification of Selected Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate.

2. Preparation of Selected Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Potash alum, Mohr salt, ferrous oxalate and sodium ferric

oxalate.

3. Limit Test for Impurities in Pharmaceutical Compounds: Chloride, sulphate and Iron.

Books Recommended

1. Svehla G. Vogel's Textbook of Micro and Semimicro-Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. Orient Longman,

Hyderabad. Latest Edition.



PHARM-3121: Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II

3 hours/week

1. To study the influence of pH on degradation of a drug.

2. To study the solubility of binary system of phenol and water at different temperatures and

concentrations.

3. To study the influence of a third component on the UCT of phenol-water binary system.

4. To study the ternary phase system using given solvent combinations.

5. To study the influence of pH on solubility behaviour of a given weak electrolyte.

6. To study the influence of surfactant on the solubility of an insoluble drug.

7. To study the partition coefficient of a given drug.

8. To determine the RHLB value for a given emulsion.

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9. To determine the work done in the emulsification process.

10. To study the protein binding of a given drug.

11. To study the phenomenon of complexation.

PHARM-3122: Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical

3 hours/week

1. Microscopic examination of living bacterial preparation by hanging drop procedures.

2. Performance of staining procedures such as

a. Simple staining

b. Differential staining (Gram’s staining)

c. Capsule staining

d. Spore staining

3. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient broth.

4. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar slants.

5. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar plates.

6. Enumeration of skin flora.

7. Enumeration of laboratory flora.

8. Isolation of pure cultures by streaking method.

9. To study various biochemical activities of microorganisms.

10. To find out the Rideal Walker coefficient of a given disinfectant.

PHARM-3131: Pharmacognosy Practical-II

3 hours/week

1. Submission of herbarium sheets and reports on common medicinal and poisonous plants collected.

2. Chemical tests of fixed oils studied in theory.

3. Phytochemical screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds (saponins, sterols, cardenolides and

bufadienolides), flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, and carbohydrates (gums, mucilages).

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of drugs containing gums, mucilages, resins and resin combinations.

5. Microscopic and physico-chemical examination of fibres used as surgical dressing and filtering aids.

6. Study of animal drugs covered in theory.

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Books Recommended

1. Wallis TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.



4. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy. KM Varghese Company, Bombay. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3141: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-II

(APHE-II)

3 hours/week

1. Anatomy of various organs with the aid of models and slides.

2. Biochemical indices of liver & kidney.

3. Recording of blood pressure, ECG, lung volume and capacity using Biopac system.

Books Recommended

1. Ghai CL. A Text Book of Practical Physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

Latest Edition.

2. Baker FJ, Silverton RE. Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER - IV

PHARM-4011 Physical Chemistry

PHARM-4021 Pharmaceutical Technology-II

PHARM-4022 Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations

PHARM-4031 Pharmacognosy-III

PHARM-4041 Pharmacology-I

PHARM-4081 Environmental Studies

PHARM-4111 Physical Chemistry Practical

PHARM-4121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II

PHARM-4122 Pharmaceutical Operations Practical

PHARM-4131 Pharmacognosy Practical-III

PHARM-4141 Pharmacology Practical-I

PHARM-4011: Physical Chemistry

2 hours/week

1. State of Matter

1.1. Gaseous State: The critical phenomenon (critical temperature, critical pressure, critical volume, P-V

isotherm of carbon dioxide. Vander Waal equation and critical state, the principle of corresponding

states.

1.2. Liquids: Additive and constitutive properties, molar volume, molar refraction, dipole moment, parachor,

optical rotation, hydrophobicity, and their importance in structure elucidation.

1.3. Solids : Amorphous and crystalline solids, symmetry of crystals and types of crystals, space lattice and

unit cell, Bragg’s equation, powder diffraction, and single crystal method, pharmaceutical application.

(5 Lectures)

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2. Thermodynamics

2.1. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics: Preliminary and definitions of systems surrounding

macroscopic properties and state variables, thermodynamic equilibria, extensive and intensive properties,

first law of thermodynamics, internal energy and first law, enthalpy of system, heat capacity, correlation

between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas. Work done on reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas.

Maximum work. Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, work of expansion, internal energy change and

enthalpy change. Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic changes.

(4 Lectures)

2.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Limitations of first law and need of second law. Cyclic process,

Carnot cycle, definition of second law of thermodynamics, spontaneous process. Concept of entropy,

entropy change accompanying change of phase, entropy, changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Absolute entropy, determination of absolute entropy with the help of third law of thermodynamics.

(4 Lectures)

2.3. Free Energy and Equilibrium: Helmholtz and Gibb's free energy, variation of free energy with

temperature and pressure, Gibb's Helmholtz equation, thermodynamics of open system, chemical

potential, Gibb's Duhm equation, change of chemical potential with temperature and pressure,

Clapeyron-Clausious equation and its applications. The law of mass action, thermodynamic treatment of

the law of mass action and chemical equilibria, expressions for equilibrium constants, relation between

Kp, Kc, effect of volume, pressure and temperature, applications of thermodynamics.

(3 Lectures)

3. Solutions

Solutions: Colligative properties of dilute solution, lowering of vapor pressure of non-volatile solute, osmosis

and osmotic pressure in terms of chemical potential, Vant-Hoff equation for osmotic pressure of dilute

solutions, elevation of boiling point and depression in freezing point by a non-volatile solute, determination of molar mass from vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation and freezing point

depression, Solute distributing in immiscible solvent, distribution coefficient, conditions for validity of

distribution law and the thermodynamic derivation, activity and activity coefficient, molar conductance, Debye Huckel theory of strong electrolytes, mean activity coefficient, conductometric titrations, applications.

(6 Lectures)

4. Kinetics

4.1. Reaction Rate: Rate and rate constant, order and molecularity, zero, first and second order reactions, half

life time, integration of rate expressions, methods of determining order of a reaction, effect of

temperature on reaction rates, Arrhenius equation. Concept of steady state approximation, activation

energy, energy barrier. Collision and activated complex theory of bimolecular reactions.

(4 Lectures)

4.2. Catalysis: Characteristics of catalyzed reactions; definition of the terms, autocatalysis, negative catalysis,

inhibitors, promoters, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base catalysis and its mechanism,

enzyme catalysis, Michaelis Menten equation, turn over number, the Line Weaver-Burk method.

(2 Lectures)

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5. Photochemistry

Introduction, consequences of light absorption, the Jablonski diagram, Lambert beer law, Grotthus Draper law,

the Stark-Einstein law of Photochemical equivalence, Quantum efficiency of quantum yield, Photochemical

reaction.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Laidler KJ. Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications. Benjamin Inc., New York. Latest Edition.

2. Brey WS. Physical Chemistry and its Biological Applications. Academic Press, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Puri BR, Sharma LR, Pathania MS. Principles of Physical Chemistry. Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co.,

Jalandhar. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4021: Pharmaceutical Technology-II

2 hours/week

1. Injection Technology

Preformulation Factors: Aqueous vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and its adjustments (based on

freezing point data, molecular concentration). Emulsions and suspensions as parenterals. (8 Lectures)

2. Containers

(a) Glass and problems associated with its use for parenterals, types of glass, test for alkalinity, non-actinic

glass, (b) Plastics - an introduction, tests for injection containers.

(8 Lectures)

3. Closures

Characteristics of good pharmaceutical rubber. Quality control of rubber caps.

(2 Lectures)

4. Prefilling Treatments

Cleaning containers and glassware, cleaning of closures, preparation of solution. (2 Lectures)

5. Aseptic Techniques

Sources of contamination and method of prevention, design of an aseptic area site size, windows, doors and

services, laminar flow hoods and their efficiency tests.

(5 Lectures)

6. Quality Control Tests on Parenterals

Inspection for particulate matter. Testing for faulty seals.

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Sterility Tests: Introduction to the culture media used, testing procedures, controls, inactivation of antibacterial

samples, a brief outline of tests on-powders, oils and ointments.

Pyrogen Tests: A brief outline of the Sham test and the LAL test.

(15 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Pelczar MJ. Reid and Chan Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Medical Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Hugo WB, Russel AD, Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London. Latest

Edition.

PHARM 4022: Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations

2 hours/week

1. Introduction

Fundamental principles/laws, simple cases of material balances applied on single units, unit conversions. (3 Lectures)

2. Fluid Flow

Manometers, (U-tube, differential and inclined tube), concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow,

valves, pumps-gear, reciprocating and centrifugal, flow meters.

(5 Lectures)

3. Mixing

Theories of mixing, mixing devices (propellers, turbines and paddles), mixing of solids.

(3 Lectures)

4. Filtration

Theory of filtration, filter aids, filtering media and various filters, plate and frame filter press, rotary drum filters, metafilters, filter candles, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration.

(5 Lectures)

5. Phase Equilibria for Gas Liquid Systems

Experimental measurement, estimation using simple laws like Raoult's law, Henry's law, representation of this

data graphically in various forms. Theory of distillation of mixtures, plate, continuous contact system,

differential distillation, vacuum distillation, molecular distillation (only basic concepts).

(6 Lectures)

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6. Basic Laws of Heat Transfer

Conduction, convection and radiation, concept of fluid film resistances, simple problems based on these laws,

double pipe heat exchanger, shell tube heat exchanger.

(4 Lectures)

7. Evaporation

Principles, elevation in boiling points, single and multiple effect evaporation principle, steam economy and

evaporator capacity, evaporation still, Introduction to different types of evaporators.

(4 Lectures)

8. Drying

Concept of moisture content, bound and unbound moisture, critical and equilibrium moisture content, drying a

batch of solid under constant drying conditions, spray dryer, drum dryer, rotating drum dryer, fluidized bed

dryer and tray dryer, sublimation and freeze drying.

(5 Lectures)

9. Psychrometry

Definition of humidification and dehumidification, psychrometric or humidity charts, spray chambers for conditioning air for the storage of pharmaceutical materials.

(4 Lectures)

10. Refrigeration

Principle of refrigeration and air conditioning equipments and applications in pharmacy.

(2 Lectures)

11. Materials for Pharmaceutical Plant Construction

Factors affecting the choice for selection of material, metals, ferrous and nonferrous metals including alloys,

nonmetals including plastics, glass, rubber, wood, etc.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill Co., New York. Latest

Edition.

2. Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Medical Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Lachman LA, Liberman HA, Kanig, JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

4. Badger, Introduction to Chemical Engineering. McGraw Hill Co., New York. Latest Edition.

5. Rowlins EA. Bentley's Text Book of Pharmaceutics. Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Latest Edition.

6. Sambamurthy K. Pharmaceutical Engineering. New Age Int. Publishers, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-4031: Pharmacognosy-III

3 hours/week

Study of drugs given below under section 1.1 and 1.2 for: biological source, chemical constituents and uses.

For drugs printed in bold and in parenthesis, also include study of cultivation, collection, substitutes, adulterants,

diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and chemical tests for identity of drugs.

1. Glycoside containing drugs

1.1. Saponin Drugs: Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza).

(2 Lectures)

1.2. Cardioactive Drugs: Squill. Strophanthus and (Digitalis).

(3 Lectures)

1.3. Anthraquinone Drugs: Rhubarb and Cascara, (Aloe and Senna).

(4 Lectures)

2. Alkaloid containing drugs

2.1. Pyridine-piperidine Group: Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia.

(2 Lectures)

2.2. Tropane Group: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus and (Datura).

(3 Lectures)

2.3. Quinoline, Isoquinoline Group: Ipecac, (Cinchona and Opium).

(4 Lectures)

2.4. Indole Group: Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Ergot and (Rauwolfia). (5 Lectures)

2.5. Imidazole Group: Pilocarpus.

(1 Lecture)

2.6. Steroidal Group: Veratrum and Kurchi.

(2 Lectures)

2.7. Alkaloidal Amine Group: Ephedra and (Colchicum).

(2 Lectures)

3. Study of following plant adaptogens for their chemical constituents and pharmacological properties: Ginseng,

Ashwagandha, Brahmi.

(3 Lectures)

4. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Papain, Pepsin,

Pancreatin.

(2 Lectures)

5. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the biosynthesis of cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids.

(12 Lectures)

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36 (Bachelor of Pharmacy (Semester System)

Books Recommended





PHARM-4041: Pharmacology-I

3 hours/week

1. Introduction

Definition, historical development, and scope of pharmacology.

(1 Lecture)

2. Pharmacodynamics

Molecular mechanisms of drug action, receptors, receptor classification, theory of drug-receptor interactions,

potentiation, antagonism phenomenon.

(4 Lectures)

3. Pharmacokinetics

Drug absorption and its mechanism, factors affecting drug absorption, routes of drug administration,

bioavailability, bioequivalence, distribution, plasma protein binding, half life of drug, biotransformation and

cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system and excretion of drugs.

(4 Lectures)

4. Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous Systems

Autonomic neurotransmission, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, neuromuscular blocking agents.

(11 Lectures)

5. Pharmacology of Central Nervous Systems

Neurohumoral transmission in CNS, general & local anesthetics, alcohol, hypnotics-sedatives, analgesics (narcotics and NSAIDs), centrally acting muscle relaxants, CNS stimulants and hallucinogens, drug addiction

and drug abuse, Pathobiological aspects & drug therapy of epilepsy, Parkinson, schizophrenia, mania, anxiety,

depression and Alzheimer disease.

(25 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Gilman AG, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW. Goodman & Gilman's

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Macmillian Publishing Co. Inc., London. Latest Edition.

2. Craig CR, Stitzel RE. Modem Pharmacology. Little Brown and Company. New York. Latest Edition.

3. Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-4081: Environmental Studies

3 hours/week

1. The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

1.1. Definition, scope and importance.

1.2. Need for public awareness.

(2 Lectures)

2. Natural Resources and their Conservation

2.1. Forest Resources

Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects

on forests and tribal people.

2.2. Water Resources

Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water,

dams - benefits and problems, water quality management - management of water resources including

rivers, lakes, ground water, flurosis and arsenic problems.

2.3. Mineral Resources

Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies.

2.4. Food Resources

World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,

fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.

2.5. Energy Resources

Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources,

case studies.

2.6. Land Resources

Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification.

2.7. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources and prevention of pollution.

2.8. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.

2.9. Disaster management floods, earth quakes, cyclone and landslides.

(6 Lectures)

3. Ecology and Ecosystem

3.1. Definition of ecology.

3.2. Structure and function of an ecosystem.

3.3. Producers, consumers and decomposers.

3.4. Energy flow in the ecosystem.

3.5. Ecological succession.

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3.6. Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.

3.7. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem:

3.7.1. Forest ecosystem.

3.7.2. Grassland ecosystem.

3.7.3. Desert ecosystem.

3.7.4. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries).

(6 Lectures)

4. Biodiversity and its Conservation

4.1. Introduction – Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

4.2. Value of biodiversity – Consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, astheticand option values.

4.3. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels.

4.4. India as a mega-diversity nation.

4.5. Hot spots of biodiversity.

4.6. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife conflicts.

4.7. Endangered and endemic species of India.

4.8. Conservation of biodiversity.

4.9. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

(6 Lectures)

5. Environmental Pollution

5.1. Air pollution – Definition, causes, and control measures, air quality management, air pollution case

studies.

5.2. Water pollution.

5.3. Marine pollution

5.4. Thermal pollution.

5.5. Soil pollution – Definition, causes and control measures, case studies.

5.6. Noise pollution.

5.7. Nuclear hazards waste management.

5.8. Waste management through cleaner technologies, reuse and recycling of wastes.

5.9. Solid waste management - Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes, hazards

waste, biomedical waste.

5.9.1. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

5.10. Pollution case studies.

5.11. Disaster management - Floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.

(6 Lectures)

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6. Social issues and the environment

6.1. From unsustainable to sustainable development

6.2. Urban problems and related to energy.

6.3. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

6.4. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies.

6.5. Environmental ethics - Issues and possible solutions.

6.6. Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case

studies.

6.7. Wasteland reclamation.

6.8. Consumerism and waste products.

6.9. Legislation to protect the environment-

6.10. Environmental Protection Act.

6.11. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

6.12. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act.

6.13. Wildlife Protection Act Forest Conservation Act.

6.14. Forest Conservation Act.

6.15. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.

6.16. Public awareness. (5 Lectures)

7. Human Population and the Environment

7.1. Population growth, variation among nations.

7.2. Population explosion, Family Welfare Programme.

7.3. Enviroment and Human Health.

7.4. Human Rights.

7.5. Value education.

7.6. HIV/AIDS.

7.7. Women and child welfare.

7.8. Role of information technology in environment and human health.

7.9. Case studies.

(5 Lectures)

8. Field Work (any two of the following)

8.1. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets - river/forest/grassland/ hill/mountain.

8.2. Visit to a local polluted site – Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural.

8.3. Study of common plants, insects, birds.

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8.4. Study of simple ecosystems - pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

(6 Lectures)

9. Environmental issues related to Pharmaceutical Sciences

Toxicity of general laboratory chemicals and solvents used in Pharmaceutical sciences.

(3 Lectures)

PHARM-4111: Physical Chemistry Practical

3 hours/week

Experiments based on the principle discussed in colligative properties, kinetics, electrochemistry, thermochemistry, partitioning and additive constitutive properties shall be covered.

Books Recommended

1. Dass RC, Behere B. Experimental Physical Chemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Nadkarnay VV, Kothore AN, Lawande YV. Practical Physical Chemistry. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. Latest Edition.

3. Kitchener JA. Findlay's Physical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II

3 hours/week

1. To carry out the tests for alkalinity on the given injection containers.

2. Preparation of the following Pharmacopoeial injections:

2.1. Water for injection

2.2. Dextrose saline injection

2.3. Phenol oily injection

2.4. Ascorbic acid injection

2.5. Procaine adrenaline injection

2.6. Ethanolamine oleate injection

2.7. Calcium gluconate injection

2.8. Aminophylline injection

2.9. Sodium bicarbonate injection

2.10. Thiamine hydrochloride injection

3. To carry out tests for sterility on different classes of parenteral preparations:

3.1. Aqueous injections: e.g. Water for injection, Dextrose saline injection.

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3.2. Oily injections: e.g., Phenol oily injection

3.3. Injections containing bactericide: Ascorbic acid injection, Procaine adrenative injection

3.4. Injections requiring sub culturing: Ethanolamine oleate injection, Calcium gluconate injection

PHARM-4122: Pharmaceutical Operations Practical

3 hours/week

A. Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations

1. Learning to plot on simple, semi-log and double log graph papers and calculation of slope in each case.

2. Calibration of differential headmeters i.e., orificemeter, venturimeter and aerameter i.e. rotameter installed in laboratory.

3. Determination of the work done by a pump (W) in transferring fluid from the bottom of a tank to the top of

it.

4. Study of the relationship between modified Reynold's number and fluidization porosity using the provided material.

5. Study of the drying curve through conduct of drying experiment on the provided wet material.

6. Calculation of the vaporization efficiency of a given steam distillation set up and determination of the

effect of lagging.

7. Calculation of the values of Vc and (r) of the given slurry using simple filtration assembly and calculation

of the optimum time of filtration cycle.

8. Study of product after grinding and crushing in a mass and mill.

9. Study on the batch distillation using the provided material.

10. Determination of HETP for distillation column operated at total reflux.

B. Engineering Drawing

1. Study of orthographic projection, first angle and third angle projection systems, and symbols for methods

of projection.

2. Study of lines, dimensioning, scales and sheet layout.

3. Learning the procedure for preparing a scale drawing.

4. Simple exercises on conversion of pictorial views into orthographic views (in scale drawing at least 3

exercises).

5. Simple exercises of drawing sectional views (at least 3 exercises).

Books Recommended

1. Bhatt ND. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publisher House Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Punjab. Latest Edition.

2. Sidheshwar N, Kanhaiah S. Machine Drawing. Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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3. Narayanan KL, Reddy KV. Machine Drawing. New Age International Publisher, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

4.

PHARM-4131: Pharmacognosy Practical-III

3 hours/week

1. Pharmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.

2. Microscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.

3. Gross identification of crude drugs.

Books Recommended

1. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy. KM Varghese Company, Bombay. Latest Edition.

2. Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Ltd., Latest Edition.

3. Wallis TE. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. JA Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Atal CK, Kapur BM. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, Latest Edition.

5. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI. CSIR, New Delhi. 1968.

6. Satyavati GV, Raina MK. Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi. 1976.

7. Satyavati GV, Raina MK. Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi. 1987.

8. Dewick PM. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. John Wiley & Sons. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4141: Pharmacology Practical-I

3 hours/week

1. Pharmacology of receptors: Dose response relationship using rat colon, rat ileum as isolated preparations.

2. Studies of various routes of drug administration.

3. Experimental techniques for evaluation of analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxant

activity (rotarod), local anaesthetics, antiparkinsonians etc.

4. Muscle grip strength study using Biopac System.

5. Computerized simulation experiments of muscle physiology.

Books Recommended

1. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta. Latest Edition.

2. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER – V

PHARM-5011: Medicinal Chemistry-II

PHARM-5012: Biochemistry

PHARM-5021: Pharmaceutical Technology-III

PHARM-5022: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology

PHARM-5041: Pharmacology-II

PHARM-5112: Biochemistry Practical

PHARM-5121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III

PHARM-5122: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical

PHARM-5141: Pharmacology Practical-II

PHARM-5011: Medicinal Chemistry -II

3 hours/week

The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure-activity relationship, physico-chemical

and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be mainly on B.P. and I.P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under each topic would be covered.

1. Adrenergic Hormones and Drugs including biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of catecholamines

(Adrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphazoline). (6 Lectures)

2. Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases including biosynthesis, storage and metabolism of acetylcholine

(Methacholine Chloride, Neostigmine Bromide).

(6 Lectures)

3. Antispasmodic and Antiulcer Drugs (Cyclopentolate, Propantheline Bromide, Benzhexol).

(4 Lectures)

4. Antiparkinson Drugs (Apomorphine).

(1 Lecture)

5. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Gallamine Triethiodide, Succinylcholine chloride).

(6 Lectures)

6. Hypoglycaemic Drugs (Tolbutamide).

(4 Lectures)

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7. Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs (L- Thyroxine, Propylthiouracil).

(3 Lectures)

8. Anticoagulants and Haemostatic Agents (Warfarin, Phenindione).

(2 Lectures)

9. Oxytocics (includes discussion on Ergot alkaloids also) (Ergometrine).

(2 Lectures)

10. Antihistamines including discussion on Sodium cromoglycate (Mepyramine, Diphenhydramine,

Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine). (4 Lectures)

11. Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (includes anti-gout Drugs) (Indomethacin, Phenylbutazone,

Allopurinol, Probenecid).

(5 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley & Sons, New York (Latest

Edition).

2. J.N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, 1. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

4. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan. Delhi, 1997.

5. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest Edition)

PHARM-5012: Biochemistry

3 hours/week

The following topics shall be dealt with restricting the coverage of each topic keeping in view the requirement of

pharmaceutical sciences and the biochemical applications in understanding the medicinal chemistry in its modern

perspective:

1. Biochemical organization of the cell, transport across cell membrane: facilitated diffusion, active transport,

membrane channels.

(3 Lectures)

2. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from equilibrium constant and reduction

potential , bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.

(1 Lecture)

3. Enzymes: Nomenclature, Michaelis-Menten equation for single susbtatre enzymes and its transformation for

LineWeaver Burk plot, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis.

(2 Lectures)

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4. Cofactors: Metals and Co-enzymes: Co enzymic forms of Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid,

Lipoic acid, Biotin, Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6.

(2 Lectures)

5. Carbohydrate metabolism

5.1. Glycogen metabolism and its regulation, role of nucleotides in carbohydrate metabolism.

5.2. Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, Utilization of galactose and fructose.

5.3. Pentose phosphate Pathway.

(3 Lectures)

6. The citric acid cycle

6.1. Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle.

6.2. Amphibolic role of the cycle.

6.3. Glyoxylic acid cycle.

(2 Lectures)

7. Lipid metabolism

7.1. Beta-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and its energetics. Alpha-oxidation.

7.2. Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization.

7.3. Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

7.4. Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.

7.5. Biosynthesis of Glycero and Sphingo phospholipids.

(7 Lectures)

8. Electron Transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

(3 Lectures)

9. Nitrogen and sulphur cycle

9.1. Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, nitrification and nitrate assimilation.

9.2. Sulphate activation, sulphate reduction.

9.3. Incorporation of H2S in organic compounds.

9.4. Release of sulphur from organic compounds.

(3 Lectures)

10. Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers

10.1. Nitrogen balance.

10.2. Biosynthesis of amino acids (Excluding aromatic amino acids).

10.3. Catabolism of amino acids ( Excluding Phe, Trp, His)

10.4. Assimilation of ammonia.

10.5. Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle.

10.6. Porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments.

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10.7. Purine biosynthesis.

10.8. Purine nucleotide interconversion.

10.9. Pyrimidine biosynthesis.

10.10. Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.

(8 Lectures)

11. Replication of DNA (only prokaryotes) and its repair.

(2 Lectures)

12. Biosynthesis of RNA and basic ideas of its processing.

(2 Lectures)

13. Elementary idea of translation including genetic code and inhibitors of translation (targeting of proteins

excluded).

(2 Lectures)

14. Basic regulation of gene expression (lac operon only).

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. D.W. Martin, PA Mays & V.M. Redwell, Harpers Review of Biochemistry, Lange Medical Publication

(Latest Edition).

2. EE. Conn & P.K. Stumpf, 1987, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (5th Edition).

3. D.L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, Lehninger’s Principle of Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman Publication, 2008

(Fourth edition).

4. B.Harrow & A. Mazur, Textbook of Biochemistry, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. (Latest Edition).

5. D. Voet, and J.G. Voet. Biochemsitry,John Wiley & Sons Publication, 2004 (3rd edition) .

6. M.N. Chatterjea & Rana Schinde, Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Jintender P. Vij, New Delhi (Latest

Edition).

7. L. Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco (Latest Edition).

PHARM-5021: Pharmaceutical Technology-III

3 hours/week

1. Aerosols

Definition, advantages of aerosol dosage forms, propellants, containers, valves, mode of operation,

formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols, types of aerosol systems, selection of components, filling of aerosol

containers, labelling and quality evaluation pharmaceutical aerosols.

(6 Lectures)

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2. Microencapsulation

Fundamental considerations: Application, coating materials, methodology coacervation- phase separation, air

suspension, multiorifice-centrifugal process, pan coating, spray drying and spray congealing, interfacial

polymerization, solvent evaporation and multiple emulsion technique.

(7 Lectures)

3. Emulsions

General consideration, types of emulsion, test for identification of emulsion type, theory of emulsification,

formulation of emulsion, mechanical equipments for emulsification, stability of emulsions, assessment of

emulsion shelf-life.

(5 Lectures)

4. Suspensions

Practical considerations, pharmaceutical applications, formulation of suspensions - flocculated and

deflocculated systems, suspending agents, evaluation of suspension stability.

(5 Lectures)

5. Semisolids

Percutaneous absorption (structures, function and human skin), basic principles of diffusion, through

membranes, skin transport, factors affecting percutaneous absorption, types of vehicles of semi-solids and

evaluation of semisolids.

(6 Lectures)

6. Suppositories

Introduction, anatomy and physiology of rectum, absorption of drugs from the rectum, factors affecting drug

absorption from rectum, types of suppository bases, formulation/manufacturing processes, specific formulation

problems, packaging/storage of suppositories, testing of suppositories.

(5 Lectures)

7. Ophthalmic Preparations

Introduction (anatomy of eye), ocular bioavailability, and classification of ophthalmic products - eye drops,

semisolid dosage forms: ophthalmic ointments and gels, formulation considerations.

(5 Lectures)

8. Capsules

Hard gelatin capsules, gelatin, formulation, soft gelatin capsules, manufacture of soft gelatin capsule,

evaluation of capsules.

(5 Lectures)

Books Recommended :

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

2. L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, LeE and

Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

3. S.J. Carter, Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, 11th and 12th edition, 1967 and 1975, Pitma: Books

Ltd., London, U.K.

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4. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia (Latest Edition)

5. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. (Latest Edition).

PHARM-5022: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology

3 hours/week

1. Microbe-Host Interaction

The process of infection sources and vectors of infection, factors influencing infection.

(2 Lectures)

2. Immune Systems and Immunological Preparations

2.1. Structure and functions of PMN and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells such as lymphocytes (T-cells and B-

cells) and plasma cells.

2.2. Non-specific host resistance, natural and specific resistance, mechanical, chemical and cellular mechanisms of defence. Role of phagocytic cells through chemotaxis migration, ingestion, phagocytosis

and destruction of bacteria through lysosomal enzymes.

2.3. Haemopoiesis and lymphoid organs, stem cells and their differentiation, briefly about medical

applications of stem cells, structure and functions of primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

2.4. Antigens, haptens, immunoglobulins, humoral and cellular immunity, MHC antigens and T cell receptor,

mechanisms of antibody formation, monoclonal antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction, hypersensitivity.

2.5. Active-passive immunization, preparation of vaccines and serum, standardization and storage. Briefly

about new trends in vaccine development.

(15 Lectures)

3. Viruses

Classification, structure, methods of their replication, phenomenon of viral interference and interferons, phages

and their multiplication, lysogeny and lysogenic conversion.

(2 Lectures)

4. Genetic Recombination

Introduction to genes, transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombinant DNA tools (gene cloning).

Introduction to polymerase chain reaction, gene therapy and gene delivery system.

(6 Lectures)

5. Fermentation Technology

Batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation bioreactors, fermenter and its design, control of different

parameters in fermentation process, use of mutagenic agents, design of the fermentation process, isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycin, tetracyclines and vitamin B12.

(4 Lectures)

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6. Microbial Transformation

Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection

of organisms, biotransformation processes and its improvement with special reference to corticosteroids. (4 Lectures)

7. Immobilization Technology

Techniques of immobilization of enzymes, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, bacterial enzymes such as

hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, streptodornase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

(5 Lectures)

8. Biotechnology

Introduction, biotechnology drugs, antisense nucleotides, pharmacognostical applications, pharmacological

applications, pharmaceutical manufacturing applications, organic synthesis applications, list of biotechnology

medicines approved and in development state.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. S. J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th edition, Pitman Medical, 1972.

2. T.D. Brock and M.T. Madigan, Biology of Microorganisms, Chapter 12, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1988.

3. GJ. Tortora, B. S. Funke, C. L. Case, Microbiology: An Introduction, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.,

California, 1997.

4. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,

1987.

5. K. Kieslich (Editor)/Biotechnology, Vol. 6a, Verlag Chemie, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.

6. S. Sell, Basic Immunology, Elsevier, 1987.

7. W. A. Volk, D. C. Benzamin, R.J. Kander and J. T. Parsona, Essentials of Medical Microbiology,

Chapters 4 and 7, JB Lippincott, Pa, 1991.

8. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st edition, Mack Publishing Co., USA, 2006.

9. Semsarian, Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease: from Cell Biology to Clinical Therapy, Internal

Medicine Journal, 2002; 32: 259-265.

PHARM-5041: Pharmacology-II

3 hours/week

1. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of hypertension, arrhythmia, angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis,

congestive heart failure & shock.

(14 Lectures)

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2. Drugs Acting on Blood & Blood Forming Agents:

Haematinics, erythropoietin, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, and plasma expenders.

(4 Lectures)

3. Pharmacology of Endocrine System:

Introduction to endocrine pharmacology, growth hormone, thyroid and antithyroid agents, insulin,

corticosteroids, androgens, estrogens, progestins, contraceptives and hormones regulating calcium

homeostasis. (14 Lectures)

4. Respiratory Pharmacology:

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of cough & asthma.

(2 Lectures)

5. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology:

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of emesis & peptic ulcer. Drug therapy of constipation & diarrhoea.

(4 Lectures)

6. Pharmacology of Metabolic System:

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of diabetes & obesity. (2 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. Goodman & Gilman's "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ninth Edition, Eds. A.G. Gilman, J.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, Macmillian Publishing Co. Inc. (2001).

2. C.R. Craig and R.E. Sttizal, Modem Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company, 6th Ed. (2003).

3. B.G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th Ed. (2000).

PHARM-5112: Biochemistry Practical

3 hours/week 1. Experiments based on theory Paper I (Biochemistry).

2. Isolation and determination of biomolecules in biological fluids including amino acids and proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes.

3. Biochemical preparations.

Books Recommended :

1. J. Jayaraman, Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi (Latest Edition).

2. David T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (Latest Edition).

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PHARM-5121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III

3 hours/week

Experiments based on formulation and/or testing of

1. Suspensions

2. Emulsions

3. Semisolids

4. Suppositories

5. Capsules

6. Microencapsulation

PHARM-5122: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical

3 hours/week

1. Find out the viable bacterial count of the bacterial culture by pour plate technique.

2. Find out the total bacterial count by turbidimetry and microscopy.

3. Screen the organism for amylolytic activity.

4. Carry out the microbiological assay of the provided antibiotic(s).

5. Find out the amylase activity of pancreatin.

6. Find out the proteolytic activity of pancreatin.

7. Find out the lipase activity of pancreatin.

8. Other relevant practical.

PHARM-5141: Pharmacology Practical-II

3 hours/week

1. Cardiac Pharmacology: Recording & interpretation of cardiac function in human volunteers such as ECG.

2. Respiratory Pharmacology: Recording & interpretation of pulmonary functions in human volunteers.

3. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology:

a. To study the ulcer healing properties of drugs in pylorus ligated rats.

b. To study the effect of antidiarrhoeal drugs on gastric motility using charcoal meal test in mice.

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4. To record the Concentration Response Curve (CRC) of selected drugs using rat colon/rat fundus isolated

preparations.

5. To study the clinical manual as per the syllabus.

Books Recommended

1. M.N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, Second

Edition (1984).

2. Pharmacology Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburg University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone (1968).

3. S.K. Kulkarni Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Fourth Edition, Published by Vallabh Prakashan,

Delhi.

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SEMESTER – VI

PHARM-6011: Pharmaceutical Analysis-II

PHARM-6012: Medicinal Chemistry-III

PHARM-6021: Cosmetology

PHARM-6022: Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

PHARM-6031: Pharmacognosy-IV

PHARM-6041: Pharmacology-III

PHARM-6111: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical-II

PHARM-6112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical-III

PHARM-6121: Cosmetology Practical

PHARM-6131: Pharmacognosy Practical-IV

PHARM-6141: Pharmacology Practical-III

PHARM-6011: Pharmaceutical Analysis-II

3 hours/week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Theoretical consideration, scope and limitations, acid base equilibria in non- aqueous media, titration of weak

bases, titration of weak acids, indicators, pharmaceutical products should be selected for illustration,

applications.

(4 Lectures)

2. Complexometric Titrations

Concept of complexation and chelation, Werner's coordination number and electronic structure of complex

ions, stability constants, titration curves, masking and demasking agents, types of complexometric titrations,

metal ion indicators, factors influencing the stability of complexes, applications.

(4 Lectures)

3. Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis

Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, Karl-Fischer titration, Oxygen flask combustion.

(4 Lectures)

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4. Extractions Procedures

Separation of Drugs from Excipients, Liquid-solid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures

by extraction, distribution law, successive extraction, the Craige method of multiple extraction, continuous

counter - current extraction.

Effect of temperature, pH, inert solute, ion pair-formation, emulsion problems in extraction.

(3 Lectures)

5. Chromatography

Basic concept and various types of chromatography techniques.

TLC: Introduction and its application.

HPLC: Introduction, theory & nomenclature, instrumentation, liquid-solid chromatography; Liquid-liquid

chromatography, exclusion chromatography; HPLC columns; applications of HPLC.

Gas chromatography: Introduction; principles of gas chromatography, basic GLC apparatus, carrier gases;

sample introduction, column, column efficiency, solid support, liquid phases, detectors, temperature effect;

applications of GLC in Pharmaceutical analysis.

Ion-Exchange and Molecular Sieve Processes: Introduction; theory of ion-exchange, types of exchangers, ion-

exchange capacity, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, molecular sieve separation and applications.

(14 Lectures)

6. Electrochemistry

The electric cell, electrode potential, half cells, types of half cells, sign convention.

Potentiometry

Introduction, electrodes, general considerations, end point determination.

Automatic titrator (preset end point titrator). Applications of potentiometric titrations. Assay of nitrazepam,

allopurinol, clonidine hydrochloride.

(3 Lectures)

Conductometric and High Frequency Titrations and their Applications (2 Lectures)

Coulometric Titrations : Its basic principles and Applications

(3 Lectures)

Amperometric Titrations

Theory, titration curves, correction for volume change, amperometric titations with dropping mercury

electrode and rotating platinum electode. Applications (assay of procainamide HCl , assay of nickel with

dimethyl glyoxime).

(2 Lectures)

7. Radioactivity as an Analytical Tool

Basic nuclear properties, measurement of radioactivity, analytical applications of radioactivity, interaction of

radiation with matter, counting statistical errors and corrections, radiation safety.

(3 Lectures)

8. Phase solubility Analysis: Theory, experimental procedure, application in pharmaceutical analysis.

(2 Lectures)

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Books Recommended

1. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press othe

University of London (Latest Edition).

2. J. Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery & J. Medhan, Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis

Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. The English Language Book Society and Longman (Latest

Edition).

3. H. H. Willard, L.L. Merritt; Jr., and J.A. Dean, Instrumental Mehtods of Analysis, VanNostr and Reinhold,

New York (Latest Edition).

4. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).

PHARM-6012: Medicinal Chemistry -III

3 hours/week

1. Drug Metabolism

Introduction: General pathways of drug metabolism; Phase I (Functionalization) and Phase II (Conjugation)

reactions.

(2 Lectures)

Metabolite Antagonism

Basic concepts, active site directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, mechanism based enzyme inhibitors,

dihydrofolate synthetase inhibitors, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, amino acid antagonists, antagonists

directed against nucleic acids, (3-lactamase inhibitors).

(3 Lectures)

2. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure activity relationship,

physicochemical and stero aspects, mode of action (whereable applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be

only on B.P. and J.P. compounds. Syntheisis of only those drugs given in parentheses under each topic would

be covered.

2.1. Sulphonamides; development nomenculature and classification, antimicrobial spectrum, drug

resistance, synergism with dihydrofolate reductaste inhibitors, toxicity and side effects, reduction of

crystal uria, physicochemical properties and biological activity, metabolism, sulphamides and

trimethoprim combination (Sulphanilamide, Sulphacetamide, Sulphadiazine, Sulphadimethoxine,

Sulphamethazole and Sulphamethoxazole).

(4 Lectures)

2.2. Antibiotics: Classification; cycloserine, (chloramphenicol); biosynthetic penicillins: benzyl penicillin,

procaine penicillin, phenoxymethyl penicillin; semisynthetic penicillin: phenethicillin, cloxacillin,

ampicillin, amoxycillin; cephalosporins: cephalexin, cefadroxil, (cefalothin), cefuroxime; polypeptides: bacitracin, polymixin B, capreomycin; aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin,

gentamicin; tetracyclines: chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline; erthyromycin; novobiocin;

vancomycin; rifampicin.

(7 Lectures)

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2.3. Antimycobacterial agents: Introduction to mycobacterium, development of antimycobacterium agents

and their use in therapeutics (dapsone, Sulfoxone Sodium and Solapsone; Isonicotinic acid hydrazide,

para Aminosalicylic acid, Pyrazinamide and Ethionamide).

(2 Lectures)

2.4. Antimalarials; quinoline and analogues, 8-amino quinolines, 9-amino acridines, 4-aminoquinolines, diaminopyrimidine, and biguanides (Primaquin, Mepacrine, Chloroquin and Pyrimethamine).

(4 Lectures)

2.5. Antiamoebic agents; emetine hydrochloride, quinoline derivatives, metal free substances; diloxanide

furoate, metronidazole, organometallic compounds, acetarsol (Diodohydroxyquinoline, Diloxanide

Furoate, Metronidazole and Acetarsol).

(2 Lectures)

2.6. Drugs used for trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. (2 Lectures)

2.7. Anthelmintics drugs used in cestode infections; drugs used in trematode infections, drugs used for

intestinal nematode infections; antifilarial agents (Niclosamide, Hexylresorcinol, Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Thiabendazole).

(3 Lectures)

2.8. Antifungal agents; antibiotics, griseofulvin, amphotericin, candicidine, Nystatin, Synthetic antifungal agents, salicyclic acid, miconazole Elconazole, Tolnaflate, Flucotosine, Dithranol and Chlorphenesin.

(3 Lectures)

2.9. Urinary antiseptics quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantion (Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantan).

(3 Lectures)

2.10. Antineoplastic agent: Introduction, characteristics of cancer cell, cell growth cycle, causes of cancer,

antimetabolites; 6-thioguanine, methotraxate, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil and

dacarbazine, alkylating agents, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulphan mitomycin, cisplatin, thiotepa (chlorambucil Carmustine, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide), DNA intercalating agents Doxorubicin,

Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone, Antibiotics, Daitionmycin, bleomycin, mithramycin and anthramycin,

Antimitotic agents, vineustine and vinblastin; miscellaneous agents, procarbazine, asparazinase,

interferones and hydroxyurea (Hydroxyurea).

(5 Lectures)

2.11. Antiviral agents: Introduction to DNA, RNA and retroviruses, viral application, amantidine

hydrochloride, interferones, acyclovir, idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin,

methisazone, zidovudine and 2, 3-dideoxycytidine.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).

2. J. N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition). .

3. W. C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

4. J. E. F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Phannacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest

Edition).

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5. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi (Latest

Edition).

PHARM-6021: Cosmetology

3 hours/week

1. Sensitivity Testing

Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing

Techniques for both covered and uncovered patch tests, interpretation of patch test, patch testing with nail

lacquers, lipsticks, lanolin and hair dyes. Photosensitivity testing of cosmetics.

Predictive Sensitivity Testing: Testing of humans for irritancy, predictive testing for allergic contact

sensitization and photosensitization capacity.

(10 Lectures)

2. Basic Skin Care Products

Ethnic skin and its cosmetic requirement. Cleansing products, skin toners, emollients, moisturizers, cold

creams, vanishing creams, hand and body creams and lotions, hormone creams and lotions, barrier creams, anti

wrinkle products, skin whitening products, anticelluliete products, sunburn and sunscreen preparations,

foundation makeup including face powders and rouges.

(12 Lectures)

3. Cosmetic for Nails

Nail Lacquers and removers: Raw materials, formulations and manufacture, evaluation of nail lacquers. (3 Lectures)

4. Preshave and after shave preparations

Purpose, types and forms, formulation.

(2 Lectures)

5. Antiperspirants and deodorants

Product forms, active ingredients, formulations.

(2 Lectures)

6. Lipsticks

Product characteristics, raw materials, formulations and manufacture, quality assurance.

(5 Lectures)

7. Hair Cosmetics

Shampoos: Function, types and forms, raw material, evaluation.

Hair oils: Natural and synthetic oils.

Hair colourings/dyes: Bleaching agents, temporary, semipermanent, permanent, miscellaneous colouring

agents.

Dye removers.

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Depilatories: Chemical depilatories and epilatory compositions.

(8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

3.1 Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

3.2 Poucher's perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 3 (Cosmetics), 9th edition, 1992.

3.3 M.S. Balsam and E. Sagarin, Cosmetics: Science and Technology, Vol. 1-3, 2nd edition, 1974, Wiley

Interscience, N. Y.

PHARM-6022: Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

2 hours/week

1. Pharmacy Act 1948

(6 Lectures)

2. Study of Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules made thereunder. (8 Lectures)

3. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and rules made there under.

(4 Lectures)

4. Medicinal and Toilet preparation (excise duties) Act and rules made there under. (5 Lectures)

5. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act.

(6 Lectures)

6. The Drug (Price Control) Order.

(4 Lectures)

7. Pharmaceutical Ethics.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. B.M. Mithal, Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, National Book Centre, Dr. Sundari Mohan Avenue, Calcutta

(Latest Edition).

2. N.K Jain, A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi (Latest Edition).

3. Relevant Acts and Rules Published by The Government of India (Latest Edition).

4. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

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PHARM-6031: Pharmacognosy-IV

3 hours/week

1. Volatile Oils:

1.1. Different methods of essential oil extraction

(3 Lectures)

1.2. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of the following drugs:

Mentha, Spearmint, Orange peel, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Fennel, Dill, Clove, Eucalyptus, Pine,

Lemongrass, Vetiver, Geranium, Rose, Sandalwood.

(15 Lectures)

2. Introduction to different classes of plant growth regulators and their physiological role.

(6 Lectures)

3. Plant derived insecticides.

(7 Lectures)

4. Definitions of various Ayurvedic formulations:

Asavas & Aristas, Arka, Avaleha & Paka, Curna, Taila, Ghrita, Dravaka, Lepa, Vati & Gutika, Varti-

Netarbindu & Anjana, Sattva, Parpati, Pisti, Bhasma.

(2 Lectures)

5. Study of botanical sources including alternative controversial sources, chemical constituents and therapeutic

uses of the following indigenous traditional drugs:

Amla, Bahera, Harad, Ashwagandha, Babchi, Brahmi, Vasaka, Tulsi, Shatavari, Shankhpushpi, Kutaki,

Kalmegh, Gokhru; Chirata, Ashoka, Jatamansi, and Gilo.

(12 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th Edition) K. M. Varghese Company, Bombay,

India, 1988.

2. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

3. T. E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (different volumes)

5. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, (Latest Edition).

www.Pharmainfo.Net

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PHARM-6041: Pharmacology-III

3 hours/week

1. Bioassays:

Basic principles of bioassays, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays, official bioassays of oxytocin,

vasopressin, insulin and digitalis.

(4 Lectures)

2. Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases: General principle of chemotherapy, Sulphonamides, quinolones,

pencillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, protein synthesis inhibitors (tetracyclines), antimalarial drug,

drugs for amoebiasis, helminthiasis. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy and chemotherapy of antiviral

agent including drugs for HIV infection, anticancer drugs, multidrug resistance (MDR).

(20 Lectures)

3. Toxicology:

Concept, development and scope of toxicology, behavioural and neurotoxicity, teratology, endotoxin,

pesticides, cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary toxicity. Industrial, environmental and forensic toxicology.

Clinical Toxicology

Principles and management of different types of poisoning and toxicity reactions. (16 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. P.K. Gupta, Modem Toxicity, Vol. 1-3, Metropolitan, New Delhi, 1985.

2. Doull, C.D. Klaasen and M.A. Amdur, Casarett and Doul's Toxicology, 2nd Edition, McMillan Publishing

Co., Inc, 1980.

3. B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs. P. Turner, General and Applied Toxicology, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1995.

PHARM-6111: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical -II

3 hours/week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium methoxide solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.

2. Complexometric Titrations

Preparation and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to pharmacopoeial assays by

complexometric titrations.

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3. Miscellaneous Determinations

Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry methods.

Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals.

4. Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.

5. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.

6. Exercises involving conductometric and potentiometric techniques.

Books Recommended:

1. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).

2. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press of the


3. K.A. Connors, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York (Latest Edition).

4. A.M. Knevel and F.E. Digangi, Jenkin's Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York (Latest Edition).

5. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi (Latest Edition).

PHARM-6112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical-III

3 hours/week

Experiments based on theory

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized (selected examples).

3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.

Books Recommended:

1. J. Jayaraman, Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi (Latest Edition).

2. David T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (Latest

Edition).

PHARM-6121: Cosmetology Practical

6 hours/week

Preparation of cosmetic formulations such as cold and vanishing creams, all purpose creams, emollient creams and

lotions, hand cream and lotion, deep cleansing milk, moisturizing cream and lotion, face powder, talcum powder,

nail lacquer remover, nail enamel, lipsticks, antiperspirants and deodorant preparations, toothpastes, shampoos,

hair oil, shaving creams and after shave preparations.

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PHARM-6131: Pharmacognosy Practical-IV

3 hours/week

1. Extraction of volatile oils studied in theory and their chromatographic studies.

2. Authentication and standardization of crude drugs covered in theory based on organoleptic and microscopic

characters.


Books Recommended:

1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th Edition) K. M. Varghese Company, Bombay,

India, 1988.

2. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

3. T. E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (different volumes).


PHARM-6141: Pharmacology Practical-III

3 hours/week

1. Bioassays:

Study of various bioassay designs using various isolated preparations (frog rectus abdominis, rat colon, fundus, uterus, anococcygeus, vas deferens).

2. Experimental Toxicology:

Calculation of LD 50 values and therapeutic index (statistical approach) by various methods.

Books Recommended:

1. Fundamentals of Experimental Phamacology, M. N. Ghosh, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, 1984.

2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff, Livingstone,

1968.

3. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone, 1968.

4. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 4th edition, 2008.

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SEMESTER – VII


Paper Subject Teaching Exam Sessional Exam. Total


T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-7011 Pharmaceutical Analysis-III 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-7012 Medicinal Chemistry-IV 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-7023 Pharmaceutical Technology-IV 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-7024 Pharmaceutical Industrial Management 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-7035 Pharmacognosy-V 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-7046 Pharmacology-IV 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PRACTICAL

PHARM-7111 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical-III - 6 - 6 20 80 1

PHARM-7122 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-IV - 6 - 6 20 80 100

PHARM-7133 Pharmacognosy Practical-V - 3 - 6 20 80 100

PHARM-7144 Pharmacology Practical-IV - 3 - 6 20 80 100

Total 18 18 1000



PHARM-7011: Pharmaceutical Analysis-III

3 hours/week 1. Electromagnetic Radiations

Nature of electromagnetic radiations, the interaction between energy and matter, the absorption of energy by

atoms and molecules, the emission of radiant energy by atoms and molecules; refraction and diffraction.

(2 Lectures)

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2. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry

Electronic excitation, quantitative laws, deviations from Beer's law, graphical presentation of data,

chromophores, photometric error, instrumentation (light sources, prism and grating monochromators,

photoemissive and photomultiplier tubes), single and double beam instruments,Steps in spectrophotometric

measurements (sample handling; amplifications and radiation of detectors, selection of wavelength and band

width), concentration and optimum absorbance value, applications (direct and indirect methods, analysis of

mixture).

(4 Lectures)

3 . Fluorometric Analysis

Theory, quantitative description, experimental factors affecting fluorescence intensity, factors affecting Io and

F directly, relationship of fluorescence to molecular structure, instrumentation (cells, light sources, wavelength

selection, detectors), correction of spectra, pharmaceutical applications.

(2 Lectures)

4 . Infrared Spectrophotometry

Theory, characteristic absorption bands of organic functional groups, interpretation of infrared absorption

Spectra; Frequency range, Hook’s law, Hydrogen bonding, preparation of sample, sample cell, IR

instrumentation, (light sources, monochromator detectors), qualitative and quantitative applications in

pharmaceutical analysis, analytical shortcomings.

(6 Lectures)

5. X-Ray Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of x-ray spectroscopy (Miller indices, Space lattice and unit cell, Bravais

lattices). Interplanar spacing in crystal system. Diffraction of x-ray by crystals, Bragg's equation, powder

method, x-ray diffraction pattern of cubic system (NaCl), applications in pharmaceutical analysis.

(4 Lectures)

6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of NMR, magnetic properties of the nuclei, nuclear magnetic moments,

absorption of energy, chemical shift, shielding and deshielding, spin-spin coupling, NMR instrumentation,

typical spectra, analytical application in pharmaceutical analysis.

(6 Lectures)

7. Mass Spectrometry

Instrumentation, Basic principle, instrumentation, various ion sources and mass analyzers, determination of the

molecular formula, recognition of the molecular ion peak, heavy istope peaks fragmentation, mass spectra of

simple compounds (saturated hydrocarbons). Application of Mass spectrometry.

(6 Lectures)

8. Emission Spectroscopy Theory of emission spectra, equipment quantitative and qualitative aspects.

(1 Lecture)

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9. Flame Photometry Origin of spectra, atomization and ionization, instrumentation (nebuliser, mirrors, burners, slits,

monochromator, detector, background emission, interferences, qualitative and quantitative applications in

pharmaceutical analysis).

(2 Lectures)

10. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of absorption of radiant energy by atoms, equipment, analytical applications.

(2 Lectures)

11. Polarimetry, its Principles and Applications

Plane of Polarization, types of molecules analysed, optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion, circular

dichroism, the effect of concentration, wavelength, solvent, temperature on optical rotation, the polarimeter.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. L.G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest Edition).

2. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,Vol. 1 and 2, Athlone Press of the


3. H. Willard, L.L., Marriott; Jr., J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand Reinhold,

N.Y. (Latest Edition).

4. V. M. Parikh, Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London,

1974 (Latest Edition).

5. A. Skoog, E. 1. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders Golden.

6. R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Baslien and T.C. Morrill, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds,

John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest edition).

PHARM-7012: Medicinal Chemistry-IV

3 hours/week

1. General Anaesthetic Agents

Introduction, medicinal aspects of anaesthetics, mode of action; gases and volatile liquid anaesthetics,

intravenous anaesthetics or fixed anaesthetics, toxicity of general anaesthetics (Divinyl ether, Ethyl chloride,

Nitrous oxide, Thiopentone Sodium).

(5 Lectures)

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2. Local Anaesthetic Agents

Introduction: Structure-activity relationships, benzoic acid derivatives, aminobenzoic acid derivatives,

Amides/Anilides; miscellaneous; toxicity; mode of action (Benzocaine, Procaine Hydrochloride, Lidocaine

Hydrochloride, Cinchocaine Hydrochloride).

(5 Lectures) 3. Sedatives-Hypnotics

Introdution; classification of sedative-hypnotics; structure-activity relationships; barbiturates; amides and

imides; alcohols and their carbamate derivatives; aldehydes and their derivatives; mode of action;

pharmacological properties and side effects (Phenobarbitone; Cyclobarbitone; Pentobarbitone Sodium;

Quinalbarbitone); Benzodiazepines (Nitrazepam); Miscellaneous.

(5 Lectures)

4. Anticonvulsants

Introduction, Epilepsy and its types; structure activity relationships; barbiturates (official products);

hydantoins, Oxazolidinediones, Succinimides; miscellaneous drugs; (Phenytoin Sodium; Troxidone).

(4 Lectures)

5. Psychopharmacological Agents

5.1. Antipsychotics, Phenothiazines (Chorpromazine; Trifluperazine; Butyrophenones, Miscellaneous).

5.2. Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitripyline); monoamine oxidase inhibitors; atypical

antidepressants.

5.3. Antianxiety drugs: Meprobamate and related drugs; Benzodiazepines (Diazepam)

(10 Lectures)

6. Disinfectants and Antiseptic

Halogens and related compounds; Alcohols and aldehydes; Phenols (Hexachlorophene, Hexylresorcinol);

Cationic surfactants; Nitrofurans.

(3 Lectures)

7. Diagnostic Agents (4 Lectures)

8. Hallucinogens

Hallucinogenic agents related to indoles, phenethylamines, and Cannabinoids.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley and Sons, New York, (Latest Edition).

2. J.N. Delgado and W.A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

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3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition)

4. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest Edition).

5. H. Singh and V. K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi (Latest Edition).

PHARM-7023: Pharmaceutical Technology-IV

3 hours/week

1. Preformulation Studies

Goals of preformulation studies, designing of preformulation evaluation principle areas of preformulation

research, Bulk Characterization - crystallinity, polymorphism. hygroscopicity, fine particle characterization,

bulk density, fine powder flow properties; Solubility Analysis - pKa, solubility and solubilization, thermal

effects, partition coefficient dissolution; Stability and compatibility studies.

(3 Lectures)

2. Tablets

2.1. Various Forms of Tablets

Coated and compressed layer tablets, effervescent, sublingual, buccal and chewable tablets, medicated

lozenges, sustained release tablets.

(3 Lectures)

2.2. Tablet Formulations

Properties of compressed tablets, systematic approach to tablet product design, components and additives

of tablets, production of tablets, methods of manufacture of tablets, problems in tablet manufacture.

(7 Lectures)

2.3. Evaluation of Tablets

Tablet Diameter and thickness, Hardness, Uniformity of weight test, Friability, Disintegration Test,

Dissolution Test, Potency and Content uniformity.

(6 Lectures)

2.4. Tablet Coating

Sugar coating, processing steps, equipments; film coating, film formers, methods of evaluating film

coating, film coating defects; compression coating; and particle coating techniques.

(5 Lectures)

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2.5. Compression and Consolidation

Properties of tablets influenced by compression, measurement of transmission and distribution of forces

in a compressed tablet, effect of pressure on relative volume, lubrication, adhesion and cohesion of

particles, strength of granules, factors affecting strength of tablets.

(4 Lectures)

3. Pilot Plant Scale-up Techniques

Factors to be considered during development, types of organizational structures responsible for pilot

operations, educational backgrounds of pilot plant personnel, pilot plant design for tablets.

(4 Lectures)

4. cGMP

Organization and personnel, general facilities, environmental factors, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities.

(4 Lectures)

5. Sustained Release Drug Delivery System

Sustained release drug therapy, advantages, drug properties relevant to sustained release, Introduction to

sustained release oral dosage forms; parenteral dosage forms; implants; ocular inserts; transdermal systems.

Introduction to delivery systems like nanoparticles, liposomes and niosomes.

(8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Lieberman HA, Lachman L. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Tablets, Vol. I, II, III. Marcel Dekker Inc.,

New York. Latest Edition.

2. Lachman L, Liebermann HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania.

Latest Edition.

4. Martin AN, Swarbrick L Cammarati A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

5. Ansel HS, Popovich NG. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Latest Edition.

6. Juliano RL. Drug Delivery Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford. London. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-7024: Pharmaceutical Industrial Management

3 hours/week

1. Introductory, Philosophy and nature of management. Importance of management. Limitations of the science of

management.

(3 Lectures)

2. Production, planning and control: Types of production, scheduling and control of production.

(6 Lectures)

3. Inventory control: Objectives, inventory classification, ABC analysis, EOQ models, inventory control

procedures.

(5 Lectures)

4. Plant layout and line balancing: Concept and factors governing plant layout, process layout and product layout,

methods of plant layout, storage space requirement, line balancing, and linear programming methods.

(7 Lectures)

5. Work-study: Need for work study, objectives, method study procedure, flow process charts, design of work

place, time study, performance appraisal.

(6 Lectures)

6. Programming and Budgeting: Programming, zero based budgets, types and uses of budgets, preparation of

budget, forecasting techniques.

(7 Lectures)

7. Principles of quality management: Benchmarking and re-engineering principles.

(4 Lectures)

8. Marketing management, marketing planning and organization, marketing research and its applications in

Pharmacy, new product development and launch, sale and distribution management.

(7 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. Smith, M. (2004): Principles of Pharmaceutical Marketing IIIrd edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors,

New Delhi.

2. Sagar, G.V. (2009): Pharmaceutical Industrial Management, Pharma Med. Press, Hyderabad .

3. Kotter, P. Keller, K.L., Koshy, A. and Jha, M. (2009): Marketing Management, 13th Ed. Pearson Prentice Helpline, New Delhi.

4. Robbins S.P. Coultern (2008): Management IXth Ed. Pearson Prentice Helpline, New Delhi.

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PHARM-7035: Pharmacognosy-V

3 hours/week

1. Role of organoleptic and microscopic characters, ash values and extractive values in standardization of crude

drugs.

(7 Lectures

)

2. Chromatography:

2.1 Introduction to basics of chromatography (5 Lectures)

2.2 Study of following chromatographic techniques:

2.2.1 Column chromatography (CC) (2 Lectures)

2.2.2 Thin layer chromatography(TLC) (3 Lectures)

2.2.3 Preparative TLC (1 Lecture)

2.2.4 Paper chromatography (PC) (1 Lecture)

2.2.5 High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) (1 Lecture)

2.2.6 Droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC). (2 Lectures)

3. Natural dyes, plant bitters and plant sweeteners.

(10 Lectures)

4. Photosensitizing agents including furanocoumarins from plants.

(3 Lectures)

5. Recent developments in natural products with two examples each from anticancer, antimicrobial,

antihepatotoxic, antiviral, antioxidants, antiprotozoals and CNS active plants.

(10 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. Journal of Chromatography- different issues.

2. Natural Products Isolation, Ed. Richard J.P. Cannell, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.

3. Marston, A. and Hostettmann, K. (1991). Modern separation methods. Nat. Prod. Rep. 8, 391-413.

4. Reviews on latest chromatographic techniques in various journals.

5. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (different volumes).


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PHARM-7046: Pharmacology-IV

3 hours/week

1. Clinical Pharmacology: Definition, concept and scope of clinical pharmacology. Role of pharmacist in health

care system and pharmacovigilence.

(4 Lectures)

2. Drug development process: Definition, scope and preclinical evaluation of drugs, safety evaluation, clinical

trials and post marketing surveillance of new drugs. Contract Research Organization, its concept and scope.

(8 Lectures) 3. Basic principles of drug therapy monitoring in paediatric and geriatric patients. Drug therapy in pregnancy and

lactation.

(7 Lectures) 4. Adverse drug reactions (their types and their incidence, importance and surveillance), drug interactions.

(4 Lectures)

5. Essential medicine list and national drug policy.

(2 Lectures)

6. Epidemiology of drug use and organization of drug information services/center.

(4 Lectures)

7. Immunopharmacology: Definition, scope and application of Immunopharmacology, Immunomodulators and Immunosuppressants.

(5 Lectures)

8. Autocoids and arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leucotrienes, lipoxins and platelet

activating factor). Histamine and histamine receptor antagonists.

(6 Lectures)

9. Necrosis and apoptosis, their mechanisms and their implications in disease.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. T.M. Speight, N. H. G. Holford, Aveery's Drug Treatment, 4th edition, Adis International.

2. R. Walker and C. Edwards, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1999.

3. D. G. Grahaems Smith and J. K. Aronson, Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy,

Oxford University Press, 1984.

4. B. G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th Ed. (2000).

5. E. Braunwald, K. J. Isselbucher, J.B. Martin, A. S. Faue, J. D. Wilson Harrisons, D.L. Kasper, Principles of

Internal Medicine, 13th edition, McGraw Hill International Book Co., 1994.

6. Drug, Facts and Comparisons, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, USA, 1995.

7. D.R. Laurence, Clinical Pharmacology, 5th edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1985.

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PHARM-7111: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical -III

3 hours/week

1. Determination of number and percentage of hydroxyl groups in the given sample of polyhydric alcohols or

phenols.

2. Determination of percentage and number of amino groups in the samples.

3. Determination of percentage of the carboxylic acid by iodometric titration.

4. Determination of aldehyde and ketones by hydroxylamine hydrochloride; pyridine procedure.

5. Estimation of amino acids in the given sample.

6. Estimation of nitrogen in organic compounds by Kjeldahl method.

7. To find out the A..nax and E (1 %, 1 em) of potassium nitrate.

8. Find out the amount of methyldopa in the given sample of methyldopa tablets.

9. Find out the A...ax and E (1 %, 1 em ) of paracetamol.

10. Estimate the content of sulphonamides by colorimetric methods.

11. Determine the content of diazepam in the given sample.

12. Estimate the content of paracetamol in the given sample.

13. Estimate the content of choramphenicol in the given sample.

14. Estimate the amount of riboflavin and thiamine in the given sample by fluorometric method.

15. Perform the assay of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride by official methods.

16. Identify the compound by LR. spectrophotometry.

17. Find out the concentration of sodium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

18. Find out the concentration of potassium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

19. Interpretation of UV, IR, and NMR spectra of selected compounds.

Books Recommended

1. L.G. Chatten, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol.I and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest Edition).

2. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, The Athlone Press of the


3. H.H. Willard, L.L. Marriott, Jr. J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand Reinhold,

N.Y. (Latest Edition).

4. J.W. Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Marcel and Dekker Inc., N.Y. (Latest Edition).

5. V.M. Parikh., Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison - Wesley Publishing Co., London (Latest Edition).

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PHARM-7122: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-IV

3 hours/week

1. Draw the diagram of working single punch and rotary tablet press and other equipments.

2. Preparation of tablets by using

a. Wet granulation technique

b. Dry granulation technique

c. Direct compression

3. Pharmaceutical evaluation of tablets – Thickness, diameter, hardness, friability test, disintegration test,

uniformity of content test, dissolution testing.

4. Preparation of matrix tablets, Reservoir systems, liposomes etc.

5. Coating of tablets.

PHARM-7133: Pharmacognosy Practical-V

3 hours/week

1. Exercises based on chromatographic studies.

2. Authentication and standardization of crude drugs studied in theory based on ash values and extractive values.


PHARM-7144: Pharmacology Practical-IV

3 hours/week

1. Clinical Pharmacology

a. Study and analysis of clinical problems including case history and drug therapy.

b. Critical appraisal of drug advertisements.

c. Exercises on effective pharmacist - patient communication.

2. To record few parameters of cardiac function such as ECG, heart rate and blood pressure in humans.

Books Recommended

1. M. N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experiment Pharmacology, H.Hon Company, 3rd Edition (2005).

2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff, Livingstone,

1968.

3. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone, 1968.

4. S.K. Kulkarni, Practical Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 1st Edition (2008).

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SEMESTER - VIII


Paper Subject Teaching Exam. Sessional Exam. Total


T P T P

THEORY

PHARM-8011 Medicinal Chemistry-V 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-8022 Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-8023 Clinical Pharmacy 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PHARM-8034 Pharmacognosy-VI 3 - 3 - 20 80 100

PRACTICAL

PHARM-8111 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-IV - 6 - 6 20 80 100

PHARM-8122 Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutics and - 6 - 6 20 80 100

Clinical Pharmacy Practical

PHARM-8133 Pharmacognosy Practical-VI - 6 - 6 20 80 100

Total 12 18 700



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PHARM-8011: Medicinal Chemistry-V

3 hours/week 1. Steroids

1.1. Introduction: Nomenclature, stereochemistry, simple reactions of cholesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol,

diosgenin, solasodine, bile acids; biosynthesis of testosterone, 17 (3-estradiol and aldosterone form

cholesterol).

1.2. Estrogens: Synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol and diosgenin, ethinylestradiol from estrone;

nonsteroidal estrogens; synthesis of diethylstilbesterol, SAR among estrogens; progestational agents;

synthesis of progesterone from diosgenin and stigmasterol, ethisterone from dehydroepiandrosterone, oral

contraceptives, SAR of progestins.

1.3. Androgens and Anabolic Agents: Synthesis of testosterone from diosgenin; methyltestosterone from

dehydroepiandrosterone, methandienone from methyl testosterone, stanozolol from testosterone.

1.4. Adrenocorticoids : Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, modifications in structure of hydrocortisone,

SAR among glucocorticoids.

(15 Lectures)

2. The chemical naming and uses of compounds official in IP/BP in all the classes will be covered. The following

topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure Activity Relationship, physicochemical and steric

aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be mainly on B.P. and 1. P.

drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under each topic would be covered.

2.1. Opioid Analgesics

2.1.1. Morphine and related drugs, synthetic modifications of morphine, codeine and thebaine.

2.1.2. Totally synthetic analgesics: Morphinans (N-Methylmorphinan and 3-hydroxy N-methylm-

orphinan); 6, 7-benzomorphans; 4-phenylpiperidines (pethidine, Methadone and Isomethadone);

endogenous opioid peptides; opioid antagonists (Nalorphine).

(6 Lectures)

2.2. Cardiovascular Agents

2.2.1. Introduction; cardiac glycosides, structure-activity relationship; mechanism of action; toxic effects.

2.2.2. Antihypertensive agents; introduction; etiology; ganglion blocking agents; antiadrenergic agents,

drugs acting directly on smooth muscles, drugs acting on CNS. (Propranolol).

2.2.3. Antianginals and vasodilators; introduction; mechanism of smooth muscle vasodilation, esters of

nitrous and nitric acid, side-effects. (Nitroglycerine).

2.2.4. Antiarryhthmic and antifibrillytic drugs; classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, mechanism of

action, side effects.

2.2.5. Antilipemic drugs.

(15 Lectures)

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2.3. Antitussives

2.3.1. Centrally acting antitussives; Peripherally acting antitussives.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

(Latest Edition).

2. J.N. Delgado and W.A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

4. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest

Edition).

5. H. Singh and V. K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi (Latest

Edition).

PHARM-8022: Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics

3 hours/week

1. Introduction to pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics including their role in related disciplines

2. Pharmacokinetics

2.1 Compartment models

2.1.1 Pharmacokinetic models, basics of compartmental modeling including numeric applications

(wherever possible) of:

One compartment open body model (1-CBM), pharmacokinetics of single dose

administration following intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion

administration, Wagner Nelson method and method of residuals as applied to plasma

concentration profiles following oral intake, multiple dose kinetics following intravenous

(rapid) and oral administration, superposition principle, steady state kinetics.

2.1.2 Urinary excretion, merits and shortcomings, Sigma-minus plot, method of residuals as

applied to cumulative and rate of excretion curves.

2.1.3 Two compartment open body model (2-CBM), pharmacokinetics of single dose

administration as applied to intravenous (rapid) administration, method of residuals as

applied to plasma concentration profiles following intravenous (rapid) administration.

(24 Lectures)

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3. Biopharmaceutics

3.1. Physicochemical factors affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs, with special emphasis on pH-

partition hypothesis, absorption of ionic drugs in light of unstirred water layer, dissolution rate, drug

stability in gut, complexation, etc.

3.2. Physiological considerations affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs including membrane and

G.I. physiology, effect of food, gastric emptying, etc.

3.3. Bioavailability and equivalence concepts, significance, determination of bioavailability using blood level

and urinary excretion data, protocol, federal requirements.

(16 Lectures)

4. Recent trends in pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. W.A. Ritschel, Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, Hamilton, Latest Edition.

2. J.G. Wagner, Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, Hamilton, Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Willam & Wilkins, U.S.A.

4. Shargel, L. and Yu, A., Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Appleton and Large, Norwalk,

Latest Edition.

5. M. Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Lea & Febiger, Latest Edition.

6. M. Gibaldi and D. Perrier, Pharmacokinetics, J. Swarbrick ed., Marcel Dekker, Latest Edition.

PHARM-8023: Clinical Pharmacy

3 hours/week

1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Dosage Regimens and Utilization of Drug Therapy 1.1 Basic pharmacokinetics: An introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics. Definition, basic considerations and its

applications. Drug concentration versus time profile, introduction to the concept of volume of distribution, half

life and clearance and their importance in clinical pharmacokinetics. (3 Lectures)

1.2 Elimination: Concept of clearance, hepatic clearance, renal clearance, dependence of elimination kinetics on

clearance and distribution. (2 Lectures)

1.3 Dosage Regimens:

1.3.1 An introduction to dosage regimens and the concept of response and concentration.

(1 Lecture)

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1.3.2. Multiple Dose Regimens: Drug accumulation, relationship between initial and maintenance doses,

maintenance of the drug in the therapeutic range, practical aspects of multiple dose administration, design

of dosage regimens from plasma concentrations.

(3 Lectures)

1.4. Individualization of therapy:

1.4.1 Variability: Reasons for variability, accounting for variability. (1 Lecture)

1.4.2 Influence of age and weight. (1 Lecture)

1.4.3 Disease State: Drug therapy in hepatic and renal disease. (2 Lectures)

1.4.4 Concentration monitoring- Target concentration strategy, target concentration, pertinent information,

evaluation procedures, dosing scenario. (2 Lectures)

1.4. 5 Therapeutic drug monitoring. (1 Lecture)

1.5 Clinical laboratory tests for liver and kidney function. (2 Lectures)

1.6 Drug Interactions:

1.6.1 Factors: Drug determinants, host determinants, multiple drug therapy; Clinical investigation of specific drug

interaction ; Prevention of drug interactions in general practice. (2 Lectures)

1.6.2 Methods of investigating drug interactions. (3 Lectures)

1.6.3 Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug interaction- Drug elimination, distribution and absorption. (3 Lectures)

2. Drug Information Services, Documentation and Counselling of Patients

2.1 Ambulatory patient care: Pharmacist's responsibility, proper use of medication, patient counselling, drug

utilization review, medication profiles, non-prescription drug usage, health education, new and expanded

dimensions, health care delivery systems.

(4 Lectures)

2.2 Patient compliance-Non compliance, factors associated with non compliance, improving compliance.

(3 Lectures)

3. Procurement and Distribution of Drugs in an Institution (Hospital Pharmacy)

Hospital: Definition of hospital pharmacy, organization, facilities provided, pharmacist's responsibility -

technical responsibilities (procurement, storage, dispensing, control, stock and inventory control,

manufacturing sterile products, investigational drugs, I.V. admixtures, radiopharmaceuticals, assay and quality

control, bioavailability), administrative and academic responsibilities.

(4 Lectures)

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4 . Intravenous Admixtures

Intravenous fluids - Packaging systems, administrative sets, administration procedures including volume

control method, piggyback method, patient controlled analgesia, final-filter devices, intravenous admixtures

- additives, parenteral incompatibility, total parenteral nutrition.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended :

1. Rowland M, Tozer TN. Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Concepts and Applications. Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Alwood MC, Fen JT. Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.

Latest Edition.

3. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams& Wilkins U.S.A. Latest Edition.

4. Klejin EV, Jonders JR. Clinical Pharmacy. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press. New York. Latest

Edition.

5. Herfindal ET, Gourley DR, Hart LL. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Williams and Wilkins, London. Latest Edition.

6. Lawson, Richards RME. Clinical Pharmacy and Hospital Drug Management. Chapmann and Hall, London.

Latest Edition.

PHARM-8034: Pharmacognosy-VI

3 hours/week 1. Raw material of plant drugs for phytopharmaceutical industry:

1.1. Procurement and supply channels of plant drug material: Through cultivation, contract farming, wild

collections, commercial market sources, traders and brokers.

(2 Lectures)

1.2 Authentication of plant drug material: Through comparison with reference samples, gross morphology

and diagnostic microscopic characters.

(3 Lectures)

1.3 Chemical standardization of plant drug material: Through marker analysis and fingerprint profiling.

(4 Lectures)

2. Extraction of plant material in the production of phytopharmaceuticals: Maceration, hot extraction, Soxhlet

extraction, continuous versus batch extraction and commercial versus laboratory scale extraction.

(4 Lectures)

3. Worldwide trade in medicinal plants.

3.1 SITC and HS coding; important consuming and source countries of the world.

(1 Lecture)

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3.2. Trade of medicinal plants and their products from India.

(2 Lectures)

3.3. Worldwide trade of Ginseng, Cinchona alkaloids (quinine & quinidine), Liquorice, Senna, Isabgol,

Dioscorea (diosgenin), tropane alkaloid containing plants.

(7 Lectures

4. Industrial production and utilization of following medicinal plants / phytoconstituents:

4.1 Poppy, Cinchona, Catharanthus, Ipecac and Colchicine.

(9 Lectures)

4.2. Aloes, Senna, Rutin, Isabgol, Catechu and Tea catechins.

(8 Lectures)

4.3. Utilization of plants as a source of raw material for the synthesis of steroidal drugs.

(2 Lectures)

5. Plant tissue culture: Brief introduction to the technique, culture medium and its constituents, plant tissues and

their sterilization, callus and suspension cultures, plant tissue culture techniques.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines - WHO Report, Geneva, 1991, Fitoterapia, LXIII,

105-110.

2. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Material, WHO/ Geneva 1998 or revision thereafter.

3. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Eds., CK Atal and B.M. Kapur, R.R.L., Jammu, 1982 and

Supplements thereof.

5. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Eds., C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, R.R.L., Jammu, 1982 and Supplements thereof.

6. Advances in Horticulture: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Volume-II, Eds. K.L. Chadha, Malhotra Publishing

House, New Delhi, 1995.

7. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture: Vol 1. 3rd Edn., Edwin F. George, Michael A. Hall, Geert-Jan De Klerk,

Springer, 2008.

PHARM-8111: Medicinal Chemistry Practical -IV

3 hours/week

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving more than two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised (selected examples).

3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.

4. Spectral Interpretation and stereo model use of some selected drugs.

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Books Recommended

1. L.G. Chatten, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest Edition).

2. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, The Athlone Press of the


PHARM-8122: Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy Practical

3 hours/week

Experiments illustrative of theory papers I (Pharmacokinetics & Biopharmaceutics) and (Clinical Pharmacy) such

as study of absorption mechanisms by everted sac technique, plasma/saliva level profiles in man/rabbit/rat and

pharmacokinetic analysis of data, pharmacokinetic simulations, in vitro drug release studies for assessment of

bioavailability potential, in vitro drug interaction studies, study problems/case studies esp. in Clinical Pharmacy.

PHARM-8133: Pharmacognosy Practical-VI

3 hours/week

1. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory viz. caffeine, quinine, piperine, rutin, diosgenin

and menthol.

2. Development of TLC fingerprint profiles.

3. Project report

******************

Published by : Prof. A.K. Bhandari, Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh

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bachelor of pharmacy (b. pharm.) - pharmainfo net€¦ · m: mathematics stream b: biology stream...

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