b7–further biology b7 –further...

QuestionWhat is the purpose of an internal skeleton?

B7 – Further Biology

Q1

Answer:The skeleton provides support for the body and allows it to move. It also provides protection for internal organs.

QuestionWhat are antagonistic muscle pairs? Why do muscles need to be antagonistic?


Q2

Answer:Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposite directions; when one muscle contracts the joint moves in one direction, when the other muscle contracts it moves in the other direction. Muscles can only pull on a bone, not push and this is why they usually come in pairs.

QuestionWhat is the difference between tendons and ligaments?


Q4

Answer:Tendons join muscles to bones, ligaments join bones to bones.

QuestionDescribe two ways of reducing friction in a joint.


Q3

Answer:Cartilage and synovial fluid.

QuestionWhat does being fit mean?


Q5

Answer:Fitness is a measure of how well you can do physical activities.

QuestionWhy do practitioners want to know your medical and lifestyle history before an exercise regime is started?


Q6

Answer:To enable them to develop the right exercise regime.

QuestionWhy is accuracy of equipment important when you are monitoring the progress of an exercise regime?


Q8

Answer:Accuracy means the results should be as close to what’s actually happening as possible. This means that the equipment used needs to be accurate.

QuestionWhat is BMI and how is it calculated?


Q7

Answer:Body mass index. It is based on your mass and height.BMI = body mass (kg)

height2 (M2)

QuestionHow would you expect heart rate and blood pressure to change during exercise?


Q9

Answer:They would both increase.

QuestionWhat is the recovery period and what can this tell us about fitness?


Q10

Answer:The recovery period is the time taken for blood pressure and heart rate to return to their resting levels after you stop exercising. The fitter you are, the shorter the recovery period.

QuestionWhat happens when you dislocate something?


Q12

Answer:A dislocation is when a bone comes out of its socket.

QuestionDescribe the symptoms of a sprain.


Q11

Answer:Symptoms are pain and swelling.

QuestionWhy could a torn ligament cause loss of control of the joint?


Q13

Answer:Ligaments join bones together, if the ligament is torn then the bones will not be attached firmly together anymore.

QuestionWhat is the treatment for a sprain?


Q14

Answer:If a sprain is not too severe it can be treated using the RICE method.RestIceCompressionElevation

QuestionWhy is ice recommended for treating injuries?


Q16

Answer:Ice helps to reduce swelling by reducing the temperature and blood flow to the area.

QuestionWhy should you elevate an injured limb?


Q15

Answer:It helps to reduce swelling by making it easier for blood to flow back to the heart.

QuestionWhat is the job of a physiotherapist?


Q17

Answer:They give treatment to reduce pain and swelling and therapies to speed up healing. They will also give advice on the best exercises to do to rehabilitate after an injury.

QuestionWhat are the four main components of blood and what are their functions?


Q18

Answer:1. Red blood cells – transport oxygen.2. Plasma – liquid that carries nutrients.3. White blood cells – help the body fight

infection.4. Platelets - involved in blood clotting.

QuestionWhat is meant by a double circulatory system?


Q20

Answer:There are two circuits joined together. One circuit links the heart and lungs. The other circuit links the heart with the rest of the body

QuestionDescribe two ways in which a red blood cell is adapted to its function.


Q19

Answer:• No nucleus so they can be packed full

of haemoglobin.• Contains haemoglobin that binds

oxygen.• Biconcave shape gives them a large

surface area for exchanging oxygen.

QuestionWhat is the function of valves in the heart?


Q21

Answer:They prevent the backflow of blood.

QuestionDescribe the thickness of the walls in the four chambers of the heart and explain the differences.


Q22

Answer:The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle as it pumps blood to the whole body; the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. The atria have thinner walls as they only pump blood to the ventricles.

QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?


Q24

Answer:Pulmonary artery.

QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that brings blood from the body to the right atrium?


Q23

Answer:Vena cava.

QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs?


Q25

Answer:Pulmonary vein.

QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that takes blood away from the left ventricle?


Q26

Answer:The aorta.

QuestionHow is tissue fluid formed?


Q28

Answer:As blood passes through capillary beds small molecules are forced out, this forms tissue fluid.

QuestionWhat is the function of coronary arteries?


Q27

Answer:They supply the heart with oxygen rich blood.

QuestionWhat is the function of tissue fluid?


Q29

Answer:It allows cells to get the substances that they need and get rid of waste without a capillary supplying every single cell.

QuestionWhat useful and waste substances are exchanged between cells and tissue fluid?


Q30

Answer:Useful: water, glucose and oxygen.Waste: carbon dioxide and urea.

QuestionWhat part of the brain detects the temperature of the blood?


Q32

Answer:Hypothalamus.

QuestionHow do substances move between cells and tissue fluid?


Q31

Answer:By diffusion.

QuestionWhy does the body need to keep the temperature constant at 37˚C?


Q33

Answer:37˚C is the optimum temperature for many important reactions that are controlled by enzymes.

QuestionWhat is meant by vasoconstriction and how does it alter body temperature?


Q34

Answer:Blood vessels close to the skin’s surface get smaller in diameter. This means that less blood gets to the surface of the skin and stops heat being lost to the surroundings.

QuestionWhy does sweating help to cool you down?


Q36

Answer:When the sweat evaporates heat is used, which cools the body.

QuestionWhat is meant by vasodilation and how does it alter body temperature?


Q35

Answer:Blood vessels close to the skin’s surface get bigger in diameter. This means that more blood gets to the surface of the skin and more heat is lost to the surroundings.

QuestionWhy do we shiver when we are cold?


Q37

Answer:When you shiver muscles contract rapidly. This increases the rate of respiration and warms the tissue surrounding the muscles.

QuestionName two things that the body needs to keep constant.


Q38

Answer:TemperatureBlood sugar levelsWater level

QuestionWhat is diabetes?


Q40

Answer:Diabetes is where blood sugar level can’t be controlled properly.

QuestionWhat is the function of insulin?


Q39

Answer:Insulin causes sugar to be removed from the blood.

QuestionWhat is the cause of type 1 diabetes and how is it controlled?


Q41

Answer:The pancreas stops producing insulin. It is controlled by injecting insulin into the blood at mealtimes.

QuestionWhat has gone wrong with the body in type 2 diabetes?


Q42

Answer:The body no longer responds to its own insulin or it doesn’t make enough insulin.

QuestionHow can type 2 diabetes be controlled?


Q44

Answer:By exercising and eating a carefully controlled diet.

QuestionWhat increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?


Q43

Answer:Having a poor diet and being obese.

QuestionWhat is a closed loop system?


Q45

Answer:All the outputs from processes or stores within the system are recycled.

QuestionWhat waste products are produced in natural ecosystems?


Q46

Answer:• Oxygen (produced during

photosynthesis).• Carbon dioxide (produced during

respiration). • Dead organic matter. • Mineral nutrients.• Reproductive structures e.g. pollen.

QuestionWhy are ecosystems not an example of a perfect closed loop system?


Q48

Answer:Some outputs are always lost e.g. dead organic matter and nutrients can be carried out of an organism by air or water. Some organisms migrate from one ecosystem to another.

QuestionWhat happens to the waste products formed in natural ecosystems?


Q47

Answer:They are recycled as food or reactants for other organisms in the system.

QuestionWhy is the production of lots of reproductive structures (such as pollen and sperm) not wasteful?


Q49

Answer:The ones that do not become adult organisms are recycled in the ecosystem (e.g. they are eaten).

QuestionHow does vegetation in rainforests prevent soil erosion?


Q50

Answer:Leaves help to protect soil from direct rainfall which can break soil up.Roots help bind the soil together.

QuestionWhy are human systems not closed loop systems?


Q52

Answer:Human systems create non-recyclable waste.Many human systems use fossil fuels (energy input from outside system, waste gases produced, fossil fuels can’t be made again within the system due to the time it takes them to form).

QuestionIn what ways do humans rely on ecosystems?


Q51

Answer:Clean air, water and food (e.g. fish/game). Fertile soil for producing crops. Pollination (important for crop production).

QuestionWhat is bioaccumulation? What are its effects?


Q53

Answer:Heavy metal waste/pesticides do not break down. They are eaten by small organisms that store the waste in their tissues. Lots of the small organisms are eaten by a larger organism, so as you go up the food chain the amount of waste increases. At high levels the waste may kill the organism.

QuestionDescribe the process of eutrophication.


Q54

Answer:• Nitrates from fertilised fields wash into

rivers/lakes.• Nitrates causes algae to grow (bloom).• Light prevented from reaching plants

below, they can’t photosynthesise and die.

• Bacteria decompose dead material and use up oxygen.

• Oxygen depleted in water, other animals e.g. fish die.

QuestionName two sustainable solutions to overfishing and overharvesting of trees.


Q56

Answer: Fishing quotas.Planting new trees to replace the ones cut down.

QuestionWhat is sustainability?


Q55

Answer:Meeting the needs of today’s population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs.

QuestionWhy can crude oil be described as ‘fossilised sunlight energy’?


Q57

Answer:The energy in fossil fuels came from the Sun millions of years ago.

QuestionWhy is sunlight a sustainable source of energy in natural ecosystems and sustainable agriculture?


Q58

Answer:It can’t be used up by human activities. The amount of sunlight reaching Earth in the future is not affected by how much we use in the present.

QuestionList five features that make bacteria ideal for industrial and genetic processes.


Q60

Answer:1. Reproduce rapidly.2. Have plasmids that can be genetically

modified.3. Simple biochemistry.4. Can make complex molecules that are

difficult to produce artificially.5. No ethical concerns.

QuestionSuggest a reason why humans might choose not to protect an ecosystem.


Q59

Answer:Conserving a natural ecosystem can conflict with community needs e.g. population growth means more people need to be fed which means food production needs to be increased but this could damage the ecosystem.

QuestionName one medicine that is produced on a large scale by microorganisms.


Q61

Answer:Penicillin is made by growing Penicillium mould (a fungus) in a fermenter.

QuestionGive two ways that microorganisms are involved in the production of food.


Q62

AnswerExamples could include:Quorn – produced from a protein made by fungi.Cheese – enzymes used in production e.g. chymosin can be produced using GM bacteria as a vegetarian substitute for rennet.

QuestionOutline the five stages involved in the genetic modification of a bacterial cell.


Q64

Answer:1. Gene is isolated.2. Useful gene replicated3. Gene is joined to a vector (e.g.

plasmid)4. Vectors transferred to bacteria.5. Select successfully modified cells.

QuestionWhat is genetic modification?


Q63

Answer:Where a gene from one organism is transferred to another.

QuestionName one advantage and one disadvantage of herbicide resistant crops.


Q65

Answer:Advantage: farmers can use effective weedkillers without damaging the crop.Disadvantage: • can be more expensive than normal

crops.• Can encourage the use of weedkillers

which could reduce biodiversity.• Some people are worried that genes

could transfer to wild plants.

QuestionWhat is a labelled gene probe?


Q66

Answer:A strand of DNA bases that are complementary to the ones that you are looking for. It is labelled with a fluorescent marker so that it can be detected.

QuestionWhat is nanotechnology? Give one example of how it can be used in the food industry.


Q68

Answer:Nanotechnology uses tiny structures that are the same size as some molecules. Example: Nanosilver in food packaging, this has antibacterial properties.

QuestionOutline the stages involved in genetic testing.


Q67

Answer:1. Take a DNA sample2. Make a gene probe3. Use the gene probe (add to DNA

sample and shine UV light onto it – the marker will show if the faulty gene is present and where it is found.

QuestionHow can stem cell technology be used to treat leukaemia?


Q69

Answer:Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant can be used as treatment. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can become specialised to form any type of blood cell.

QuestionHow is hoped that stem cell technology could be used to treat spinal cord injuries in the future?


Q70

Answer:By replacing damaged nerve tissue.

QuestionWhy do some people need replacement heart valves?


Q72

Answer:Leaking or damaged heart valves can make blood circulation inefficient.

QuestionWhat is biomedical engineering? Give an example of its use.


Q71

Answer:Biomedical engineering uses engineering technologies to improve human health.Examples: replacement body parts such as pacemakers and heart valves.

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