b2 gcse key recall questions b2 biology - st edmund's...
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2 Biology
Additional Science
Key Recall Questions
*Cover up the answers, ask yourself a question (or get your partner to ask you), if you get it
right then tick the chart, wrong put a cross. Keep practising until all columns are ticked!
B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.1_Cells and Simple cell transport
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What are the main parts of animal cells?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
2. Which parts of a cell are found in plant cells but not animal cells?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
3. What cell parts do plant and algal cells have in common?
Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
4. Which parts do bacterial cells contain? Cytoplasm, ribosomes, genes (that are not a distinct nucleus) and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
5. Which parts do yeast cells contain? Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall.
6. What is the function of a nucleus of a cell?
To control the activities of the cell and to store the genetic information.
7. If a cell has adapted to do a particular function, what is it said to be?
Specialised
8. What is the function of cytoplasm? To provide a place for most of the chemical reactions to take place.
9. What is the function of a cell membrane?
To control the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
10. What is the function of mitochondria? To provide a place for most of the energy in respiration to be released.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.1_Cells and simple cell transport
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where does protein synthesis in the cell happen?
Ribosomes
2. Which feature do plant and algal cells have which help them to strengthen their cells?
They have cell walls made of cellulose
3. What is the function of the chloroplasts in plants and algal cells?
They absorb light energy to make food (carry out photosynthesis)
4. What is found inside the permanent vacuole of plants and algal cells?
Cell sap
5. What is the difference between a plant and algae?
Algae is made up of single celled organisms (algal cells) plants are multicellular (lots of specialised plant cells working together)
6. What is important about the genetic information in a bacterial cell?
It is not inside a distinct nucleus.
7. How do dissolved substances move in and out of cells?
Through cell membranes by diffusion
8. Define diffusion Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of a gas or of any substances in solution from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
9. What will affect the rate of diffusion? The size of the concentration gradient (differences in concentration of the particles on each side of the membrane). The higher the gradient, the faster diffusion is.
10. Which important gas passes through cell membranes into cells?
Oxygen
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What does multicellular mean? An organism with a number of cells which work together to
carry out functions.
2. What is a tissue? A group of cells with similar structure and function which work together to carry out a particular function e.g. muscle
3. What is an organ? Different types of tissue which work together to carry out a function e.g. the heart.
4. What is an organ system? A group of organs all working together to carry out a particular function.
5. What is a differentiated cell? A cell which has specialised to carry out a particular function e.g. nerve cell (neurone)
6. What is the function of muscular tissue?
To contract and relax to bring about movement.
7. What is glandular tissue? A tissue which produces substances such as enzymes and hormones (e.g. ovary)
8. What is epithelial tissue? A tissue which covers some parts of the body (a sort of lining of the body)
9. Which 3 main tissues does the stomach contain?
Muscular tissue (to churn food), glandular tissue (to produce digestive juices) and epithelial tissue (to cover the outside and inside of the stomach)
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.2_Tissues, organs and organ systems/B2.3_Photosynthesis
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What are the 3 main organs of plants? Roots, stems and leaves
2. What tissue are plants covered in? Epidermal
3. Which tissue is responsible for carrying out most photosynthesis?
Mesophyll
4. Which tissue transports water around the plant?
Xylem
5. Which tissue transports sugars around the plant?
Phloem
6. What are the reactants needed for photosynthesis?
Water and Carbon dioxide
7. What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
8. Which type of energy is essential for photosynthesis to take place?
Light energy
9. Which organelle (part of a cell) carries out photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
10. What is the name of the green substance which captures light energy (and is found in chloroplasts) to enable photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.3_Photosynthesis/B2.4_organisms and their environment
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where does the water, required by plants, come from?
The soil
2. What three factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis?
Shortage of light, low temperatures and shortage of carbon dioxide
3. How is glucose used by plants and algae? (there are a number of ways)
It is converted to insoluble starch (for storage), used in respiration, used to produce fat, oil, cellulose (which strengthens cell walls) and proteins
4. What else do plants need to absorb from the soil to produce proteins?
Nitrate ions
5. Which six physical factors affect organisms?
Temperature, availability of nutrients, amount of light, availability of water, availability of oxygen and availability of carbon dioxide
6. Which two methods can be used to collect quantitative data on the distribution of organisms?
Random sampling using quadrats and sampling along a transect
7. Why should a large sample size be used when sampling data?
To make the results more valid (you can calculate a mean, identify anomalous results, look for patterns, etc)
8. What is another term for non-living factors?
Abiotic
9. What is another term for living factors? Biotic
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Which molecule are proteins made from?
Amino acids
2. What happens to the long chains formed by these molecules?
They are folded up into a specific shape
3. What do proteins act as? Structural components of tissues (e.g. muscles), hormones, antibodies and catalysts.
4. What do catalysts do? The increase the rate of chemical reactions
5. What are biological catalysts called? Enzymes
6. Which type of molecule are enzymes made from?
Proteins
7. What property of enzymes is vital for it’s function?
The shape of the enzyme molecule
8. What do high temperatures do to enzymes?
They change their shape (so the enzyme becomes denatured)
9. What other factor is important for enzymes to function correctly?
pH
10. Where do enzymes work? Inside and outside of cells
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where are digestive enzymes produced?
By specialised cells in glands and the lining of the gut.
2. What is the general function of digestive enzymes?
They breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules.
3. Where is the enzyme amylase produced?
In the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.
4. What does amylase do? It catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
5. Where is the enzyme protease produced?
In the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine.
6. What does protease do? It catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
7. Where is the enzyme lipase produced? In the pancreas and small intestine.
8. What does lipase do? It catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
9. Why does stomach protease work best in acid conditions?
Because the stomach produces hydrochloric acid.
10. Approximately what is the pH of the acid in the stomach?
2
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.5_Proteins
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where is ‘bile’ produced? The liver
2. What does bile do? It acts in the small intestine to neutralise the acid from the stomach.
3. Do enzymes in the small intestine prefer alkaline or acid conditions?
Alkaline (this is why the bile is added to neutralise the acid, it also makes the solution slightly alkaline)
4. Which sort of organisms produce enzymes which pass out of cells?
Microorganisms
5. How are microorganisms which secrete enzymes useful?
They have many uses in the home (e.g. biological detergents) and in industry (baby foods, slimming foods)
6. Which two enzymes are present in biological detergents (washing powders)?
Proteases and lipases
7. How does having enzymes in biological detergents help them to perform better?
They are more effective at low temperatures (high temperatures will denature the enzymes in them)
8. How are proteases used in industry? To pre-digest baby food (making it easier for babies to digest their food)
9. How are carbohydrases used in industry?
To convert starch into sugar syrup
10. How is isomerase used in industry? To convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter, and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods.
11. What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?
They can bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures that would otherwise be expensive and energy demanding.
12. What is the disadvantage of using enzymes in industry?
Enzymes are denatured at high temperatures and expensive to produce.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What are chemical reactions inside the body controlled by?
Enzymes
2. What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
3. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water (and energy)
4. Where, in the cell, do most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria
5. How is energy produced by respiration used by ALL organisms?
To build larger molecules from smaller ones
6. How is energy produced by respiration used by mammals?
To enable muscles to contract
7. How is energy produced by respiration used by animals and birds?
To maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings
8. How is energy produced by respiration used by plants?
To build up sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then used to make proteins
9. What are the two main ways the body responds during exercise?
Increased heart rate and rate and depth of breathing increases
10. Why does the body respond to exercise in this way?
To increase blood flow to muscles, so increase glucose and oxygen supply to them (increasing rate of respiration so more energy is produced) and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.6_Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Which substance do muscles store glucose as?
Glycogen
2. What happens to the stored glucose in muscles during exercise?
Converts glycogen to glucose
3. Why do muscles carry out anaerobic respiration?
If too little oxygen is reaching them during exercise
4. How does the breakdown of glucose differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose
5. What is the product of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid
6. How does the amount of energy produced differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Less is produced in anaerobic
7. How is the oxygen debt produced by anaerobic respiration repaid?
Lactic acid is oxidized (using oxygen) to carbon dioxide and water
8. Why do muscles become fatigued? If they are subjected to long periods of vigorous activity
9. What does ‘fatigued’mean? Muscles stop contracting efficiently
10. What is one of the causes of muscle fatigue?
The build up of lactic acid
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question Answer 1. How are chromosomes normally arranged in body cells?
In pairs
2. What is the name of the type of cell division seen in body cells?
Mitosis
3. What do chromosomes contain? Genetic information
4. What first happens to the genetic material when a body cell divides?
It is copied
5. How many times does a body cell divide?
Once
6. How does the genetic information of a new cell, produced by a body cell dividing, compare with the original cell?
They are identical
7. How many sets of chromosomes does a human body cell have?
Two
8. How many sets of chromosomes do sex cells have?
One
9. What is another name for ‘sex cells’? Gametes
10. What are the human reproductive organs which produce gametes called?
Testes (male) and ovaries (female)
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What is the name of the type of cell division that produces gametes?
Meiosis
2. What first happens to the genetic material when a cell divides to form gametes?
Copies of the genetic material are made.
3. How many divisions does an original cell go through to produce sex cells?
Two
4. How many gametes are formed after one original cell divides?
Four
5. How many sets of chromosomes do these gametes contain?
one
6. How does the genetic information of gametes compare to the original cell?
They have half of the information
7. What happens at fertilisation? Gametes join to form a single body cell with a new pair of chromosomes.
8. What type of cell division happens once and egg has been fertilised?
Mitosis
9. When do animal cells differentiate compared to plant cells?
Animal cells differentiate at early stages, whereas many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.
10. Why do mature animal cells divide? To repair and replace old cells
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where do human stem cells come from?
Embryos and adult bone marrow
2. What can human stem cells have the ability to do?
Develop into any type of human cell
3. What sort of conditions is it hoped that stem cells will be able to treat?
Paralysis, other nerve/brain conditions
4. What is asexual reproduction? Reproduction without the need for fertilisation (mitosis from a single cell)
5. What do you call the cells produced by asexual reproduction?
Clones
6. How does the genetic information in a cell produced by asexual reproduction compare to the original cell?
They are identical.
7. How does sexual reproduction give rise to variation?
Because when gametes fuse, one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent.
8. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human body cell?
23
9. What are the female sex chromosomes called?
XX
10. What are the male sex chromosomes called?
XY
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
B2.7_Cell division and Inheritance
Key Recall Question Answer 1. How are inherited characteristics controlled?
Some are controlled by a single gene, others are controlled by a number of genes.
2. What is an allele? A different form of a gene
3. What is a dominant allele? An allele which controls a characteristic when it is present on only one of the chromosomes in the pair.
4. What is a recessive allele? An allele which controls the development of characteristics only if the dominant allele is not present.
5. Which molecule are chromosomes made from and what is its structure like?
Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) which has a double helix structure.
6. What is a gene? A small section of DNA
7. What does a gene contain? The genetic code for a particular sequence of amino acids which makes a specific protein.
8. How does DNA fingerprinting work? Each person has a unique DNA which can be used to identify individuals.
9. What are genetic disorders? Disorders which are inherited due to mutations in genes.
10. What is ‘polydactyly’? When a person is born with extra digits (fingers and/or toes).
11. How is polydactyly inherited? It is caused by a dominant allele and can be passed on by only one parent who has the disorder.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.7_Cell division and inheritance
Key Recall Question Answer 1. What is cystic fibrosis? A disorder of cell membranes which makes patients produce
more mucus (particularly in lungs) than normal.
2. How is cystic fibrosis inherited? It is a recessive disorder so both parents must be carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele.
3. What does a ‘carrier’ mean? Someone who has the allele for a disorder but does not have the disorder themselves. Carriers can only be present in inherited disorders which are recessive.
4. How can you carry out screening for these disorders?
You can screen embryos for the alleles of genetic disorders.
5. What ideas did Mendel propose and why was this discovery not recognised until after his death?
He suggested that ‘factors’ were inherited, scientists did not know about genes at the time so did not know what these ‘factors’ were.
6. Which organism did Mendel carry out most of his research on?
He looked at pea plants (height, colour of peas and shape of peas)
7. What is a monohybrid cross? A cross (joining of gametes) between organisms which looks at only one allele at a time.
8. What does homozygous and heterozygous mean?
Homozygous means both alleles which code for a particular protein are the same (bb or BB), heterozygous means alleles are different (Bb).
9. What does genotype mean? A description of the alleles present. e.g. Bb
10. What does phenotype mean? A description of the observed characteristic e.g. brown hair.
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B2 GCSE Key Recall Questions
2.8_Speciation
Key Recall Question Answer 1. Where does evidence for early forms of life come from?
Fossils
2. Why are scientists not certain about how life began on Earth?
Because early forms of life did not leave much fossil evidence, they did not have bones and may have been disrupted by the Earth’s natural movements.
3. What is a fossil? The ‘remains’ of organisms from many years ago, found in rocks.
4. What are the four ways which fossils are formed?
1. From the hard parts of animals that do not decay easily. 2. From parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent e.g. oxygen. 3. What parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay. 4. As preserved traces of organisms e.g. footprints, burrows and rootlet traces.
5. What can we learn from fossils? How much or little organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.
6. How might extinction be caused? By changes to the environment, new predators, new diseases, new and more successful competitors, a single catastrophic event e.g. volcano or the cyclical nature of speciation. (natural selection)
7. How do new species arise? They are isolated (two populations become separated), these populations have genetic variation, natural selection takes place (genetic differences or variation, leads to better survival, increased chance of breeding, more offspring with the variation) and speciation occurs (populations are now so different they cannot breed together)
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