Exemplar end-of-year exam: Paper 2SECTION A

Question 11.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.

Write the answer (A–D) next to the question number (1.1.1–1.1.10).1.1.1 The … indicates a condition where the quantity of a product required by consumers

is exactly equal to the quantity that producers wish to sell.A market nicheB market equilibriumC market penetrationD market value (2)

1.1.2 The main reason why some agricultural products are cooled during the distribution process to various market outlets is to …A reduce their weight for easier transport.B reduce their volume for easier transport.C improve their taste for the consumer.D prevent them from perishing. (2)

1.1.3 Which one of the following factors would influence the supply as well as the demand for a product?A The possibility of increasing the supply of productsB The range of products availableC The price of the productsD The attitude and values of consumers (2)

1.1.4 The process that describes the changes to primary agricultural products at an industrial plant to increase their value is called …A processing.B a marketing chain.C distribution.D preservation. (2)

1.1.5 One of the characteristics of land, which is the reason for it being regarded as a safe investment, is its …A susceptibility to the law of diminishing returns.B variation in production potential.C restrictedness.D durability. (2)

1.1.6 A primary natural resource utilised in agricultural production is …A labour.B soil.C capital.D diesel fuel. (2)

1.1.7 A farmer can decrease the effect of the risk factors that will influence the form of income by … capital items.A pawning B repairing C insuring

D selling (2)1.1.8 The quality of labour can best be described and measured as …

A the satisfaction of the workers.B the willingness of the workers.C the size of the labour squad.D effective management. (2)

1.1.9 … cause an individual to die or become badly deformed.A PolygenesB Recessive genesC Lethal genesD Dominant genes (2)

1.1.10 … is one of the internal causes of variation.A ClimateB TopographyC Light intensityD Mutation (2)

[20]1.2 Choose a description from Column A that matches a concept/phrase in Column B. Write only the

letter (A–J) next to the question number (1.2.1–1.2.5).

Column A Column B1.2.1 Comprehensive activity involving the combination and co-ordination of

human, physical and financial resourcesA Depreciation

B Line breeding

1.2.2 The loss or decline in value of assets such as vehicles, machinery, and so on caused by age, wear and tear

C Selection

D Management

1.2.3 Inferior cows are mated with a pure-bred Friesland bull to increase milk production

E Species crossing

F Supervision

1.2.4 A process in breeding by which certain individuals in a population are chosen for the production of the next generation

G Motivation

H Decision-making

1.2.5 A stallion is mated with a jenny (female donkey) resulting in infertile offspring

I Control

J Upgrading

[10]1.3 Give ONE word/term/phrase for each of the following descriptions. Write

only the word/term/phrase next to the question number (1.3.1–1.3.5).1.3.1 A source of capital resulting from farming profits that have been allowed to accumulate in a

bank (2)1.3.2 An autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their social, economic and

cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise (2)

1.3.3 The expression whereby one gene is controlled by another gene (2)1.3.4 A current is passed through a solution, carrying cells of the recipient plants,

which allows the desired genes to enter these cells and be incorporated into the DNA to form a transgenic plant (2)

1.3.5 A technique of changing the characteristics of an organism by inserting genes of another organism into its DNA (2)

[10]

1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statementsto make them TRUE. Write the appropriate word(s) next to the question

number (1.4.1–1.4.5).1.4.1 Market gathering refers to the collection of information about consumers

as well as the existing competition. (1)1.4.2 Packaging of perishable agricultural produce is best achieved through

controlled environment. (1)1.4.3 Restitution is aimed at improving the security of tenure of people occupying

rural and per-urban land. (1)1.4.4 A large increase in the growth and productivity of the offspring produced by crossing

genetically different parents is known as homeostasis. (1)1.4.5 A farm engineer spends most of his or her time on planning, motivating, administration,

marketing and supervisory tasks. (1) [5]

Total Section A: 45 marks

SECTION B

Question 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT2.1 The income statements of two farmers (Farmer A and Farmer B) are shown

in the table below:Farmer A Farmer B

Farm income R Farm income RBeef sale 100 000 Beef sale 120 000Maize 80 000 Maize 60 000Lucerne 60 000 LucerneTOTAL INCOME 240 000 TOTAL INCOME 180 000FARM EXPENDITURE FARM EXPENDITUREElectricity and water 8 000 Electricity and water 16 000Marketing costs 16 000 Marketing costs 8 000Fertiliser 14 000 Fertiliser 2 000Seed 18 000 Seed 21 000Livestock purchased 20 000 Livestock purchased 6 000Herbicides 2 000 Herbicides 32 000Labour 19 000 Labour 26 000Transport 21 000 Transport 25 000TOTAL EXPENDITURES 118 000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES 136 000Profit/Loss Profit/LossNET CASH INCOME NET CASH INCOME

2.1.1 Indicate the farmer (Farmer A or Farmer B) who is more successful in terms of the net cash income. Show ALL the necessary calculations to support your answer. (5)

2.1.2 Identify the TWO major expense items in the business of Farmer B. (2)2.1.3 Recommend an action that the farmer could take to make the business more profitable

for each expense item identified in Question 2.1.2. (4)2.2 The table on the next page indicates the number of bags of pumpkins that

were sold at different prices at a local market per week:Price

(R/bag)Number(bags)

R5 200R10 150R12 140R20 120R25 100

R30 50

2.2.1 Name a factor that determines the establishment of a price for pumpkins. (1)2.2.2 Use the data in the table above to draw a line graph to represent the number

of bags of pumpkins and price per week. (6)2.2.3 Deduce from the line graph when the greatest number of bags of pumpkins

were bought. Give ONE reason to support your answer. (2)2.3 A group of emerging bee-keepers started a project that is relatively new in

their community. To ensure that their product is marketed effectively, they had to develop a market strategy. Briefly discuss marketing strategy under the following headings:

● Product (3)

● Placement. (2)

2.4 The graph below shows supply and demand for an agricultural food product over two periods (before the 2010 Soccer World Cup and thereafter).

2.4.1 Indicate the effect of demand on the equilibrium price in the graph above. (2)2.4.2 Discuss why the demand for an agricultural food product stays high even if

the prices increase rapidly because of external factors. (2)2.4.3 Explain the possible effect of a quota system on the supply of an agricultural

food product to prevent over-production. (2)2.5 The rains in January 2011 caused major flood damage to the long-term crops

and cash crops lower down the Orange River. Proper flood management is essential to prevent damage in future.Suggest FOUR steps that farmers must take to reduce the impact of natural disasters on their farming enterprises. (4)

[35]Question 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT3.1 Record-keeping in a farming situation is just as important as planning.

Examples include physical and financial records that reflect the farm assets and finances. Examples of farm assets are listed below:

tractor; borehole fitted with a windmill; fertiliser bags;pesticides; farm shed; bakkie (farm van); diesel; bags of maize seed

3.1.1 Tabulate the farm assets listed above under the following headings:

● Fixed assets (2)

● Movable assets. (2)

3.1.2 When large capital investments are made in a farming operation, the capital would normally be borrowed from external sources. Suggest THREE examples of such sources. (3)

3.1.3 Describe the term net worth of a farming business as reflected by financial records. (3)

3.2 State THREE functions of land as a factor in agricultural production. (3)3.3 The following represent the approaches to management of Farmer A and

Farmer B:

Farmer A: “I like to have a neat farming operation and am prepared to invest in the neatness of my farming operation. All my fences and gates are in excellent condition and I spend a lot of time improving my farm roads and watering facilities. I recently erected new homes for my farm workers and am proud to say that they have electricity and water.”

Farmer B: “I work on a cash basis and will not borrow money to pay for any improvements on my farm. I try to save money by using second-hand parts and scrap metal parts lying on my farm. I always try to use the cheapest possible means to complete a task. My farm workers had to build their own homes from materials on the farm, again saving me money.”

3.3.1 Briefly describe the management approaches of Farmer A and Farmer B above. (2)

3.3.2 Identify the farmer that would have the most motivated workforce. Give a reason to support your answer. (2)

3.4 The illustration below indicates how production factors are co-ordinated for effective agricultural production.

3.4.1 Identify the letters (A–F) that represent each of the following:a) Farm manager (1)

b) Farm labourer (1)c) Movable capital (1)d) Fixed capital (1)e) A production factor subjected to the law of diminishing returns (1)

3.4.2 Identify the main management principle that is reflected in the picture above.Give a reason to support your answer. (2)

3.4.3 Identify TWO entrepreneurial skills that are visible in the picture above, which represent the combination of production factors in a farming operation. (2)

3.4.4 Identify the person or party that will reap the largest benefits from the increase in turnover in the farming operation. (1)

3.5 Refer to the diagrams and text on the next page.

Write down the letter (A–E) that represents the person who will be the MOST appropriate for each of the following farms tasks:

3.5.1 Weaning calves (1)3.5.2 Delivering milk in an urban area close to the farm using a trailer (1)3.5.3 Cultivating land with an old tractor that has been scrapped from the road (1)3.5.4 Maintaining milking equipment in a hygienic condition (1)3.5.5 Change the pipes to irrigate the lucerne field. (1)3.6 Labour legislation impacts on farm workers.3.6.1 Briefly describe the basic implication of each of the following Labour Acts

on farm workers:a) Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (1)b) Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 (1)

3.6.2 Name the appropriate legislation (Act) that applies to employees and employers who are injured, disabled or killed because of an accident at a workplace. (1)

[35]Question 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS4.1 In some horse breeds, black coat colour (B) is dominant over white (b).

A white mare mated twice with the same black stallion. She produced a white foal on the first occasion and a black foal on the second occasion. In the

diagram on the next page, the F1 generation shows the different possibilities of the offspring.

Black stallion White mareX

White foal Black foal

4.1.1 Use the letters B and b, as indicated above, to write down the genotype of the following horses involved in the above crossing:a) White mare (1)b) Black stallion (1)c) White foal (1)d) Black foal (1)

4.1.2 Indicate the percentage of the F1 generation that has the heterozygotic characteristic for a black coat. (2)

4.2 Read the extract below and then answer the questions that follow:Genetically modified maize

A recent development in the improvement of maize is the genetic modification thereof to make it resistant to the pest called maize stalk borer. A soil bacterium, called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), naturally makes a toxin (poison) that kills the maize stalk borer. Genetic engineering techniques are used to transfer the Bt toxin gene from the bacteria into the DNA of maize plants.

4.2.1 Briefly explain the technique of using this bacterium to modify maize plants genetically. (4)

4.2.2 Identify THREE potential benefits of the GM crop. (3)4.2.3 Explain the possibility of GM crops having a negative effect on the

environment. (2)4.3 The illustration below is on reproductive cloning:

4.3.1 Cloning is one of the asexual breeding methods. Motivate this statement. (2)4.3.2 Use the illustration on the previous page to describe how the process of reproductive

cloning takes place. (4)4.3.3 Cloning is important to farmers. Support this statement. (2)4.4 Breeding livestock involves selection that is used to produce specific breeds

with desired characteristics. Name TWO desirable characteristics that a livestock breeder will look for when selecting livestock for breeding. (2)

4.5 Read the extract below and then answer the questions that follow:

Didekile Mfengu of Wesleyville in the Peddie area reported that his father liked Brahman cattle because they produce good, heavy, early weaners. The Nguni-type traditional Xhosa breed is too small and does not grow as fast as the Brahmans when they are kept in feedlots. Brahman cattle are taller and can bring in the height and weight that the Xhosa cattle do not have. The old and sick, deformed and non-fertile cows are sold to communities to be slaughtered for traditional ceremonies. By 2005 he was mating all his Nguni-type Xhosa cows with Brahman bulls that were bought from commercial farmers and stud breeders. Richmond Nosenge (extension officer) noted that by breeding with hardy disease-resistant Brahmans, they could increase the size of the traditional cattle without losing their adaptability to the Eastern Cape environment.

Source: Adapted from Farmer’s Weekly, 4 February 2011

4.5.1 Identify the most suitable animal breeding system applied by Didekile Mfengu on his farm. Substantiate your answer. (3)

4.5.2 State THREE advantages of the system mentioned in Question 4.5.1 above. (3)

4.5.3 The Brahman breed is regarded as superior to the Nguni breed. Motivate by giving THREE reasons. (3)

4.5.4 Name ONE traditional value of the cattle amongst the Xhosa community. (1) [35]

Total Section B: 105 marksTotal: 150 marks