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225© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016K. Ip, Egalitarianism and Global Justice, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51407-3

INDEX

A ability-to-pay principle , 172, 175–6 agency condition , 162 agents (agency)

of coercion , 95, 102 n 47 demandingness problem for ,

176–84 individuals as , 166 intergovernmental organizations as ,

164 of justice , 161–3 non-governmental organizations as ,

164–5 political , 108–9 private-sector fi rms as , 165–6 states as , 163–4 types of duties for , 166–72

allocative justice , 107, 108 Altman, Andrew , 6 Anderson, Elizabeth , 11 n 3

on political coercion , 90 relational egalitarianism of , 6, 24, 53

arbitrary power , 27 assistance, duties of , 172, 183

autonomy coercion valuable for , 106 coercion vs . , 81 political , 109–10 social cooperation and , 122

B Barry, Brian , 4, 131 basic collective goods , 111–13

access to , 114–16 basic needs , 71–4, 153–4 n 4

deprivation of , 167 basic structures , 19–20

global , 45 n 8 Becker, Lawrence C. , 126–7 n 34 Beitz, Charles R.

on democratic government , 59 Freeman on , 105 on global economic

interdependence , 5, 13 n 20 on global inequality and self-respect ,

55 benefi t-from-injustice principle , 172–5

Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to endnotes.

226 INDEX

benefi ts of global economic integration, fair access to , 65–71

biofuels , 167 Blake, Michael

on political coercion , 7, 79–81, 87, 90

on principles of justice , 98 n 5 on relative and absolute deprivation ,

2–3 statism of , 191 on vertical and horizontal coercion ,

95–6 borders between nations , 86–8 Brock, Gillian , 6, 68–70 burdens, distribution of , 172–6

C Caney, Simon

on allocative justice , 107 on burdens of climate change ,

186–7 n 39 on equality of opportunity , 4 on metric problem , 135, 137–8

capacity of interference , 27 causal-responsibility principle , 172–3 Cavallero, Eric , 100 n 30 charities , 194 children

parental power over , 51 n 82 respiratory distress syndrome in , 72 special obligations to , 182

China, migrant workers in , 76 n 22, 119–20

citizenship (citizens) bounded, equality and , 42–3 coercion and , 89–91 cooperation among , 105–6 equal political liberties essential for ,

54 as privilege , 4 special duties among , 123–4

civil liberties , 101–2 n 42 coercion

in arguments against global egalitarianism , 7

democratic citizenship and , 89–91 egalitarian subjection and , 91–4 justifi cation of , 79–81 legal and political immediacy in ,

94–5 modern states and , 82–6 political, with distributive

consequences , 86–9 vertical and horizontal , 95–8

collective goods , 111–13 access to , 114–16

collective responsibility . See national responsibility

colonialism , 149 contributions , 111–13 cooperation

among citizens , 105–6 in arguments against global

egalitarianism , 7 egalitarian justice and , 106–10 fair chance to benefi t from , 37–9 fair terms of , 33–34 global economic cooperation , 66–7 reciprocity and , 110 values of , 122–4

cooperative practice model , 145–8 cosmopolitan citizenship , 43 cosmopolitanism , 191, 192 cultural diversity , 131–2 cultures, egalitarian justice and , 133–9

D decent opportunities , 68 demandingness, problem of , 176–7

absolute well-being level in , 180–81 comparative demands in , 178–9 factual status quo in , 177–8

INDEX 227

proportionality and , 179–80 special obligations and , 181–2

deprivation , 57–8, 192 duty to protect against , 169

deprived, duty to aid , 171 disability rights movement , 118–19 disabled persons , 113 Discovery Labs (fi rm) , 72 discrimination, in employment , 65 dissenters, like-minded group model

applied to , 143–4 distribution

coercion and , 87 patterns of , 53–4

distributive egalitarianism , 54 coercion and , 79, 82, 87 global nature of , 88 Sangiovanni on , 110–11

distributive justice , 2, 107, 108 coercion and , 80

domination , 28–32, 49 n 53 equal freedom from , 56–9 exploitation distinguished from , 35

due care, duty of , 167–9, 182 duty . See responsibility Dworkin, Ronald , 81

E economic activities , 70 economic facilities , 10 n 1 egalitarian entitlements , 91–4 egalitarianism

defi ned , 2–3 global , 6 welfare state and , 120–2

egalitarian justice , 2 Freeman on obligations of , 111 in involuntary associations , 92 limited to bounds of political

community , 79 Miller’s rejection of , 131

national cultures and , 133–9 relational , 53–4 restricting , 6–7 Sangiovanni on , 116–22 scope of , 74, 80 social cooperation and , 106–10 special relations of reciprocity and ,

123 state-based reciprocity and , 114, 116 See also justice

egalitarian obligations , 116–18, 122 employment

discrimination in , 65 gender inequality in , 68–9

ends, shared , 17–18 equality

basic needs and , 71–4 bounded citizenship and , 42–3 defi nitions of , 3 global context of , 24–39 in human relationships , 43–4 justifi cation for coercion and , 79–81 non-domination and relations of ,

27–33 only existing within voluntary

associations , 79–80 of opportunity , 64–71, 137 relational egalitarianism on , 53–4 relations of , 25–6 tied to comparisons of standing ,

41–2 equalizing policy measures , 78 n 51 exploitation , 192

in pharmaceutical clinical trials , 72 preventing , 59–64 transnational , 34–7

F Fabre, Cecile , 4 fairness, transnational exploitation and ,

34–7

228 INDEX

family cooperative practice model applied

to , 147 special obligations to , 181–2

foreign direct investment (FDI) , 21, 70

foreigners , 23 Freedom House , 101–2 n 42 Freeman, Samuel , 7, 105–11

G gender inequality , 68–9 Gilabert, Pablo , 4–5 Gini index , 1 global basic structures , 19, 45 n 8 global cooperation , 108–9 global distributive justice

alternatives to , 6–8 egalitarian accounts of , 4–6 equality of opportunity in , 64–5

global economic integration, fair access to benefi ts of , 65–71

global egalitarianism , 2, 6 critiques of , 6–8 dynamic problem of , 139 Freeman’s arguments against ,

106–10 nationalist objections to , 129 national self-determination and ,

151–3 global equality , 15

global justice distinguished from , 130

literature on , 3–8 of opportunity , 65–71

global inequality, self-respect and , 54–6

global interdependence , 22–4 globalization , 70

of production , 21–2 global justice

feasibility of , 193–6 Miller on duties of , 130 in non-ideal circumstances , 189–92 relational perspective on , 5 responsibility for , 160 types of duties for , 166–72

global public domain , 22–4 global value chains (GVCs) , 21 Goodin, Robert E. , 191

H history, responsibility for , 148–50 horizontal coercion , 95–8 Human Development Indicators

(HDI) , 138 human relationships , 16–18

of equality , 25–6, 43–4 transnational , 18–24

human rights , 50 n 73 minimalist view of , 132–3 political coercion and , 87

Hume, David , 23

I ideal theorizing , 190–2 identifi able victims , 194–5 immediacy , 94–5 immigration policies , 87, 88 imperialism , 26 inclusion problem , 39–41 income inequality, socio-economic

inequality distinguished from , 10 n 1

individuals, as agents of justice , 166 inequality

Miller on , 130 self-respect and , 54–6

institutions, shared , 17, 19–20 instrumental egalitarianism , 49 n 56 intellectual property , 29–30

INDEX 229

Intellectual Property Committee (IPC) , 30, 48 n 49

interactions, in human relationships , 17

interdependence , 17–18 global , 22–4

intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) , 164

internationalism , 125 n 4 international law

on intellectual property , 30 state sovereignty under , 21

International Monetary Fund (IMF) , 20, 21, 29, 46 n 17, 96

international property regime , 86 international trade , 20, 70 involuntary associations , 92–4

cooperative practice model applied to , 147–8

involuntary subjection , 91–4

J justice

agents of , 161–3 comparative demands for , 178–9 cultural diversity and , 131–2 demandingness problem and ,

176–7 distributive , 23 egalitarian , 118–22 in involuntary associations , 92 morality distinguished from ,

186 n 53 political coercion and , 79–80 social cooperation and , 106–10 status quo and , 177–78 See also See also egalitarian justice

K Korsgaard, Christine , 18

L Laborde, Cecile , 32–3 labor rights , 194 Lakner, Christoph , 1 laws

coercion to enforce , 82, 87, 100 n 28 international property regime and ,

86 political immediacy and , 94–5

libertarian states , 115–16 life chances , 122–3 like-minded group model , 142–5 Locke, John , 51 n 82 luck egalitarianism , 2

alternatives to , 6

M Maitland, Ian , 76 n 16 marriages , 16 Marxism , 34 May, Larry , 156 n 51 metric problem , 133–7

in transnational comparisons of opportunities , 137–9

migrant workers , 92, 96 Chinese , 76 n 22, 119–20, 189

migrations , 55, 88 Milanovic, Brankco , 1 Miller, David , 42

on basic human needs , 153–4 n 4 cooperative practice model by , 145–8 on distributive justice within

nation-state , 155 n 27 on duties of global justice , 130 like-minded group model by , 142–5 on metric problem , 133–7 nationalist objections to global

egalitarianism by , 129 on national responsibility , 139–42 on perverse incentive problem ,

150–2

230 INDEX

on property values , 155 n 23 on reasonable rejection test , 131–3 on relative worth , 156 n 40 on Scanlonian test , 154 n 11

minimal universalism , 132–3 Moellendorf, Darrel , 5 morality, justice distinguished from ,

186 n 53 Murphy, Liam , 186 n 38 mutually advantageous exploitation ,

60–1

N Nagel, Thomas

on basic needs , 12 n 13 on immigration policies , 87,

102 n 52 on limits to justice , 79–81 on political coercion , 7 on principles of justice , 14n30 on states as involuntary associations ,

102 n 50 Ypi on , 191

Nath, Rekha , 6 national cultures , 133–4 nationalism , 129 nationality , 129–31 national past , 148–50 national responsibility , 139–42

cooperative practice model of , 145–8

like-minded group model of , 142–5 for past , 148–50 perverse incentive problem and ,

150–1 national self-determination , 151–3 nations

borders between , 86–8 citizenship as privilege in , 4 coercion and , 82–9

cooperative practice model applied to , 146

economic activities on scale of , 70 egalitarianism with context of , 7–8 interactions across borders , 21–2 like-minded group model applied

to , 143–4 metrics for egalitarian justice and ,

133–9 national responsibility and , 139 nation-states distinguished from ,

129 ratings of political rights in ,

101–2 n 42 responsibility for past of , 148–50 self-determination of , 151–3 transnational relations across , 18–24 See also See also states

nation-states , 129 Native Americans , 149 non-domination relations , 27–33

global , 57–8, 73 non-exploitation, principle of , 62, 73 non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) , 164–5 normative choice condition , 162 Nussbaum, Martha C. , 6

O O’Neill, Onora , 159, 161 opportunities

equalizing , 64–71 metric problem for , 134–7 transnational comparisons of , 137–9

outcome responsibility , 184 n 2

P parents

power over children of , 51n82 special obligations to children of , 182

Miller, David (cont.)

INDEX 231

Parfi t, Derek , 25 past, responsibility for , 148–50 patriarchal marriage , 16 Pettit Philip , 27 pharmaceutical transnational

corporations , 72, 167 “Phone Story” (iPhone game) , 194 physical force

in coercion , 83, 99 n 20 state monopoly on , 81 used by states , 85–6

pluralist internationalism , 80 Pogge, Thomas W. , 14 n 27, 105, 160,

197 n 16 political agency , 108–9 political autonomy , 109–10 political coercion , 7

citizenship and , 89–91 distributive consequences of , 86–9 immediacy of , 94–5 See also coercion

political cooperation , 108 values of , 122–4

political justice , 2 political liberties , 54 political power , 84, 99 n 24 political rights , 101–2 n 42 pollution , 22 poverty

basic needs and , 71–4 Beitz on , 55 condemnations of , 192 urgency of duties tied to , 80

private-sector fi rms , 165–6 procedural obstacles to benefi ts , 38 property rights , 86 property values , 155 n 23 protection, duty of , 169–70, 183

R racism, 92, 144–5

Rawls, John , 5, 110 on basic structures , 19 on distributive justice , 23 on equality of opportunity , 65 Freeman on , 7, 105–7 on ideal and non-ideal theory ,

189–90, 196 n 5 on law and coercion , 81 on relational equality , 42–3 on scarcity and justice , 187 n 47 on self-respect , 25 on social and economic inequality ,

125 n 7 on state as involuntary association ,

91 reciprocity

access to , 114–16 contributions, collective goods and ,

110–13 egalitarian obligations and , 116–18 in welfare state , 120–2

reciprocity-based internationalism (RBI) , 125 n 4, 126 n 25

redistributive policy measures , 78 n 51 redress, duties of , 170–2, 183, 186 n 25 relational egalitarianism , 6, 15, 53–4 relational equality , 1, 15

basic needs and , 71–4 global context of , 24–39

relational perspective defenses of , 39–43 global context from , 16–24 on global justice , 5

relationships . See human relationships respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) , 72 responsibility , 159–61

bearers of , 161–3 demandingness problem and ,

176–84 individuals as bearers of , 166 intergovernmental organizations as

bearers of , 164

232 INDEX

non-governmental organizations as bearers of , 164–5

private fi rms as bearers of , 165–6 special obligations , 195–6, 198 n 25 states as bearers of , 163–4 types of , 166–72 See also national responsibility

Risse, Mathias , 7, 79, 80 Rodrik, Dani , 157 n 68 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques , 26, 28, 54,

189

S Sangiovanni, Andrea , 76 n 22, 127 n 42,

127 n 46 argument from cooperation of , 7,

110–20 on egalitarianism within states ,

197 n 12 on luck egalitarianism , 105–6,

127 n 41 on reciprocity-based

internationalism , 125 n 4, 126 n 25

Scanlonian test , 154 n 11 Scanlon, Thomas M. , 26, 29 Scheffl er, Samuel , 6, 11 n 3, 24, 178 self-respect , 25–6, 47 n 30

global inequality and , 54–6 Sen, Amartya , 190 sexism , 92 Shapiro, Ian , 75 n 12 shared institutions , 17, 19–20 Shue, Henry , 171, 186 n 25, 192,

197 n 15 Smith, Adam , 193–94 social cooperation , 106–10

values of , 122–4 See also cooperation

social opportunities , 10 n 1

societies, basic structures of , 19 socio-economic inequality , 57

defi ned , 10n1 employment discrimination tied to ,

65 sovereignty , 21 special obligations (duties) , 181–2,

195, 198 n 25 states

as agents of justice , 163–4 coercion and , 82–9, 100 n 28 cooperation among citizens of ,

105–6 defi nitions of , 81 global cooperation dependent on ,

108 as involuntary associations , 91 libertarian , 115–16 national responsibility and , 139 nation-states distinguished from ,

129 physical force used by , 85–6 vertical coercion by , 96 See also nations

state sovereignty , 21 statism , 191–2 status quo , 177–8 Steiner, Hillel , 5 subsistence, level of , 180–1 substantial obstacles to benefi ts , 38–9 Surfaxin (drug) , 72, 73

T Tan, Kok-Chor , 5 threats, in coercion , 83 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement , 29–30

transnational cooperation , 105 transnational corporations (TNCs) ,

21–2, 29

responsibility (cont.)

INDEX 233

as agents of justice , 165–6 pharmaceutical fi rms , 72, 167 subcontractors for , 62–3

transnational domination , 57 transnational exploitation , 34–7

minimizing , 62 transnational relations , 18–24

U unequal relationships, duty to not

subject others to , 167 unfairness , 36 United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) , 88, 138 universalism , 132–33

V vertical coercion , 95–8

W Walzer, Michael , 90 Washington Consensus , 21

wealth, inclusion problem and , 39–41 Weber, Max , 81 welfare state , 120–22 well-being, level of , 180–1 Wellman, Christopher Health , 6 Wenar, Leif , 63 Westen, Peter , 65 Wilkinson, Richard G. , 75 n 7 women, income inequality of , 68–9 World Bank , 20–1 World Bank Group , 46 n 17 World Trade Organization (WTO) ,

20, 93–4, 96

Y Ypi, Lea , 14 n 27, 197 n 17

on absolute and relative deprivation , 6

on autonomy of poor people , 14 n 28

on capacity-denying domination , 49 n 56

on ideal theorizing , 192 statists and cosmopolitans , 191