BASIC ANATOMY

The first day that you look at or place your hand on your patient, you require a basic knowledge to

interpret your observation.

Your knowledge of their anatomy may save their life.

It is in the Anatomy Department that you learn the basic medical vocabulary that you will carry with

you throughout your professional career and that will enable you to converse with your colleagues

Axial skeleton :

Skull 22

Auditory ossicles 6

Hyoid bone 1

Vertebral column 26

Ribs and sternum 25

---- 80

Appendicular skeleton :

Upper extremity 64

Lower extremity 62

---- 126

-----

Total 206

FUNCTION

PROTECTIVE

LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -MOVEMENT

STORAGE

HEMATOPOESIS

BONE COMPOSITION

Water 50%

Solid substance 50%

– Organic substance 31%

Ossein

– Inorganic substance 69% :

Calcium Phosphate 80%

BONE STRUCTURE

Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantis spongiosaEpiphysisEpiphyseal discMetaphysisDiaphysis (shaft)Cavum medullare

Types of Bone

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Sesamoid bones

Long bones

Its length is greater than its width

Diaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal ends

Act as a lever movement

For examples :– Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia,

ossa phalanges pedis etc

– Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os metacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etc

Short Bones

Approximately equal in all 3 dimentionsComposed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneAlmost completely cover with articular surfaceOnly in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle (ossa tarsalia) where only limited movement is required

Flat Bones

Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate of compact bone separated by minimal layer of trabecular/cancellous bone between themForm a protective enclosure (brain, heart, lung), examples :– Os scapula– Ossa costae– Os sternum– Calvaria

Irregular Bones

Have a complicated configuration and numerous processes.

For examples :– Os vertebra

– Os sphenoideus

– Os ethmoideus

Sesamoid Bones

Small bones embedded within certain tendons.

Largest : os patella

The most constant :– Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis Articulatio

metacarpophalangeal I

– Tendo m flexor hallucis brevis Articulatio metatarsophalangeal I

OSTEOGENESIS

Bones can develop in two ways :

Osteogenesis intramembranacea

Osteogenesis endochondralis

Osteogenesis intramembranacea

Bone tissue develops directly from mesenchymal tissue

Only 1 type ossification center

Occurs in the flat bone of the skull

Osteogenesis endochondralis

Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline cartilagenous model

Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)

Diaphyse Primary center of ossification

Epiphyse Secondary center of ossification

TERMINOLOGY

Plane– Median/midsagittal

– Sagittal

– Coronal

– Frontal

– Transversal/horizontal

Direction/Position– Anterior-Posterior

– Ventral-dorsal

– Superior-Inferior

– Cranial-Caudal

– Lateral-Medial

– Proximal-Distal

– Superficial-Profundus

– Interna-Externa

GenuGenuGenu

Extremitas

inferior

Cruris

Pedis

Manus

Antebrachii

Brachii

Extremitas

superior

Truncus

Architecture of muscle

Strap

Fusiform

Pennate :

– Unipennate

– Bipennate

– Multipennate

Circular

STRAP :Muscle fascicles are paralel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle and may extend for the entire length of the muscleEx : m. sartorius

m. sternocleidomastoideus

RHOMBOID

m. rhomboides

QUADRILATERAL

m. pronator quadratus

FUSIFORM

Ex : M. biceps brachii

TRIANGULAR

Ex : m. pectoralis major

UNIPENNATE

m. extensor digitorum longus

BIPENNATE

m. rectus femoris

MULTIPENNATE

Pars acromialis m. deltoideus

CIRCULAR

M. orbicularis oculi

m. orbicularis oris

Sphincter

UNIVENTER

– Most of muscles

BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)

– M. digastricus

– M. omohyoideus

MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)

– M. rectus abdominalis

TYPES of MOVEMENTS

TYPES of MOVEMENT

TYPES of MOVEMENT

TYPES of MOVEMENT

How muscles are named.

Tells something about :

Shape

Size

Location

Number of heads of origin

Function

Direction of their fibers