B-14

Battle Monument

Architectural Survey File

This is the architectural survey file for this MIHP record. The survey file is organized reverse-

chronological (that is, with the latest material on top). It contains all MIHP inventory forms, National

Register nomination forms, determinations of eligibility (DOE) forms, and accompanying documentation

such as photographs and maps.

Users should be aware that additional undigitized material about this property may be found in on-site

architectural reports, copies of HABS/HAER or other documentation, drawings, and the “vertical files” at

the MHT Library in Crownsville. The vertical files may include newspaper clippings, field notes, draft

versions of forms and architectural reports, photographs, maps, and drawings. Researchers who need a

thorough understanding of this property should plan to visit the MHT Library as part of their research

project; look at the MHT web site (mht.maryland.gov) for details about how to make an appointment.

All material is property of the Maryland Historical Trust.

Last Updated: 03-10-2011

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Form 10-300 UNI TED STATES DE PARTMENT O F THE INTERIOR STA TC·

(Jul r 1969) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Maryland -. COUNTY ·

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Baltimore City INVE NTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY ----- I ENTRY NUMBEH DA 1· E

( Type a ll entries - compfoti.: ilpp licabfo sec tions) I 1··· --··-COM-,.ON .

The Battle Monument . AN O OR H ISTORI C :

r2locA"i--loN ___ ,., .. STR EET .Al"~C NUMBER :

Center of Calvert ~treet (between Favette & Lexinqton Sts . ) ~!TY en T OWN:

' Baltimore I S T AT\:. I C ODE I COUNTY · I coot:

r- .1-~~EY_~~n<! -· I 24 I Baltimore City I 510 . _______ _,_ ____________ ,,_

3. CLASSIFICATION ---------· .. -,------ ---· ·· ... . . CA TE GO.RY OWNERSHIP STA TU~

ACCESSIBLE

1 ( Chu c k One) TO TH E PUOLI C

I·~' Dis~ri ct ·--. Bui lding !8l Pub lic Public Acquisition: 0 Occupied Yes : _,

[ l Site ·~ S1ructure Cl Privote [] In Process 0 Unoccupied rJ Restricted

u Object [J Both Ll Being Considered CJ Presorvotoon work ~l Unrestricted

in progress 0 No

PRESEl-&T USE (Ch t--ck 0 11 f" or ,\J•)r t" t1.'4 Appr opri11Ct-) - -· ·-----------·

CJ Ag1 i cu lt uro I ~ Government IX Pork [] Transportat ion 1-J Comments

[~ Commercio l r I lndusl<iol LJ Pri vote Res idcnee 0 Other (Sp ecify) - -- - ·-.-.--Ll Educo liOOIOI .xi Mtl i 101 y I I Re ligious ----··...--- - -r:J Enter toinmon1 [] Museum CJ Sc ientific - -- .. -----

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OWNER OF PROPERTY

j 0;~E;· s~~~~~-:~~;:~--C_ ou~~~-l of . Baltimore - -- - - ---- r ~ -----------------~---- ·-- ~ I~

STREET AN O NUMBEfl :

1--c_i_t_:::y_H_a_1_1 ___ 1_o_o __ ~or!h Hol li~~Y ~~reet. ___ _____ _ Cf TY OR TOWN: S TATF·

Baltimore -- ··- - .... !,s. L OCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION

Maryland

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w COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF f>E b.DS ETC : Pl fl

u Department of Leqislative Refe~en<:~ , _City Hall - Document #494 ~ c

STREET ANr> NUMB E R: I • ~

100 North Hollidav Street I n -------- ·----1 ST A ~Eary~and -~ ~

_Lal ti~~r~----·----~ _ .J __J_:_ _Ji ~ 16. REPRE SENTATION IN EXISTING SU RVE.YS .

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'··c---"--• DESCRIPT_l_Ot-1_ _ ~ -·---'-.r"\ -B-14

0 Excellent ~ Good

(Check One)

0 Deteriorated 0 Ruins 0 Unex po5ed

( Check One) CONDIT ION

(Che.:k On.:)

I 0 Altere d !Xi Una ltered n Moved XJ Origina l Si te

DESCRIBE THE PRESENT ANO ORIGI N A L ( if lmown) PHY SIC AL APP E AR A NC E

The Battle Monument , marble and partly of the following parts: sculpture group.

constructed partly of white Italian a lowe r grade local marble, consists of platform and base , podium , column, and

At the bottom is the platform of granite curbs, rounded at the corners, with a concrete pavement surface. An iron anchor chain of reinforced links is stretched between 1 2 marble posts ; the four corner posts once held gas lamps . The square base , about 30 inche s above the pave ment, is faced and topped with marble slabs. The sides have three panels , and the lower edge of the top slab has a simple molding . At the solid blocks of each corner on low plinths are bronze facsimile cannon pointing upwards . The muzzle of each cannon is closed with a hemisphere to appear as if a ball were issuing from it. Between the cannon is an iron fence composed of palings of darts , each with a bronze or brass point , capped with a rounded terminal at the bottom. Two intermediate posts · on each side are made of bundles of the same darts bound with iron strip f illets like a fasces . Near the top and bottom of the palings is an iron stretcher , and at several points the fence rests on iron balls . On the south side of the base is a bronze plaque, placed there in 1915, and in­scribed with a history of the monument .

On each side of the rusticate d marble podium is a false door like that of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, closed by a black slab . The podium rests on a low platform with three steps cut i nto it at each doorway in allusion to the three days of the Battle of Baltimore. The carved moldings around the doors are classical , but the podium is essentially Egyptian in style . Carved in the cavetto cornice are winged solar disk emblems over each door and stylized lotus designs; at each corner is a kind of anthemion device. Above the cornice are two stages of slabs. At each corner of the upper stage is a white marble griffin, the symbol of immortality , with a head in the form of an eagle to rep~esent the emblem of the United States. Above this are three more stages of slabs of equal size ; on the south side are bronze letters commemorating the Battles of North Point and Fort McHenry and the 39 years of American independence .

The white marble column rests on a very low molde d foot of the darker marble. It appears to be made in f ive or six horizontal sections; three joints are clearly visible . The shaft is sculptured to resemble a fasces, with a broad band at the top and the bottom, three narrow decorative bands , and two fillets laced about the central section . On the nor t h and south side s of the lower band are bas relie fs d epicting the two b a ttles ; above that is a band of 15 sta rs . The upper two b a nds have

[see continuation s heet]

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D P re-Co lumbian ,

D 1 5th Centu ry

f] 16th Century

ll 17th Century

SPEC I Fl c DAT E ( SI ( If App/io ib l o and Knvwn) 1815 AREAS O F SIGN I FICANCE (Check On e.• o t ft1o re Dfi Appro priate)

Abar iginol 0 Educot i on

0 P rehi stor ic D Engineering

D H istori c D Indus t ry

D Agricu ltu re 0 Jnven tion

11$ Arc h i tecture 0 Lands cope

D Art A rchi fec ture

0 Commerc e Cl L itera ture

0 Communications ~ Mil itary

0 Conservot io n 1-J Music

ST A TEMENT OF S I GNIFI CANCE

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t&J 19th Century

Poli t ical

Re ligion / P hi.

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Sc u lp ture

Soc ool l Humon ·

i tori on

Thoo t cr

T ro n s porto t ion

B-14

L I 20th Century

0 Urban Planning

0 Other ( Spe c ify)

The Battle Monument is the first significant war memorial built in the United States , and contributes to Bal timore ' s fame as " The Monumental City." It commemorates those Americans who died in. t he Battle of Baltimore, during whi ch our national anthem was written.

The Battle of Baltimore took p l ace from September 1 2th to 14th , 1814. The city was successfully defended against British attack both from land , at the Battle of North Point , and from the sea , during the bombardment of Fort McHenry . Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner " on the morning of September 14th after observing this attack on Fort McHenry by the British fleet . The repul se of the British forces at Bal t i more was an important factor in det ermining the outcome of the War of 1812. Construction of the monument was begun on the first anniversary of the battl e.

The Battle Monument was designed by the French architect Maximilian Godefroy , who had helped to plan the fortifications of the city dur ing the British attack . Godefroy was the first professi onal teacher of architecture in the cit y . His unusual "Fascia!" des i gn for the monument combined Classical elements , base d on the fasces , a bundle of rods bound about an ax with projecting blade and used as the ancient Roman symbol of authority; and Egyptian e l ements , reflecting French interest following Napoleon ' s conquest of Egypt in 1 798 . The sculp­tured figure on the top of the monument , the griffins, and the two sculptu red rel~ef s on the shaft were made by the Spanish sculptor Antonio Capellano, and are among the oldest existing monumental sculptures in the country .

The monument is the official emblem of the City of Baltimore, having bee n adopted for the City Seal in 1827 ; as s uch it appears on Baltimore ' s City Flag.

The location of the Battle Monument is also of historic inte r est since it was once the site of the first Baltimore Courthouse , where the De claration of Independe nce was publicly read on July 29th , 1776. Now known as Battle Monument P l aza ,

[see continuation sheet ] ,___ _ _ _______ - - ---- ------

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~ B-14 r 9. MAJOR BIB LIOGRAPHI~ RE_F_E_R_E_N_C_E_S _ _____ ---~~L-----------=]---,

Arnett, Earl. "Battle Monument Memorial To Defense Of City. II

_/ The Sun, Baltimore: September 12, 1969.

Hunter, Wilbur Harvey, Jr. Historic American Buildings Survey The Battle Monument. HABS No. MD-185. Baltimore: I November, 1959.

[see continuation sheet]

~·---- -- --·------ -----·----A· .. ---- ----------·· ~

10. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ~~- ~.~i;;~· ~;;~NGlfUDE ~;~-;-;;~S---f ··-- -· --· -- -~-· ··----- __ .. _.,...., _ - ..,

l . /\TITU DE. AM O LONGl iUD F ... COORDINAT F S '

DEFIN IN G A RECTANGLE LOCA .f l NG r 1H.;: F'ROl-'£1-!TV 0 OrFINING THE c r:1{TER PO INT OF A PROPLR1·v_J

- ·- R 0~ L F:S ~ THAN T .. "N A CRES

CORNER LATITUDE L ONGI TUDE •_ A1· 11UDE LO NGI ru t)L ~ Degrees Mi nu tes Seconds Degrees M inutes Seconds Degree< Minutes Seconds Dagrecs M n'lutes Seconds

NW 0 . .. 0 .. <) . 0 .. NE 0 .. 0 .. 39 17 26.0 76 36 45.5 SE a .. a .. SW a . . 0 ' .

APPROXIMA T E A CRE:AGE OF N OMINA TED PROPER TV: ____ qne_ ac_re._ ·-· -·- - ------- ----1LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING ST AT E OR COUNTY BOUNOARIE.~

--- - -- ---STATE: COrl E COUNTY cont:

------ ------~---- - -STATE: cooc COUNrv COO i

·-i----· ··- ----- - - - · STATE: CODI: COU N 1 Y . CC1C"F

STATE: COOE COUN 1.Y : cone:

l --JM.:. FORM P·REPAREO BY ·.· ... . ~ ........... ...... -.""!:" ..... - .... ....--7 .. -··- ···--·

·-------····· · -- '° ··-NAME AND TITLE:

Joyce Maclay and Catharine Black . ORGAN I ZATION I OATE

Maryland Historical Trust Sept. 20, 197) - -·------ -----

STREET AN O NUMBER:

2525 Riva Road ------------· .. -- .. CITY OR T OWN: S f A Tl! CO IJ~

Anna:eolis . ~-----,..----·--. ___ __ ~ Marv land 21401 24 ! 12. HAH: LIAISON OFFI CE R CERi'IFICA I JON NATIONAL REGISTER VERiFICATION ' ... :. .

As the desi11,nated State L iaison Officer for the Na-

t ional Hi storic Preservat io n Act of I C)(>(, ( P ublic La'{>I I hereby cer tify that this propert y is included in the

89-665), I hereby n omina t e th i s property for inclusion Nntiona l l~egis te r.

in the N at i on a l Rt:gister a nd ce rtify that it hos he., n

e v a l uat ed according to the c rit e ri ;i ancl proc.:du res set

forth by the Natit1na l P a rk Serv ice. The re c<>mmcndO'd C /Jie f , O Uice ot Archeology and fJi ;; tori G Pre.«ervrition

level o f sit4nific<1 11cc of this n<>mi 11nt1011 i,.;·

N a tiona l X l Stult' I I 1.ocal l 1

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Orlando Ridout IV ATTE~T:

Title State Liaison Office r for Maryland K oeper of 'T' ll e National R egi s te r

Sept . 27' l ~)n I ;at 1 • 1)~1 l t: ------ ---·-·-- -- ~ - ---- ---------------------

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Form 10-3000 (July 1969)

(Number ell entrltu1)

u STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE IN TE RIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HI STORIC PLACES

INVENTORY · NOMINATION FORM

(Con tinuation Sheet)

The Battle Monument

B-14 ST A TE

Maryland COU N T Y

Baltimore Cit FOR NPS USE ONLY

EN T RY N U MBER

#6 . REPRESENTATION I N EXISTING SURVEYS continued

Maryland Register of Historic Sites and Landmarks

1970 State Maryland Historical Trust 2525 River Road Annapolis , Maryland 21401

#7 . DESCRIPTION continued

Code : 24

classic al motifs . The names of the three American officers and 36 enl isted men who died in the battles are written in bronze letters on the fillets and on the upper broad band .

DATE

On top of the column is a statue of a female classical figure of Victory, facing south , representing the city of Baltimore

h paying homage to her defenders. On her left side is a cannon ~i ball and an antique rudder , a symbol of navigation and

stability ; in her right hand is a bronze laurel wreath , a symbol of glory. Beside the figure is an eagle , representing the United States.

Today the monument is dwarfed by tall buildings on all sides, but is somewhat protected from traffic by a small park built to enclose it in 1964 . In 1972 a statue of a Black Soldier was placed at the northern end of the park in memory of black involvement in all major wars of the United States.

#8. SIGNIFICANCE continued

the surrounding area was called Monument Square in the mid­nineteen th century and was frequently the scene of public assemblies .

#9. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES continued

Howland , Richard Hubbard and Spencer , Eleanor Patterson. The Architecture of Baltimore - A Pictorial History. Baltimor The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1953. Pp. 39-43 .

10000 FEET

)P.d b} c Army Map Service d and published by the Geological Survey ol by USGS. USC&GS, USCE,and City of Baltimore

\raphy trom aerial photographs by photo~rammetric ods. Aerial photographs talo.en 1943. ricld checked 1944

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B-14 Form 10-JOJ UNI STATES D EPARTMENT OF THE JNTE RJOI~ S 1 A rE

(July 1969) NATIONAL P AR K SE RVI CE Maryl and NATIONAL REGI STER OF HISTORIC PLACES

COU N TY

Baltimore City PROPERTY MAP FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY

(Type a ll entries - ._111od1 to or cnclo-'<e with mop) ENTRY NUMB~-1 D A ·.;-.:-

p. NAME ---.. ··---·····~ ...... -----···-·--. ·---·--..---COMM ON: The Battle Monument AN O / OR H I STORIC:

[2. LOCATION S T REET AN O NUMBER:

Center of Calvert Street (between Fayette and Lexington Sts . ) Cl TY OR TOWN:

Baltimore STA T E: I CODE I COUN T Y: I CODE

Maryland I 24 I Baltimore City 1510 13. MAP REFERENCE

SOURCE:

U.S.G . S . 7.5 minute map Baltimore East Quadrangle (Maryland) SCALE: 1 . ?£1.()()()

DATE: 1qc;1 Phr>t-orPvi ~ .,, ;i lqhh 14. REQl.,Jl~EMENTS

TO BE INCLUDED ON ALL. MAPS

1. Property broundaries where required.

2. No rth arrow.

3. lati tude a nd long itude refe rence.

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF fHE INTE RIO R STA TC

NATIONAL PARK SI RVI CE Ma1:_¥._1_~~9.: ____ _

REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

PROPERTY PHOTOGRAPH FORM B~~-timore .. ci 1: .. Y _____ ____,

FOR NPS USE ONLY

(Type all entries - attach to or enc lose with photogr.'1pli) t.:NTRY NUMBER C. A TC

I. NAME COMMON· The Battle Monument ANO OR HISTORIC:

2. LOCATION .

St~ STREET ANO NUMBER.

(between Fayette and Lexington - ---------------·--·-----·-·------Center of Calvert Street CITY OR TOWN : I

Baltimore I 5

T ~~E~y land ~~~·-c-'-c-o_u_N_~_va_,_l_t imo r_e_C_i_t...:y,__ ___ _..l'"""""~'-01""0..::;f--i 3. f)HOTO REfERENCJ;_ -'-·~--_,.·-: ,~...:..--··-······-·----------------------

PHoTo cRe:o1 ,., Gret~he~---~eq_ger.!.-------·----o A TE o F' P H o To, Ma.""r"""c=h"--'1=9--'7-'l=------------

e: GA r1 v E F'lt.Eo AT: Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation , 402 Cit Hall , Baltimore Mar land

4. IDENTIFICA:.:.T..:..:10:..:.N.:..... --'-----------~--------·--------------1 DESCR I BE VIEW, D IRECTION , ETC.

The Battle Monument from the south

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BALTIMORE M3TROCZNT ER SURVEY SURVEY NO . : B-0014

AR E.ti. : Fina:lcia l Distr i ct MAGI NO . : 0400143332

Address : Middle of the 100 block of North Calvert Stre:.: t Cur rent Name : Battle Monument

Block : Lot: Lot s i ze : Height : Materials : Ma rble Condition : Good Use : Monument Designation : NR/BCL

Owner : Cit y of Baltimore Acces sible : Yes Liber /Folio :

Historic Name : Battle Monument Dat e : 1815-1825 Architect /Builder : Maximill ian Godefroy ; Antoni o Capellano , sculptor Style (if appropriate ) :

Description :

The fi f ty-two foot high marbl e Battle Monument which is l ocated at t he southern edge of Monument Square f eatures an Egypt i an base s urmounted by a shaft with Roman detailing, and it is capped by a statue . The monument stands on a m2rble platform surr ounded by a decorative iron railing . The base i s made up of e i ghteen l ayers of marble designed as an Egyptian tomb with blank openi ngs and winged d isc ornamentat ion . Four griffins are perch ed over the base . At the bott om of the shaft , which rises from the base, are two bas r eliefs of the Battle of North Point and the Bombardment of Fort McHenry . The shaft is made of vert ical rods held t ogether by bands d i s pl aying the names of thirty-six soldiers t hat died in the def ense of Baltimore i n the War of 1812 . Engraved at the t op of the column a r e the names of the three off icers that died in the battl e . Above the column i s an eagl e and bomb and a 12dy st?tue of Baltimore holding a wreath of Victor y . Two historica l marker s are placed i n front of t he monument . One is from 1915 , t he an:iiversary of t he l ayi ng of t he cornerstonG a--;d the oth;-:ir is a r ecent a l uminum marker with graphic·s .

Signifi cance : Area : Architecture , Art, History Lev :::l : Loca l

The Bat t le Monument is second only to t he Washingto~ Monument as the f i nest earl .Y monument i n Baltimore and one of the r easons Baltimore was called "the Monume:-it al City ." It i s s i gn i fi cant f or its Egyptian Revi va l <O.\rchitect ura l design a r:d as a democratic monuoent displaying al l the names of these who died in the Bat t l e of Baltimore , regardless of rank . It was des i gned by Maximi llian Godefroy , an important early architect in Baltimore . Godefroy also des i gned Sai nt Mary ' s Chapel and the First Unitarian Church . The sculptor of the s t at ue was Antoni o Capellano , t he artis t of the bas rel i efs of Christ and Moses on St . Paul ' s P ,'E. Church. The monument is rich in symbol ism : the e i ght e: n l ayers of marble at the ba s e r e pres ent t he e i ght e&n stat.es in the Unio:: at t he t i me of the batt l e ; the column is made up of staves or rods , a symbol of unity hel d togeth~r by the bands i nscribed with the names of t hos e who f el l i n the battl e ; the statue holds a wreath of victory standing ~ext t o t he eagl e , the symbol for the United Sta t es ; a nd i n her l eft hand is a r udder , s ymbol izing stabili t y . Although the surr oudi ngs of the Batt l e Monument have changed a gr eat deal since 1825, i t rem'ains an impress ive monument and a centerpiece of Monument Square . I t is the most i mportant monument i n the Financia l Distri ct and t he oldest structure in this part of the downtown area .

Sources : Surveyor and Da t e : Fred B. Shaken, July 1985.

•

Plate 26.

Baltimore Financial District Survey Battle Monument

[ 63 ]

B-t4

[J\Inp N11111ber 13]

From: The Architecture of Bal timo·re, by Howland & Sperncer, p . 63.

Baltimore Financial District Survey Baltimore (City) , Maryland

B-0014 Battle Monument 100 block North Ca l vert St~eet

~--::==::;__---

Monument Square, 7848

City Spring, al Calvert and Saratoga Streets

20

&I.I. PlCT1'1Sa Olf .._ P&OU, axcarr ... lfO'nD. r&OM TU

IUJlTUl<D BlftOlllC&L eoomn

Medical College, Univmity of Maryland, Lombard and Grune Struts. Designed by R. C. Long, Sr. (1872)

FROM 1815, 'vi

to the Old I Square was military page: Ii terall y the ' with the "cou imposing cow

A block to spacious foun fresh from the floor of marbl

In 1837 th north over Jo rama. From I Towers and ti tcrian Churd Washington 11

The Exchai Godcfroy, wa: structure in ti: met daily to 1

bank and post through the c and Abrahan change was tc new Custom J

Two surviv Medical Facu the Shot Towi by dropping 1

water below.

B-14 Battle Monument Middle of the 1 oo bl k Block N/A Lot N/A oc of North Calvert Street

Baltimore City Baltimore East Quad.

E LEXINGTON ST ~·

D i c·-·-·_ .... ,.--~ -·---.. - ·-

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B- 0014 Battle Monument Middle of 100 b l ock of N. Calvert Street Financial District-Metrocenter Survey Baltimore (City), Maryland Photo: Fred Shoken Date: July 1985 Neg . lee . : Maryland Historical Trust View from the south