ayurveda - · pdf fileand chikitsa (treatment) but is ... the panchabhautik composition of...

Vijay Bhurtel-Dravya Guna

1 | P a g e

Ayurveda

The science of life, intended by Ayurveda is much more than mere skill of treatment or

diagnosis of a diseased condition. It is meant for the total concept of life, which includes

both man and his environment.

As we all know,

Man is a biological entity.

He needs to adjust to the physical environment and as a social and spiritual entity,

he needs to adjust and react to the society in which he lives and to the spiritual

ideals upheld by it.

Such well-being alone is real and true of man in his entirety and such is the object of

science of life achieved by Ayurveda. Hence it is called the “Science of life”.

Ayurveda literally means knowledge of life. Ayurvedic medicines are based on the

principle that every individual has a unique constitution that related to his vital energies

translated into Ayurvedic nosology as dosha or humors. Ayurveda mainly composed of

eight clinical specialties. They are as follows:

General medicine ( Kaaya cikitsaa)

Pediatrics (Baala cikitsaa),

Psychiatry (Graha Chikitsa),

Treatment of head and neck (S`aalakya tantra),

Surgery (S`alya tantra),

Toxicology (Agada tantra),

Rejuvenation therapy (Rasayana tantra) and

Reproductive medicine (Vajeekarana cikitsaa).

The main aims of Ayurveda are to

To prevent diseases

To treat and cure diseases

And both these are aimed towards the promotion of health on three levels:

Mentally

Physically

Spiritually

As we refer to Ayurveda as a holistic system of medicine and health native to ancient

India & Nepal. Ayurveda has not restricted itself as the path, which treats diseases but

being the science of life has covered all the aspects necessary to maintain health and to


2 | P a g e

restore it when inflicted with a disease. There are certain rules and regulations of

Ayurveda, which are nothing but guidelines, which are to be followed to remain fit,

refrain from diseases and lead a healthy life.

Ayurveda was thus discovered & developed as a means to secure the 4 pursuits of

purusharthas of living for all of which health is indispensable & where Dharma is the most cardinal engagement. It is for the sake of Dharma that the science of Ayurveda was bought to light by the sages & not for fulfilling personal desires and lusts of the

individual. It is this basic ethicality where in the science of medicine is but incidental to assure it & the sweep of its thinking that to attends to all the activities of man that

Ayurveda becomes most praise worthy. It is this frame work of thinking that has made it through, all sufficient & truly holistic. However it is not merely a stance of philosophy or rules of ethics but also abounds in meticulous details of dietetics, healthful living,

diagnosis of disease therapy measures for their prevention and ever elixirisation of life whereby an individual attains an all round excellence, vitality and total resistance to

disease.

Besides, the sages has adopted two means; deep contemplation, almost a mystic state of heightened & expanded consciousness far beyond the normal states of the mind, and an inherent observation coupled with attention to meticulous details. The former gave

them not merely an intimate experience of the divine Atama and a capacity to arrive at a really astounding world vision & infallible knowledge, within where frame work and

amount of further details can be worked out without altering the basics even now. The later gave them the means of exploring the objective world as much as they needed. In fact Ayurveda intellect never made any hard line distinction between objective science &

subjective philosophy. It is not contradictory to scientific development but, it may give modern science something to which it is just still missing.

The strength & uniqueness of Ayurveda lies in its philosophical breadth of thinking in

true consonance to the typically pure élan. The later insists on a view of Dharma or the recognition of an order & regulation everywhere & the need to confirm ourselves to its

precepts for our own sustenance when ensures the all important ethical framework. It enters into dealing extremely analytically with such details of what we should eat in order to keep our balance of mind and so on. Ayurveda traces the origin & evolution of

sentional begins i.e. biology & not the inorganic world of physics or the 5 mahabhutas:-

1. Prithivi – Earth/mass (Solids) 2. Jala – Water (Liquids)

3. Agni – Fire/energy 4. Vayu – Air/movements 5. Aakas – Space/the sky which affords the medium.


3 | P a g e

It is clear that there is nothing in this world form stars to our body, the food we eat & the drugs we employ that do not contain any of these 5 mahabhutas. The difference is

only in proportions of their composition in any given entry.

Dravyaguna Vigyan

The science in which dravya is studied in detail is called as Dravya-guna-vigyan

(Herbology). Dravya-guna-vigyan is based on the ideas of satva-raja-tama, panchmahabhootas and various experiences derived from the study of balance-imbalance

of basic components of the universe. Dravya-guna-vigyan has been formulated in context with swasthya (health) and rugna (disease). The basic ideas have been developed keeping the patient in mind. Dravya-

guna-vigyan is thus a science of treatment.

Dravya-guna-shastra is not only a useful factor for swasthya (maintenance of health) and chikitsa (treatment) but is also the chief factor involved in various substances as well as non-substances which are instrumental in vitiating health and creating disharmony in

the equilibrium of body components. The use of Dravya-guna-shastra is necessary for restoring this equilibrium. If drugs are to be used then thorough knowledge of these is

essential. It has been seen, that mention of the use of medicinal plant is found in all the four

Vedas namely Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Ayurveda, which is a text on the preventive and curative aspects of disease, is a part of Atharvaveda.

The use of plants & animals as source of food & medicine is an old as humanity. One

can find abundant reference of use of plants as healing agents both in works of Indian

medicine and other works of antiquity like Papyrus Ebers (1550 B.C.), works of Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.), Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) in Historia Plantarum,

Dioscoorides (1st Century) in De Materia Medica (78 A.D.), Galen (131-200 A.D.) etc.

According to Ayurveda the best drugs are found in Himalaya i.e. Nepal. According to JADAN (2059) Nepal comprises about 6000 species of flowering plants, 380 species of pteridophytes, 1037 species of Bryophytes, 465 species of lichens, 687 species of algae

and over 1600 species of fungi.

Herbs occupy a very important place in all ages & in all civilizations unconcerned with the development of synthetic & chemotherapeutic agents.


4 | P a g e

Herbs are being used since ancient time to maintain health, to treat disease and regain the healthy state of mind and body. All the above mentioned Vedas have described herbs

(medicinal plants) in different ways but the concept of pran (life) is common to all.

According to Rigveda one who possesses a variety of herbs should be called as a vaidya (Ayurvedic Physician). In Atharvaveda mainly four types of treatments have been

mentioned:

Atharvani Angirasi

Daivi Manushi

Among these four, Manushi refers to the use of plants in its treatment.

Treatment by dravyas or herbs of plant origin is given more emphasis than by animal source. The panchabhautik composition of herbs, their rasas, vipak, veerya etc. are classified on the basis of their action. Though medicinal classification is action based, it

is also done on morphological basis in relation to diet.

b|Jou'0f

cf}iflw tyf cfxf/sf] ?kdf k|o'Qm x'g] ;a} b|Josf] u"0f sd{sf] kl/efiff b]lv

lnP/ :j?k, e]b jf k|sf/ pkof]lutf, k|of]u ljlw cflbsf] af/]df a}1flgs tj/n]

;}4flGts Pj+ k|fof]lus cWoog ul/g] ljifonfO{ …b|Jou"0f lj1fgÚ elgG5 . o;df

b|Jo u"0f oL b'O{ zAbdWo] b|Jo zAbaf6 b|Josf] gfd, :j?k /rgf;lxt kl/ro

;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ ljioj:t'x¿, a'‰g'kg{] x'G5 eg] u'0f zAbaf6 b|Josf /;, u'0f, jLo{,

ljkfs k|efj nufPtsf wd{ :jefj ljz]iftf jf zlQm tyf tL u'0fsf sf/0fn] b|Jon]

z/L/df Nofpg] kl/jt{g cyf{t sd{ jf pkof]lutfnfO{ ;d]t a'‰g'k5{

:j:y JolQmsf] :jf:Yo /Iff ug{] / /f]uLsf] ljsf/ k|zdg ug{] oL cfo"j{]bsf

b'O{ df}lns p2]Zo x'g\ . oL b'j} p2]Zo k"/f ug{ b|Josf] cfjZostf kb{5 . bf]if – wft'

dnsf] Ifo jf j[l4 ePdf z/L/ j}ifDo x'G5 / k'?if cg]s ljsf/n] cfqmGt x'G5 .

o:tf IfL0f tyf ljifd bf]ifnfO{ ;fDo l:yltdf nfg] ;fwg g} b|Jo xf] . b|Jo tyf

z/L/ b'j} kf~ref}lts ePsfn] bf]if wft'–dnnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|efljt ub{5 . tbg';f/

;fDo Ifo / j[l4 x'G5 . To;}n] b|Josf] ;do of]u k|of]u åf/f g} zf/Ll/s tTjnfO{

;fDo l:yltdf Nofpg ;Dej x'G5 .

ot˘rfo'iofgfo'iofl0f r b|Jou'0fsdf {l0f

j]boTotf ]˜Tofo'j{]bM . -r=;'#)_


5 | P a g e

r/sn] cfo'j{]b zAbsf] lg/lQmsf] j0f{g ub{} cfo'io tyf cgfo'io b|Jo tyf

To;sf] u'0fsd{sf] 1fg u/fpg] ePsfn] g} cfo"j{]b elgPsf] xf] elgG5 atfPsf 5g \ .

cfo"j{]bsf] zf˘jtTj klg b|Josf] :jefjsf] lgTotfsf] cfwf/df l;4 ul/Psf] xf] .

b|Jou"0f zf:qsf ] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;M

cfo"j{]bsf] 1fg a|Xdf08sf /rlotf cyf{t ;'li6sf k|f/Destf{ a|Xdf :jod \n]

:d/0f u/L Psxhf/ cWofodf ! nfv Znf]so'Qm cfo'j{]bsf] /rgf ug{'ePsf] /

pxfFaf6 qmdzM k|hfklt, clZjgLs'df/åo tyf OGb|nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] Oltxf; kfOG5

. j]b k"/f0fx¿df klg clZjgLs'df/4o -clZjgL_nfO{ b]jtfsf lrlsT;s atfOPsf] /

pgLx¿n] u/]sf cg]s lrlsT;f sd{x¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . OGb|af6 cfo"j{]bsf]

1fg wGjGt/L e/åfh, cfq]o, k"gj{;', clUgj]z, e]n, lgld sfZok, xf/Lt, Iff/kl0f,

k/fz/, ht's0f{ tyf r/s, ;'>'t, s/jLo{, uf]k"/IfLt, b[9an, afUe6, gfufh{'g,

j[4hLjs, rqmkf0fL, zfË{w/, dfwj, efjk|sfz, cflbn] u/]sf lyP . tL ;j{]h;f]

cfrfo{ dxifL{x¿n] cg]sf}+ lziox¿nfO{ cfo"j{]b cWofkg ug{'sf ;fy} cf–cfˆg}

5'§f5'§} u|Gyx¿ /rgf u/]sf lyP . tLdWo] xfn pknAw r/s;+lxtf, ;'>'t;+lxtf /

jfUe6–ci6fËx[bo_ oL # u|GynfO{ a[xTqoL / zfË{w/;+lxtf, dfwjlgbfg / efjk|sfz

oL # nfO{ n3'qoL elgG5 .

k|flrg sfndf b|Jou"0f lj1fg gfds 5'§} ljifo jf cËsf] ?kdf pNn]v

gu/LP klg cfo"j{]b zfZjt ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] ljleGg cËsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cfo'io

Pjd\ cgfo'io b|Jo, u"0f–sd{sf] 1fg cyf{t b|Jou"0f lj1fgsf] k/Dk/f klg ;[i6Lsf]

k|f/Deb]lv cgj/t rln cfPsf] 5 . j}lbs sfnb]lv o;sf] k|f/lDes ?k/]vf ePklg

a[:t[t Pjd\ Jojl:yt /rgf ;+lxtf sfndf ePsf] kfOG5 . b|Jou"0f zf:qsf]

ljsf;qmdsf] b[li6n] o;;DaGwL Oltxf;nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd # v08df ljefhg u/L

k|To]s v08df cfrfo{x¿n] ct;Lsf] af/]df s] s:tf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿sf]

pNn]v lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ k|flrgsfn

j}lbs sfnb]lv ;ftf}+ ztfAbL;Ddsf] o; sfnfjlwnfO{ cfo'j{]bsf] ljsf;qmd

a'‰g ;/ntfsf] b[li6n] j}lbs sfn / ;+lxtf sfn u/L o;/L ljefhg ul/G5 M

!= j}lbs sfn

j}bLs sfndf dGqf}iflw, dl0fwf/0fsf ;fy} o'lQmJokf>o lrlsT;f klg k|rlnt

lyof] . dGqn] dfq} /f]u 7Ls geP klg cf}iflw;]jg;Fu} dGq k9gfn] dgf]j}1flgs

k|efj k/L /f]uLsf] dgf]an tyf cf}iflwsf] zlQm klg a9\g] x'gfn] dGqsf] ;xL k|of]u

ubf{ pe]bsf cfwf/df cfyj{0fL, cflË/;L, b}jL / dfg'ifL u/L rf/ k|sf/sf cf}iflwsf]

pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

-s_ CUj]b –^& jg:ktLsf] j0f{g dWo] ct;Lsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .


6 | P a g e

CUj]bdf …ct;Ú zAbsf] JofVof cg]s :yfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps :yfgdf

o;sf] :qLlnË zAb …ct;LÚ sf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;fo0fn] o;sf] cy{ sfi7,

pGgtj[If, j[If;+3, tyf ;ttufle jtfPsf 5g\ . o; cfwf/df ct;L zAbsf] cy{

;ttufldgL atfOPsf] 5 . cGo j}lbs ;+lxtfdf klg o;sf] cg's/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

cy{jkl/lzi6df ct;L ;ldwfsf] Xjg d]3fj[l4sf] nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 5 .

-v_ oh'j{]b– j0f{g 5}g .

-u_ cyj{j]b– @** jg:kltsf] j0f{g dWo] ct;Lsf] klg j0f{g

-3_ ;fdj]b–ct;Lsf] j0f{g 5}g .

o;afx]s a|fXd0f u|Gy df !@( j6f jg:kltsf] j0f{g cGtu{t ct;Lsf] j0f{g

5 . To;}u/L pkgLifbdf #! jg:kltdf ct;Lsf] j0f{g kfOPsf] 5 . sNk;"qdf %!(

j6f jg:kltsf] j0f{g 5 h;df ct;Lsf] klg j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . !%@ j6f

jg:kltsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] kf7gLo cWoofoLdf klg ct;Lsf]j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;+lxtfsfnM cf7f}+ b]lv !% cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd

;+lxtf sfn b|Jou'0f lj1fgsf] af]l4s Pj+ ef]}lts ;d[l4sf b[li6n] cToGt

dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . cf}ifw e"lddf ;j{>]i7 7x¥ofOPsf] lxdfno k|b]zdf pTkGg

agf}iflw b|Jox?sf af/]df k|z:t cWoog–cg';Gwfg eP/ ;f]xL cfwf/df ltgsf]

gfd–?k -kl/ro_ tyf u'0f–sd{sf ;DaGwdf kof{Kt hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/Psf] /

;':jf:Yo sfod /fVg tyf ljleGg /f]usf] pkrf/fy{ pkof]udf Nofpg] ul/Psf] tYo

tTsfnLg ;+lxtfu|Gyx?sf] cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .

Sapindaceae

The Sapindaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines

comprising about 140 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are alternate, simple, or more commonly pinnately compound; stipules are absent except

in the climbing forms. The flowers are small, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, and commonly functionally unisexual, although a given individual may bear seemingly bisexual flowers together with either male or

female flowers. The perianth typically is biseriate, consisting of calyx and corolla. The calyx comprises 4 or 5 distinct or sometimes basally connate

sepals. The corolla consists of 4 or 5 distinct petals or sometimes is absent. The petals commonly have basal appendages on the inner side. The stamens

are distinct, often have hairy filaments, and in quantity usually are equal to or twice the number of calyx lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single

compound pistil of usually 3 carpels, commonly an equal number of styles


7 | P a g e

or style lobes, and a superior ovary usually with 3 locules, each containing 1 or 2 axile or axile-apical ovules. Most species have an extrastaminal, often

asymmetrical nectary disk situated between the stamens and corolla. The fruit is variable.

Up to the Kingdom Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass Rosidae

Order Sapindales

Family Sapindaceae – Soapberry family

Contains 27 Genera and 40 accepted taxa overall

Down one level

Genus Alectryon Gaertn. – alectryon P

Genus Allophylus L. – allophylus P

Genus Blighia K.D. Koenig – blighia P

Genus Cardiospermum L. – balloonvine P Genus Cupania L. – cupania P

Genus Cupaniopsis Radlk. – carrotwood P

Genus Dimocarpus Lour. – dimocarpus P


8 | P a g e

Genus Dodonaea Mill. – dodonaea P

Genus Exothea Macfad. – exothea P

Genus Filicium Thwaites P

Genus Harpullia Roxb. – harpullia P

Genus Hypelate P. Br. – hypelate P

Genus Koelreuteria Laxm. – koelreuteria P

Genus Litchi Sonn. – lychee P

Genus Matayba Aubl. – matayba P

Genus Melicoccus P. Br. – melicoccus P

Genus Nephelium L. – nephelium P

Genus Paullinia L. – bread and cheese P

Genus Sapindus L. – soapberry P

Genus Schleichera Willd. – schleichera P

Genus Serjania Mill. – serjania P Genus Talisia Aubl. P

Genus Thouinia Poit. – thouinia P

Genus Tristiropsis Radlk. P

Genus Ungnadia Endl. – ungnadia P

Genus Urvillea Kunth – urvillea P

Genus Xanthoceras Bunge – xanthoceras P


9 | P a g e

Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass Rosidae

Order Sapindales

Family Sapindaceae – Soapberry family

Genus Schleichera Willd. – schleichera P

Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken – lac tree P

Schleichera oleosa is included in the following B and T World Seeds flowering plant categories.

Exotic and Other Fruit and Nut Tree and Shrub List

Oriental Herb and Vegetable Seed List

Not all Oriental Herbs are Culinary, or even edible. Be sure to correctly identify and prepare all herbs and vegetables before use.

Indian Native and Introduced Plants

Seeds of Cereals Legumes - Food and Oilseed Plants

South East Asian Native Plant Seeds

Preferred Scientific Name Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken


10 | P a g e

Other Scientific Names Schleichera trijuga Willd.

Schleichera pubescens Roth Schleichera aculeata Kostel.

Common Names

English Macassar oil tree

Ceylon oak honey tree

lac tree

Indochina

dautruong dokphen khosom

the lac tree the ceylon oak

Java kosambi

India kusum

kosumb chendola kasma

shargadi sagada

chakota puvam

karanchi puska

posukusmay kussam

guasam Posuku


11 | P a g e

botanga pulsura-marajati

sagadi-pusuku marita-vitiki

purathipuvam pulachi

pumaratha sagade kendala

kusamo rusam

swad kussum

sama jamoa

Cambodia

pongro

Sri Lanka

kula puva

Myanmar gyo

kobin kyetmouk

Thailand

machok takhro

Vietnam pongro

van rao


12 | P a g e

Trade names

lac tree

Ceylon oak

pongro

gum lac tree

Macassar oil tree Synonym(s)

Cussambium oleosum O. Kuntze Pistacia oleosa Lour.

SchleicheratrijugaWilld. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Kusum) is a

beautiful tree with a broad, shady crown, found widespread in Tropical Himalayas (Punjab to

Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia. This tree is mostly noticed

because of its bright red leaves when they are new. In India this happens around March. The

leaves are pinnate, with each leaf having 2-4 leaflets. Flowers are tiny, occuring in short

dense yellow clusters. The flowers are hardly noticeable. The fruit is about the size of a small

plum.

Botanic description Dioecious, deciduous tree, up to 40 m tall.

Bole occasionally up to 2 m in diameter, but generally much less, usually crooked and slightly buttressed. Bark smooth,

grey. Branches terete, striate, with sparse, short fulvous sericeous hairs when young and with sessile glands, black, later yellowish-brown to ashy. Leaves

parinnate, (2-)3(-4)-jugate, the topmost leaflet sometimes situated like a terminal leaflet; axial parts usually early glabrescent; petiole terete to

somewhat flattened or slightly grooved above, 2-6(-8) cm long, pulvinate; rachis terete to triangular; petiolule swollen, slightly grooved above, 1-3 mm


13 | P a g e

long; leaflets elliptical to obovate, 4.5-18.5(-25) cm x 2.5-9 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, dark brown or greyish-green above, lighter brown to greenish

beneath, deep purple when young, base subacute to cuneata, often oblique, margin entire to repandous, apex obtuse or emarginate, sometimes shortly

acuminate, veins in 12-15 pairs, looped and joined near the margin. Inflorescence 6-15 cm long, situated in the defoliated part of branchlets

above leaf scars, sometimes axillary, consisting of a few simple (female) or sparsely branched (male) thyrses, the basal part with scattered, many-

flowered fascicles, the upper part spicate, sparsely hairy; flowers functionally unisexual, pale yellow or pale green; pedicel up to 5 mm long;

sepals 4-5, connate at base, lobes ovate to deltoid, about 1.5 mm long, obtuse to acute, with thin hairs on both sides, margin ciliate and sometimes

glandular, deciduous in fruit; disk uninterrupted, petelliform, sinuate; petals absent; stamens 5-9, filaments about 2 mm long, sparsely hairy, much

reduced in female flowers; ovary ovoid, slightly 3-angular and indistinctly 3-sulcate, about 1.3 mm long, style rather thick, up to 1.5 mm long, pistil much reduced in male flowers. Fruit a broadly ovoid, ellipsoid to

subglobular berry, 1-2 seeded, 1.5-2.5 cm x 1-2 cm, base narrowed, apex pointed, yellow, hard-crustaceous, smooth or slightly spiny. Seed

subglobular, about 12 mm x 10 mm x 8 mm, hilum orbicular, testa brown, smooth, glabrous; arillode completely covering the seed, thin papery,

yellow.

Found throughout A.P. and it is fairly abundant along Godavari, Mahadevpur and Pakhal Reserves and the adjoining forests. It is a shade

bearer and drought hardy. It is considered to be the best tree for lac. Identified by paripinnate leaves (lowest pair being smallest), pink colour of

the leaves when very young and grey bark (red inside). It preferes sandy or sandy loam soils. It is a good coppicer, produces root suckers freely and a good fodder species.

Flowering :

Racemes of greenish yellow flowers appear along with new leaves in March-April.

Fruiting :

Fruit ripen in June-July and quickly falls on the ground.

Morphology of the Fruit / Seed :


14 | P a g e

Fruit 2.5 to 3 cms long, globose or ovoid, 1-3 celled, more or less abruptly tapering to a point, dry indehiscent. Seeds 1.5 cm long, smooth, brown,

enclosed in a succulent aril having an acid taste.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected in July-August, dried and trashed to separate the

seeds. Stored in gunny bags after smearing with ash for about 6 months without any deterioration.


15 | P a g e


16 | P a g e

Ecology and distribution

History of cultivation

Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has

naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands). It is

occasionally cultivated throughout the tropics, especially in India. Natural Habitat S. oleosa occurs spontaneously in dry, mixed deciduous forest and

savanna with only scattered trees, sometimes gregariously. In Java, it is found in areas with natural teak forest. It grows on rather dry to occasionally

swampy locations on various, often rocky, gravelly or loamy, well drained, preferable slightly acid soil. S.oleosa is fire-resistant. Seedling are frost

sensitive and light-demanding. Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan

to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands).

Biophysicallimits Altitude: In Java, it occurs usually at low altitudes, but can be found up to

900(-1200) m; Annual rainfall: 750-2500 mm and dry season; Absolute maximum temperatures: 35-47.5 de. C; Absolute minimum temperatures: -

2.5 deg. C.

Reproductive Biology

S. oleosa is deciduous, but completely leafless for a few days only. In India, leaves drop in December. S. oleosa flowers at the beginning of the dry season and fruits about 6 months later.

Propagation and management

Propagation methods Natural regeneration is by seed and root suckers. Propagation is by direct

sowing in thoroughly prepared soil or by stump planting. In nurseries in West Bengal (India), seed is sown 7.5 cm apart immediately after collection.

Stumps are prepared after one year, when the seedling stem is about 1 cm in


17 | P a g e

diameter. The stem is cut back to about 4 cm, the roots to 25 cm. Plant holes should be about 30 cm deep and wide. Regular weeding and protection from

grazing is required.

Tree Management Husbandry: In cultivation, it does not stand heavy prunning, since growth is

rather slow. When S. oleosa is employed as a host for lac insects in northern India, trees are inoculated early in the rainy season (June-July) or in January-

February. Shoots of 4-10 months old are most suitable for larval settlement. Lac is harvested after about 6 months. Only trees with a fully developed

crown produce a good yield of lac. Trees can be improved by heavy pollarding. Trees should be rested for 12-18 months before being

reinoculated.

Germplasm Management Seed can be stored in gunny bags for 1 year, in sealed containers for up to 2 years. The weight of 1000 seeds is 500-700 g.

Functional uses

Products

Fodder: Leaves, twigs and seed-cake are used to feed cattle. Food: The pleasantly acid arillodes of the ripe seeds are eaten, whereas immature fruit

is pickled. Cooked young leaves make a side dish. Fuel: The wood is suitable as firewood and makes excellent charcoal. Lipids: Oil extracted

from the seed, called 'kusum oil', is a valuable component of true Macassar oil used in hairdressing; it is also used for culinary and lighting purpose and

in traditional medicine it is applied to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions. Unguents are made of the harder fraction of the oil. In Madura

and Java the oil is used in the batik industry, and in southern India as a cooling bath oil. Medicine: Powdered seeds are applied to wounds and ulcers of cattle to remove maggots. The bark is astringent and used against

skin imflammations and ulcers, while an infusion is taken against malaria. Tannin or dyestuff: A dye and tannin are obtained from the bark. Tannin

used to be utilised occasionally for tanning leather. Timber: The pinkish-brown heartwood is very hard and durable, execellent to make pestles,

cartwheels, axles, ploughs, tool handles and rollers of sugar mills and oil presses. Other products: In India, it is used as host for the lac insect

(Laccifer lacca). The product is called kusum lac and is the best in quality and in yield.


18 | P a g e

Services

Ornamental: In Central India, it is much planted as a wayside tree.

Pests and diseases Diseases: Stem blight (Rosellinia bunodes), yellow cork rot (Polyporus

weberianus), white spongy rot (Daedalea flavida and Hexagonia apiaria) and white fibrous rot (Irpex flavus) are important diseases in India. Pests:

Several defoliators, borers and sap suckers cause damage. The seed is attacked by a bug (Serinetha augur).

Additional Information

Development

S. oleosa produces root suckers freely and pollards well. In Bihar (India), trees grow to a height of about 7 m and a stem diameter of 10 cm in 16

years; in Uttar Pradesh (India) coppice shoots reach a height of 2 m in 1 year, in South Kanara (India) 5 m in 3 years.

Properties Fuel: The energy value of the wood is about 20 800 kJ/kg. Fodder: The

leaves contain per 100 g dry matter appoximately: crude protein 10.5 g, ether extract 2 g, N-free extract 49 g, crude fibre 32.5 g. Timber: The

heartwood of S. oleosa is pinkish-brown, very hard and durable, but cracks very easly during seasoning. To avoid cracking, logs should be sawn when

green and the sawn timber closely stacked; the piles should be protected from the sun and from drying wind. The wood can be kiln-dried

satisfactorily. The wood is very durable under cover, but not durable when exposed. It takes preservatives well. Dry wood is very hard to saw, it can be

planed to a very smooth surface which takes a high, lasting polish. Lipids: The oil content of the kernel varies from 59-72%. The oil is yellowish-brown and semi-solid and consists of oleic acid (52%), arachidic acid (20%),

stearic acid (10%), gadoleic acid (9%). It also contains cyanogenic compounds, which may cause giddiness and should be removed if the oil is

used for human consumption. Tannin or dyestuff and Medicine: The bark contains about 10% tannin and the analgesic compound lupeol and the

antitumor agents betulin and betulic acid have been isolated from it. Food: The press cake contains per 100 g approximately : water 5.5 g, protein 22 g,

fat 49 g, carbohydrates 14 g, fibre 5 g, ash 3.5 g.

Yields


19 | P a g e

Yield: In India, a mature tree yields 21-28 kg depulped seed per year. Handling after harvest : For depulping, fruits are kept in heaps for 2-4 days

and are then rubbed clean. After crushing the depulped seed, the oil is extracted by boiling or pressing. The oil yield obtained by boiling is 32-35

% of the kernel weight, by pressing 25-27 %. Raw lac is harvested with the branches as stick-lac. It is washed, dried and winnowed to yield agranular

substance called seed-lac.

Prospects

Where wild S. oleosa occurs abundantly, it remains important as a fuelwood, but its growth is too slow to be planted for fuel. Where seed is available in

large amounts, pressing and refining of oil combined with the manufacturing of seed cake as cattle feed may be viable, although the quantity currently

processed is well below its potential. As a host of the lac insect, S. oleosa is preferable to other hosts. Depending on demand for natural lac, it may be useful in village industry.

Medicinal plants of Nepal

Nepali name: Kusum English name : Ceylon oak, Lac tree, Macassar tree, Honey tree

Distribution : Tropical Himalaya (Punjab to Nepal) India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indo- china , Malaysia

Distribution Nepal : WCE, Tropical Description : Tree, leaves opposite, sub sessile, 1-16 ×0.6-6 cm lanceolate,

acuminate, entire, glabrous, flowers in raceme , greenish yellow

Parts used – Bark- Fruits oil Application – Powder, oil

Uses – Bark is astringent and antipyretic, if rubbed up with oil it cures itch, leprosy, skin disease, inflammation, ulcers, etc. It is also useful in arthralgia

and malaria, fruit are used in heat stroke seed oil is antihelminthic, purgative and tonic. It is efficious in alopecia, scald, burns, itch, dermatopathy, ulcers,

cephalgia, seed powder is applied to ulcers of animals to remove maggots.


20 | P a g e

Kusum is also the popular name of another tree species ie. Garcinia cowa

Roxb. In Bihar which has been identified here with Kuvaka s'jn . It might be noted that kosamra being one of the constituent of Nyagrodhadigana should

be astringenty (;+uf|xL) and it might be presumed that the tree bark may have this property while the fruits and seed have purgative action.

pQ/fv08 jgf}iflw blz{sf

b|Aogfd :f+:s[t — sf]zfd|

:yflgo — s';'d

Nofl6g — Schleichera trijuga wild

k|fs[lts j0f{g 5fofbf/ j[If, k0f{ — ljifd lkR5fsf/ kq @—$ hf]8L, jt'{nfsf/, k'ik ;fgf], kmn

!=% rf}8fO{, tLI0ff]u|

k'iksfn — dfr{

kmnsfn — cui6, ;]K6]Da/

k|of]Hoc+u — jLh

k|flKt:yfg — of] pQ/fv08sf] u8jfnsf] pi0f efudf k|fo l6x/L — jgv08, g/]Gb|gu/,

hf}g;f/, cflb :yfgdf ;'ne kfOG5 .

jgf}iflw ljz]iff° wGjGt/L

s';'d

of] cl/i6flb km'n (sapindaceae) jgf}iflw ;'Gw/ j[If dWod prfO{sf] x'G5 .

jf]`mf - !/@ OGr df]6f] , g/d , xNsf jbfdL /+u Pj+ ;'Gb/ x'G5 .

k` - @/( OGr rf}8fO{ c8fsf/, clgbf/ tyf zfvfsf] d'lgsf] kft dfly eGbf 7"nf] x'G5 .

j;Gt Ct'df gljg k` uf9f /ftf] / kl5 tfd|j0f{ 5f]6f] .

kmn - #/$ - ! OGr nDauf]nf] , hfOkmn h:tf] , jLh uf]nf] , #/$ OGr nfdf] , !/% OR5f

rf}8fO{, nfn /· !-# ;Dd x'G5 . kmnsf] u'lb ;]tf] cDn Pj+ /f]rs x'G5 . j;Gtdf k'ik tyf

k'iksf] ;fy d~hsf] kmn nfU5 / uL|iddf kmn kfS5 . ljhsf] t]n lgsflnG5 / cf}iflw

jgfO{G5 . o; j[Ifsf] nfxf ;jeGbf pQd dflgG5 . o;nfO{ ;:s[tdf NffIffb|'d elgG5 .


21 | P a g e

lxdfno k|b]z ;tx g]kfn;Dd , klZrd j+ufn , 5f]6f gfuk'/ , dWo ef/t , l;nf]g / jdf{

cflb kxfl8 :yfgdf kfO{G5 .

gfd

:f+:s[t - sf]zfd|

lxGbL - sf];'d, uf];'d, hdf]cf, ;'df

j+ufnL - sf];"d, s]cf]8f

u'h/ftL - sf];dL, sf];'Da

English name – Ceylon oak Latin name - Schleichera trijuga wild. /;folgs ;+u7g

jLhdf j;f &)=%% / k|f]l68 !@% 5fnfdf tannin tyf Ps k|sf/ glucoside / cGo

Iff/ b|Jo kfOG5 .

u'0fwd{ / k|of ]u

of] skmgfzs, ;+sf]rs, tyf s'i7, zf]y, j|0f, /QmlkQflb gfzs 5 .

5fnf - ;+sf]rs, skmzfds / rd{/f]u, k|bfx / j|0f gfzs 5fnf lk;]/ ltnsf] t}n;+u dfln;

ubf{ lk7 / sDd/sf] lk8f b"/ x'G5 ./

Dfn]l/of - 5fnfsf] zLt lgof{; lxdkmfG6 lbOG5 .

sRrf kmn cDn, uf|xL, pi0f / b'h{/ 5 . of] lkQsf/s, cfGq ;+sf]rs / jftgfzs 5 .

kSj kmn

n3',cDn, dw'/, lbkg, pi0f, j[io, kf}li6s, x[B, jftskmgfzs, cfGq ;+sf]rs Pj+ If'wf jw{s 5 .

jLh - l:gUw, ; :jfb', If'wfjw{s, kf}li6s tyf lkQgfzs 5 . jLhsf] t]n s8f, dw'/, k'li6k|b,

clUgjw{s tyf s[ld, s'i7flb rd{/f]u gfzs 5 . of] t]n lrnfpg], uGh / d'xf;f]+df nufOG5

/ cfdjft, lz/ b'vfO{df, rd{/f]udf dflnz ul/G5 / lj/]rGffy{ t]nsf] tftf] hndf ldnfP/

lbO{G5 .

zfnLu|fd lg308"

sLzfd|tfdflg

sLzfd|/r 3gisG3f] jgfd|f] hGt'kfbkM .

>'b|fkZr]lQ /Qud|f] nfIfj[IfM ;'/Qms M ..

cy{ – sf]zfd|, 3g:sGw, jgfd|, hGt'kfbk, >'bfd|, /Qmfd|, nfIffj[If, ;'/Qms -sf]iffd|,

s[ldj[If, ;'sf]zs_

lxGbL– sf]z+d

a+ufnL – s]cf]8f, hnkfO{

d/f7L – sf]zfd|

u'h/ftL– sf]zd


22 | P a g e

s0ff{6sL– h'l/dfr'

n}l6g – :nLr/fl6«huf

u'0fM

sLzfd| M s'i7zf]yf:qlkQj|0fskmfkx M .

cy{ M sLzfd|j[If s'i7, ;"hg, /QmlkQ, j|0f / skmsf] gfz ub{5 .

ckSjkmn u'0f M

tTkmnF u|flx jft£gFdDnf]i0fF u'? lkQnd .

cy{ – o;sf] sfFrf] kmn dnj/f]ws, jftgfzs, cldnf], uld{, ef/L / lkQsf/L 5 .

kSsjkmn u'0f M

kSj+ t' lbkg+ ?Ro+ n3"i0f skmjftg't . efjk|sfz

cy{ M o;sf] kSjkmn clUgk|bLks, ?lrsf/s, xnsf u/d tyf skm / jft gfzs 5 .

æsf]zfd}dDndlgnfkx/F skmflQ{lkQk|b+ u'? ljbfx ljzf]kmsf/L .

kSj] ej]Go3'6eLifbkf/dNn+ kToflbo'Qm ?lrbLKfg k'li6bflo ..– /fh Æ

cy{ M sf]zDe cldnf], jft lkQgfzs, skmsf/s . lkQhgs, ef/L tyf bfx / zf]kmsf/L

5 . kfs]sf] s';'d dw'/ / cldnf] 5 njno'Qm s';'d bLkg, ?lr / k'li6sf/s x'G5 .

sf]iffd| skmjft£g bLkg+ u|flx tTk/d .

cy{ – sf]z+d skm / jftgfzs, clUgk|bLks / dn/f]ws 5 .

sLzfd|dHhfu'0f M

:jfb'iffsf]clUgSnsl[T:gUwM lkQflgnfkxM .

cy{ M sLzfd|sf] kfs]/ :jflbi6, clUgsf/s, anjw{s, l:gUw lkQ / jftgfzs 5 .

t}nsf] u'0f M

;/+ sf]zfe|h t}nF s[lds'i7 j|0ffdxd ..

ltQmfDndw'/F jNoF kYoF /f]rgfkfrgd .. /fhlg306'


23 | P a g e

cy{ M sf]zfd|sf] t]n ;/, s[ldgfzs, s'i7£g, a0f|ljgfz s8f, cldnf],dw'/, jnsf/s,

kZo, /f]rg / kfrs 5 .

j0f{g M

sf]zfd| hFunL cfFksf] ?kdf To;sf] ?vdf kmn ;fgf] kfOG5 / kft klg ;dfg x'G5.

sf]zfd|

u0f – cDn:sGw -r=_ Gou|f]3flb -;'=_

s'n – cl/i6s – s'n -sapindaceae_

Latin name - schleichera oleosa (lour) oyen

;+:s[t – sf]zfd|, If'bfd|, -cfd|jt kmn_, nfIffj[If -?vdf nfxf hD5_, 3g:sGw -7"nf] ?v x'G5_

lxGbL – s';'d

u'h/fvL – sf];'j

d – sf]l;j

tfldn– k'd/t

dn – k'ifd

t]nu' – kL;'s'

sGt – h]Gbn rsf]t

English name - Ceylon oak

:j?k

o;sf] ?v #@ dL= cUnf] nueu # OGr df]6f], jflx/L ;tx v}/f] / ldq /ftf] x'G5 . 5f]6f] uf]nf]

kq – ;doIfjt, *–!^ OGr nfdf]

kqs – c08fsf/ jf cfotsf/, @–$ hf]8L, #–$ OGr nfdf], !½– $ OGr rf}8fO{

k'ik – cIf/Lo d~h/L, kLtfd xl/t, ;'Id

kmn – nueu !–!½ OGr nfdf], uf]nf] jf c08fsf/, sl7g Tjrf, !–@ jLh x'G5 .

jLh – v}/f], nfdf] uf]nf], t}no'Qm, jLhsf] dlfy jfXfj[l4 -Aril_ x'G5 .

pTklQ:yfg

sZdL/, klZrd j+ufn, 5f]6fgfuk'/, dWo ef/t, blIf0f ef/tdf # xhf/ lkm6 ljz]if u/L cfGw|

If]qdf .


24 | P a g e

/;folgs ;+3fUg

ljh t]ndf masacar oil df ljhdf #%–$%Ü, ljhdHhf ^)–^%Ü

ljh / t]ndf hydrocyanic acid h;sf] sf/0f ljiffQm nIf0f rSs/, tf/sflj:kmf/, d'R5f{ cflb

pTkGg x'G5 . 5fnfdf (=$Ü Tanic x'G5 .

u'0f – u'?

jLo{ – pi0f

ljkfs – s6'

/; – cDn -t}n–s6', ltQm, siffo_

bf]ifsd{ – 5fnf skmlkQzfds, sRrf kmn– jftzfds / skmlkQ;fds / kfs]sf] skmjftzfds

;f+:yflgs sd{

jfxf– t}n– s08'Wg, ls|ldWg, s'i7£g tyf j|0fzf]wg, t]n s]Zo tyf j]bgf:yfks

kfrg ;+:yfg – kmn u|fxL, kfs]sf] kmn lbkg / ?lrjw{s, jLht}n lj/]rg / ls|ld£g

/Qmjx ;+:yfg – /Qmzf]ws tyf zf]yx/, 5fnf siffo x'gfn] /Qm:tDes

;fTdLs/0f – ljif£g

Tjrf – s'i7£g

tfkqmd – 5fnf Hj/£g

k|hgg ;+:yfg – o;sf] 5fnf :tDes / of]lg;|fj /f]Sg] .

k|of]u

bf]iffk|of]u – o;sf] 5fnf skmlkQhGo /f]u k|of]u x'G5 . kfs]sf] kmn skmjfth ljsf/df

;+:yflgs

k|of]u jfXo – t}n s08', s'i7 cflb rd{/f]udf tyf b'i6 j|0f skfndf nufpgfn] tyf ;lGwjftdf

dfln; ug{ b'i7 j|0fdf jf ls|lddf jLhr'0f{ .

kfrg ;+:yfg – jLht}nsf] k|of]u lj/]rgfy{

/Qmjx;+:yfg – /Qmljsf/df

k|rgg ;+:yfg – k|b/df o;sf] 5fnfsf] Sjfy

;fTdLs/0f – ;k{ljifdf o;sf] Iff/ k|of]u .

Tjrf – s'i7/f]udf t}n

tfkqmd – ljifHj/df, o;sf] 5fnfsf] Sjfy .

k|of]Ho c+u M Tjs, jLh, t}n .


25 | P a g e

dfqf M TjsSjfy – %)–!) ld ln

jLh t}n %– !) u|fd

If'b|fd|M :oft s[ldt?nfIffj[Iff] ht'b|'dM ;'sf]zsf] 3g:sGwM sf]zd|Zr ;'/Qms M .

sf]zfd|f]˜UnM s6'M kfs] jLof]i0f]˜yflgnfkxM skmlkQfs/o] ?RoM s'i7Gwf] /Qmzf]ws .. -3=lg_

sLzfd| pQm M If'b|fdM s[ldj[IfM ;sf]zs sLzfd|M s'i7zf]wf:qlkQIf0fskmfoxM .

tTkmn+ u|flx jft£gd+dnf]K0f+ u'? lkQn+d . kSs+ t' bLkg ?Ro+ n3\i0f+ skmjftg't .. -

ef=k|=_

t'GjLsf]zd|====:g]xfl:tss6'siffofM c3f]efubf]ifx/fM s[lds[i0flgn:oM s[i0fj|0f zf]3gZr . -;'=;" $%_

o;sf] j[If 7"nf] 5fofbf/ / ;'Gb/ x'G5 .

kq – kIfjt tyf *–!^ OGr

kqs – @–$ hf]8L, cv08 #–!) OGr nfdf], cfotfsf/ cj[7t tnsf] kq dflysf] eGbf 5f]6f]

x'G5 .

kmn – !½ OGr nfdf], uf]nf], bfgfbf/ .

jLh – !–# OGr uf]nf] nfdf], o;df nfu]sf] nfxf clt pQd x'G5 . jLhsf] u'bL jfxfj[l4 (Aril)

vfOG5 . o;sf] 5fnf df]6f] d'nfod, jflx/L v}/f] v'/bf/L / leq /ftf] /+udf x'sG5 . :jfb siffo

tyf uGw x'G5 . o;sf] 5fnf tyf jLh t}nsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .

/;folgs ;+u7g

jLhdf spanogenetic glycoside kfOG5 .

u'0f – o;sf] 5fnf siffo tyf kfgLdf 3f]n]/ lrnfpbf k+|of]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{ skfndf nufpbf

/fd|f] / nfdf] x'G5 . jLhsL r"0f{ hgfj/sf] j|0fdf nufOG5 .

g]kfn ld306'

cldnf] cfFk

;+ – sLzfd|, ls|ldj[If, If'b|fd|, 3g:sGw, hGt'kfbk, /Qmfd|, nfIffj[If, ;'/Qm+s ;'sf]zs

lx – sf]zDe, 5f]6f cfFk

t – s]cf8f, hnkfO

d – If/LcfFj, sf]lzj

s – h"l/dfr

:jefj


26 | P a g e

sfFrf] kmn – cldnf] u/d / ef/L 5 . u|fxL / l:gUw 5 . kfsfj:yfdf :jflbnf] 5 . ef]s nufp5

. jfo'nfO{ 36fp5 . skm / lkQnfO{ a9fp5 . ljbfx / zf]s j9fp5 .

kfs]sf] kmn – s]lx u'lnof], clt cldnf] xnsf / u/d 5 . skm / jfo'nfO{ j9fp5 . g"gdf

ldnfO{ vfbf ?lr / ef]s j9fp5 . k'i6 / jn a9fp5 .

o;sf] t}n – tLtf], cldnf], ld7f] / kYo 5 . ;f/s 5 , ?lr j9fp5 . kfrs / jnbfosM s[ld,

s'i7 / j|0fdf pkof][uL 5 . o;nfO{ s;}n] l;+w'/] cfFk klg eG5g\ .

lg306' cfbz{

gfd – sf]zfd| -;+_ sf];d -lx_ sf];Da' sf];d -u'_ s':;'Dj -k+=_ s':;d -dWok|b]z_ sf]nd -tf_

o'id -dn_

English name - Ceylon oak, Gumlek tree, Honey tree

Latin name – Schleichera oleosa lour, var schleichera trijuga wild

pTklQ:yfg – lxdfno, dWoef/t, blIf0f ef/t, 8fË -u'h/ft_

pko'Qm c+u – 5fnf, kmn, t]n

/;folgs ;+u7g – o;sf] jLhsf] cyanogenetic glucooside x'G5 .

j0f{g

sf];dsf] j[If 7"nf] / ;'Gb/ x'G5 . o;sf] kmn hfokmn ;dfg x'G5 . kmn !–# jLh x'G5 . kmnsf]

dHhf :j]t v}/f], ?lrk|b, vfgof]Uo x'G5 . o;sf] sf7 sl7g x'G5 . o;sf] ?vdf pQd nfxf x'G5

To;}n] n]s Tree elgG5 . o;sf] ljhjf6 t]n lg:sG5 h;nfO{ masaccar oil elgG5 .

pkof]u

o;sf] Tjrf ulnt o'Qm tyf cGo Tjrfsf] /f]udf pkof]uL x'G5 . sf];Tjrfr"0f{ t]ndf ldnfP/

kfdf / kmf]8] k'mlG;of]df nufOG5 . sl6z'ndf Tjrfdf n]k nufOG5 . l;/sf] rfof x6fO skfn

jgfp5 t]n macasscar pkof]uL 5 . ;lGwjftdf of] t]n jf3 ?kdf k|o'Qm 5 . kz'sf] j|0fdf sL/f

k/]kl5 sf];djLh r"0f{ nufOG5 . u|lGydf 5fnfsf] r"0f{ jfWgfn] u|lGy kfS5 . j[Ifsf] jLh, Tjrf,

t]n / nfxf ;a} pkof]uL 5 . skfn emg]{ / skfn jgfpg o;sf] t]n pkof]uL 5 .

efjk|sfz lg306'

lx – sf]zDe, s';'d, sf];d,

s – rsf]g


27 | P a g e

d – sf]l;j

tf – k'd/d

dn – k'ko

d' – sf];'+j

English - ceylon oak L N = schleichera trijuga wild

of] ;txdf g]kfn / dWo ef/tdf kfOG5 .

dbgkfn lg306'

sf]zfd| M

sf]zfd|sf] 3g:sGwf], hGt'j[IfZr sf]z{sM .

sf]zfd|M s'07zf]yf:qlkQj|0fskmfkx M ..

sf]zfd|s, 3g:sGw, hGt'j[If, sf]zs oL sf]zfd|sf] gfd xf] . sf]zfd| s'07, zf]hf, /QmlkQ 3fp /

skmsf] gfz ub{5 .

tTkmn+ u|flx jft£gdDnf]i0f+ u'? lkQnd\ .

kSs+ tbLkg+ ?Ro n3\i0f+ skmjftlht\ .

dHhf lkQ;dL/3|f :jfx'j{tof8lgbLkgf ..

sf]zfd|sf] kmn dnsf] jfW5 . jftsf] gfz ub{5 . cldnf], pi0f, ef/L / lkQnfO{ ub{5 . ksfPsf]

sf]zfd| clUgnfO{ hufp5, ?lr j9fp5, . xn'sf, pi0f / skmjft j9fp5 . o;sf] u'bL

lkQjftsf] gfz ub{5 . dw'/ 5, jn j9fp5, clUg hufp5 . ;fgf] / kmnjfnf kxf8df h+undf

pTkGg x'g] cfFknfO{ sf]zfd| elgG5 .

jgf}iflw rGb|f]bo

sf];d M

;+:s[t – sf];fd|, ls|ldj[If, If'bfd, /Qmfd|, jgfd|

lxGbL – sf];'d, s';'d, uL;'d

d/f7L – sf]l;Ud, s';'De, jfx]g, k]8d'g

jDjO{ – uf];d, s+jd, sf]:d, sf]lzUd

dWo]k|b]z – s';'d

u'h/ftL – sf};dL, sf];'Dj

k+hfj – uf];d, hd]>f, s';'Dj, ;'df


28 | P a g e

tfldn – sf]ndf, sLlh k'd/d

t]nu" – sf]bnLk'n';, kkfl6{

Latin name - scheichera trijuga

j0f{g

of] ;'Gb/ / 7"nf] ?v xf] hf] lxdfno ;tx b]lv g]kfn;Dd tyf 5f]6f gfuk'/, dWoef/t, ;Lnf]g,

adf{df kfOG5 . o;nfO{ h+unL cfFk klg elgG5 . o;sf] ?v dWod prfOdf kfOG5 . o;sf]

jf\]qmf df]6f], g/d xnsf jbfd /+usf] x'G5 . o;sf] kft @)–$) ;]= dL= nfdf] x'G5 . o;sf] K'mn

xl/of] kx]+nf] x'G5 . o;sf] kmn hfOkmn ;dfg x'G5 . o;sf] kmndf !–# jLh kfOG5 . kmnsf]

u'bL ;kmf, cldnf], ld7f] x'G5 . o;sf] jLhsf] t]n lg:sG5 .

u'0f, bf]if / k|efj

cfo'j]{b dtfg';f/ o;sf] rd{/f]u, k|bfx, j|0f / skmdf nfebfos 5 . o;sf] sfFrf] kmn cldnf],

pi0f / kRg ufx|f] x'G5 . of] lkQsf/s, jftgfzs x'G5 . o;sf] kfs]sf] kmn ld7f], cldnf] / ;/n

kRg] x'G5 . o;sf] jLh l:gUw, ;':jfb' / If'wfjw{s x'G5 . of] kf]li6s / lkQgfzs x'G5 . o;sf]

t]n s8f / ld7f] x'G5 . of] kf}li6s clUg jw{s, s[ldgfzs / lj/]rs 5 . of] rd{/f]udf

nfebfos / 3fp l7s kfb{5 .

o;sf] t]ndf ldnfP/ lrnfpg]df nufOG5 . o;sf] jLhsf] t]n uGhdf cTolws nfebfos 5 .

o;sf] k|efj / leGg jgfOPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm k|fGtsf] dflg; o;nfO{ lj/]rs jtfp5g . jDjO{

lj;'lrsf /f]u lgjf/sdf jtfp5 / cfd|jftdf dfln; ug{ k|of]u u5{g . o;sf] jLhnfO{ lk;]/

hgfj/sf] 3fpdf nufOG5 . leqsf] ls|ld gfz ub{5 .

;'>'t / jfUe6 o;sf] k"mnsf] ;k{bf]if gfzs jtfp5g . t/ s]; / dx:s/ dgfg';f/ of] ;k{ljif

gfzs x'b}g .

sg{n rf]k/f sf] dgfg';f/ o;sf] l5n6f ;+sf]rs / o;sf] t]n skfn j9fpg k|of]u x'G5 h;df

syanogenitic glucoside x'G5 .

;'>'t ;+lxtf

ctM pWj{ oyfk|of]hg oyfk|wfgF r :yfj/:g]xf g'ifb]IfofdM tq

ltNjs}/08sf]zfd|bGtLbjGtL;KtnfzFlvgfFknfzljiffl0fsfujfIfLslDknsnzDkD

szLlngL:g]xflj/rolGt,hLdtss'6hs[tj}wj]Ijfs'wefdfu{jog:g]xfjfdolGt,


29 | P a g e

lj8ËZj/d~h/Ldy'lkzu|';"o{jNgLlkn'l;4fy{sHof]ljifdtL:g]xfMlz/f]lj/]rolGt,s'/~

hk|ltss[tdfndft'n'ËL8u'xLls/ftltQm:g]xfb|Jo6j|0ff]o'ifHoGt]t'j/sslkTyslDk

nseNnftsk6f]n:g]xfdxfJoflwif'Mqk';}jlbstt'DtLs'idf08:g]xfd'q;z]if',skf]tj°fjNu'hx/LtsL:j]tM/fs{/f/dz]if',s';'Du;j{kftfl;lkr'dbf{ltd'Qmsdf08Ls6't'DtLs

6dL:g]xfMk|d]x]if',tfngfl/s]nkg;df]rlk|ofnljNjdw'sZn]ioftsfe|ftskmn:g]xfMlk

t;+;[oli6jfof}+MljletseNnftslk08Lts:g]xfMs[i0fLs/7],>j0fs8u's6'i6's:g]xMkf08

s/0f], ;/nfkltbf? lz/fkfu'?;f/:g]xf xb|' s'i7lsl6e]if' Pj+ Ps :jxf

utd'wxjlGt, j]nu'0ffZr :fdfzg JofVoftf M..

;' lr #!÷%

o;/L ljNjs P/08, sf]zfd|, hdfnuf]6f, b|jGtL, ;Ktnf, z+lvlg 9fs,

ujfIfL, sdLnf, cdntf;, gLngL cflbsf] :g]x lj/]rg ul/G5 .lj/]rg k|of]hgsfg]nflu

o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 .

wjfZos0fLzl/ifltlgzifnfzlkr'dbkf6lnkf/Leb||sfd|f]b'Dj/s/xfTsfh{'gss'skLtg

Zn]idftsfs\sL0fdnqmu|xs'/g zdLslkNkfZdGtsfs{r/fljNjdxfj[Iff?is/f/

w'sdw'lzu| zfsuf]hLdjf{d"hf{ltNjs]If'6suf]k3f]06fl/d]bfgfd:dfGofx[Tj

ujfFd'q]0fIff/sNk]gkl/;|fJoljkr]tbBfrfqlkKknLd'nt'08nLosJoËr]frdl~his0f

6l~hsfxl:tlkKnLdl/rlj8Ëu|x3\dfgGtf;Ld;/nfjxLsu'xfsLzfd|Zj]t;ififs?0f

nj09fnIflgr'nj~n'jjsfnj3{dfgk'q>]0fL;Kto0f{6'i6'njfn'sgfubTof{tljiffdofe

b|xf?s'i7xl/bfjrfg\0ffg{lgnf]xfgfFr;d;oefuflgttM Iff/jbfutifsdtfy{

nf]xs'De] lgbxoftM

;'= s= ^. #

wfj8L, cZjs0f{, lz/Lif, ;fbg, 9fs, gLd, kf]6nf, km/xb, cfd, u'n/, d}gkmn

ch'{g, ss'd, ;h{, skLtg, n;"8f, csf]7, cfUnf, s'/Gh, s"8f, zdL, s}y, cZdGts,

cfs, gf/fs/+h, ;]x'u8, ldnfjf, Zof]gfs d'n}x7L{, dL0f;xhg, ;fu}fg, ufhsf d"jf{

d"h{kq, ltNjs, jfndvfgf, uf]k306f,cl/d]b, o;sL eidsf] lnP/ uf]d"qdf Iff/ ljlwn]

@! rf]6L ksfP/ lkKknLd"n, jrf}nfO{, bfnlrgL, rf]r, d+hL7, s/+h uhlkKknL, dl/r,

lj8+u, 3/sf] WjfF;f], ;fl/jf, sfkmn, hL8, hnj]t;, j]t, s];/, zfnk0fL{ ,

sf]zfe|,Zj]t;/;o{, j/0ff, g'g, lknvg, tu/ x/tfn, P/08, 6«jGtL ;Ktk0f{, Zof]gfs,

Pnjfn's, gfubGtL, ctL;, x/8, b]jbf?, s"7, xNbL, jr, o;sf] r"0f{ / nf]xf tfd|

cflbsf r"0f{ Iff/ h;/L ksfpg] j/ nf}xsf] ef8f]df /fVg] .

twyf bfl8dfdnsjb/sf]nss{Gw';f}jL/l;l~rltsfkmnslkTydft'n'Ëfd|e|ftss/

db{lk|ofngf/ËhDjL/ns'reJokf/fjtj]jkmnk|frLgfdMsltlGt8LskLgsf]zfd|fDnn

Lsf k|e[tLlg .. ;'=;= $^.!#(


30 | P a g e

o;/L bfl8d -cgf/, cfdnsL jb/, sf]n, ss{Gw' ;f}jL/, l;FlrtLsf] kmn slkTy,

dft'n'Fu, cfd|, cfd|fts, s/db{, lk|ofn, gf/+u, hDjL/, ns'r, eJo, kf/fjt, j]qkmn,

k|fjLgfdns, ltlGt8Ls, gLk-sbDjkmn_ sf]zfd| clDnsf OToflb /;df cldnf], ljkfs

u'?, jLo{ pi0f lkQsf/s, jfo'gfzs / skmsL Iff]ef ug]{ ub{5 .

tDdfbTkfGt/u'0f sf]zfd|kmnd'Rot] .

cDnLsfofM kmn+ kSs+ t44]lb t' s]jndM .. ;' ;" $^ !^)

sf]zfd|sf] kmn u'0fdf ltGtL8Lskmnsf] cln sd x'G5 . OdnLsf] kSjkmnsf] u'0fdf

ltlGt8Lkmnsf] cg';f/ e]bs x'G5 .

jLhk'/s/fDofsdHhf sf]zfd|;+ej .

:jfb'kfsf] clUgjns[t l:gUwM lkqflgnfkx ..

dft'n'Fu -ljhf]/f_ zDofs -lsZdfn_ / sf]zfd| o;sf] jLhsf] lelq dw'/ ljkfs, cflUgsf]

jn j9fpg], l:gUw / jftlkQgfzs x'G5 .

sf/~h+{ jf ;fif{k+ jf Ift]if' If]Ko t}nF lzu|' sf]zfd|df]jf{ .

kjsF ;j]{jf{ s6'i0f} ;lQmt} /f]if r :ofbx'io6jt\ ;ljwfgd\ .. ;'=lr= (.%#

j|0fdf s/~h, ;+/:o"{sf] ;'xf]hgf yf sf]zfd| jLhsf] t]n nufpg] . cyjf dl/r cflb s6'

b|Jo lgDjfbL ltjs b|Josf] siffo t}n kfs ljlwsf] s/Ghsf] t]n l;4 u/]/ nufpg] .

l:jGg+ r}g+ oyfGofoF kfoo]t lj/]rgd\ .

sf]zfd|ltNjs}/08kmnt}nflg jf g/d .. ;"=lr= !(.%

jftj[l4sf] /fuLdf sf]zfd| -cDjf8f_ l;Njs, P/08kmn oLgsf] t]n /f]uLnfO{ lb'g

kb{5 jf Ps df; ;Dd b"wsf] ;fy P/08 t]n lbg] cyjf km]l/ cfjl:yssfndf jft£g

b|Josf] Sjfy / sNsn] j'l4dfg j}w lg?x lbg'kb{5 .

/;u'0fgt pWj{ j:ofuM jq dw/f] /;f] /;/QmdfF;e]bf]l:ydGhf}hM

z'Qm:tGoj2{gZrIfios]Zof]j0of{jns[T;GwftMzf]l0ft/;k|;fbtf]jfnj[4tIfL0flxtMk

TkblokLlnsfgfldi/td:t[i0ffd[R5flbWk|zogMifl98lGb|ok|;fbgMs[ldskmsZr]ltM;P

j+u'0fL:losPjfToy{df;]JodfgMsf;Zjf;fn;sjdw'jgdfw'o{:j/Lo3fts[ldnnu0f

98gfkfb\olt tyf Zj{bZnLkbjl:td'blkn]kfldioGb k|e[ltZhgolGt . ;'=;\

$@.!*

-dw'/;u'0f_ o;df d'w//; /;, /Qm, dfF;, e]b cl:y, dHhf, cf]h, -k'?if_ z'Qm b"w-l:q_,

o;nfO{ jgfpg], g]q, s]z / z/L/ j0f{sf] nflu jn lbg] jfn, x8\8L hf]8g], /Qm / /;


31 | P a g e

k|;Gg ug]{ jfns j[l4 / IftIf0fL /f]uLdf lxts/, e[u / lrTosL nflu cToGt lk|o, t[i0ff

d'R5f{ bfxsf] zfGt ug]{, kfFr OlGb|o / dg k|;Gg s[ld / skmsf] pTkGg ug]{ . dw'/ /;

clwssfn ;]jn ugf{n] sf;, :jf;, cn;s, jdg, d'vsf] :jfb, :j/ e+u, s[ld, unu08

/ cj'{4 :nLkb, jl:t / u'bleefudf cleioGbL, ef/Lkg OToflb pTkGg u/fpF5 .

t'DjLsfFzfd|bGtL34|jGtLZofdf;KtnfgLlnsfslDknszlËgL:gxfl:tQmns8siff

ofc3f]dfb bf]ifx/fM s[ldskms'i0ffgnXo b'i6j|0f zf]wgfZr M ;'= ;'= $%.!@$

s8jf{ t'DjL, sf]zfd| -Ps k|sf/sf cfd|_ bGtL, b|jGtL, ;/tnf gLlnsf, slDkns /

z+lvgL oLgsf] t]n ltQm s8f / sifo, cwLefusf] bf]if x/0f ug]{ s[ld skmn si7 / jft

gfzs tyf b'i6 j|0fsf] zf]ws x'G5 .

Gou|f]3f]\b'Dj/fZjTyNkIfwsskLtgss'dfd||sf]zfd|rf]/skqhDj"åolkofndw's/f]xL0

fL j~h'nsbDjjb/LltGb'sL;NnsL/f]3|;fj//f]3|eNNfftsknfzf gGbLj[IfZr]lt ..

;'=;\ #*.$*

ci6fË x[boM

sf]zfd|ltNjs}/08;'s'df/sldIfs}M

ttf]˜lgnxgldo"{xsNs:g]x}lg?Wo]tM .. c=x[ lr= !#.#)

jfthGo j[l4df /f]uLnfO{ lqj[t gfds :g]xn] l:gUw u/fP/ sf]zfd| ltNjs / P/08n] l;4

of ;'s'df/ t]nn] lj/]rg u/fpg'kb{5 . zf]wg|sf] pk|fGt jftgfzs sNs, siffo / :g]xn]

lg?x lbg] . lg?x kl5 dfF;/; ef ]hg u/fP/ dw'oli6sf] t]nn] cg'jf;g ug]{ .

jftgfzs :j]b / k|n]k ug]{ . j[l4 /f]usf] kfs]kl5 lr/]/ j|0flrlsT;f ug'{k5{ .

r6s ;+lxtf M tyf˜˜e|ftsdft'n';Ëlns'rs/db{df]rbGtz0jb/sf]zfd|dGyhfDjjldTo+ltlGt8L

skf/fj tfIfL/kg;gflns]bf/l89dfdnsGo]j+k|sf/fl0f rfGoflg ;j{ rfDnF bjeb|]jF

r ko;f ;x lj?4 tyf sªu'j/sds'i06ss'n:kdfifltikfjfM ko;f ;x lj?4f ..

r=;+= @^.!!@

cfd, cfe|fts, emt'n'Ë, lns'r, s/eb{, df]r, bGt/f7, jb/, sf]zfd| e0o, hfd'g, s}Fr,

ltlt8L, kf/fjt, cIff]/, kg;, gfl/jn, cgf/, cfdnf / o; k|sf/sf] cGo b|Jo ;j


32 | P a g e

k|sf/sf] ;6fO{ rfx] b|Jo jf 7f]; b"wsf] ;fy b|Jo lj?4 x'G5 . tyf s+u', j/s, ds'i7s,

s'NyL, dfif, lgikft, oL klg b"wsf] ;fy lj?4 x'G5 .

cfd|fe|ftsns'rs/db{j[IfDnfDnj]t;s'jnjb/bf8Lddft'n''Ëu08L/fdnsgGbLts

zLtsltlGtl8sbgtz7}/fjtssf]iffd|Wjggfg+fkm'nflg,kqf0fL,rfd|fTsf:dfGtsrfË]

/L0ffrt'ljFwfgfFrflDnsfgfFåof]Msf]nof]Zrfdz'isof]4{of]Zrz'isflDnsof]u|fDof/0of]Mcf

;jb|Jol0fr;'/f;f}lj/t'iff]bsd}/od]bsdlb/fdw'zLw'z'snbl3ulod08f]blUg4fGofD

nlbgLrM Piffd]j+ljwfgfF rfGo]iffF rfDnju{kl/;+Voftfgfdf}ifwb|Jof0ff 5]wflg

v08zZ5]bloTjf d]wflg rf0f'zf]e]bloTjf b|j}M l:y/fJogl;Ro ;fwloTjf k;+:s[To

ofyfjt}nj;fdw'dHhnj0fkmfl0ftf]klxt+ ;'vf]i0fF jl:t+ jftljsfl/0f] ljlw1f]

ljlwjb\wflbToDn:sGwM .. r= ; +=lj= *.!$&

cDn:sGw, cfd, cfe|fts, ns'r, s/db{ j[IffDn, cDnj]g;, s'jn, jb/,

bfl8d, dfg'n'Ë,bf08L/, cfjnf, dGbLts, zLts, ltlDtl8s, bGtz8 P]/fjts, sf]iffd|,

wGjgsf] kmn . cfd|fts, cZjdGts, rfË]/Lsf] kft . rf/ k|sf/sf OdnLsf kft, sfrf] /

;'s]sf] jo/sf] kft, u|fDo / h+unL b'j} k|sf/sf] cldlnsfsf] kft, cf;j b|Jo tyf ;'/f

;flj/ t'iff]bs e}/]o d]bs dlb/f dw' zL3| z'sn bxL bxLsf] kfgL, wfGofDn cflb . cGo

k|sf/sf b|Jo h;df cDnju{df ldnfOPsf] x'g'kb{5. h;nfO{ 5]bg e]bg u/L ;'/f;f}lj/

cflb b|JonfO{ ;]rg u/L l;4 ug'{ kb{5 . To;kl5 nj0f ld;fP/ jfg ljsf/ljlwn]

z'vf]if0f j:tL ug'{k5{ .

s/L/ wj/ lgDjfs{r'ssf] zfd|hfDjj} M .

hflËgL j[ifd"nfgf+ sjfr}dlbgLszLw'dL .. r' ;" lr= #).*!

s/L/ wgsf] 5fnf, gLdsf] 5fnf, dbf/sf] h8sf] 5fnf, j's / P/f8sf] h/f

cyjf lzjdlNnsf sf]zfd| hfd'g, hflËgL c8';]sf] h/f oL ;j}sf] Sjfydf dw' jf c+u'/sf]

/S;L dw / ;L3' / pv'sf] /;sf] dB tyf z'qm ldnfP/ of]lgsf] k|Ifng ug]{ o;n]

of]lg>fj jGb x'G5 .

cs{lgDjfe|sf]zfd| ljNjj'sjf]4j}

s/L/ lhËLgL hDj's/Gh hfh'{glzu|h} ..

knfz l;3|sf] Ty}ir siffo}wlStk/d .

z'qm l;w' dw'lGd>}of]Fg] >fj lgjf/0f ..

cy sf]zfu|


33 | P a g e

sf]zfd|sf] 3gisGwf] hGt'j[IfM ;'sf]zsM sf]zfd|Ms'i7szfkm:qlkQskmfkxM ..

tTkmn8\,u|flx jfTxgdDnLi0f8 u'? lkQnd.dHhf lkQ;dL/xgL :jfFb' j{No˜lUg

bLkgL ..

References:

1. Charaka-Samhita (English Translation), Vol II; Editor-Translator: Prof. P.V.

Sharma: 1st edition, 1983. Chowkhamba Orientalia, India.

2. Sushruta-Samhita (English Translation); Editor: Kaviraj Kunjal Bhishagratna; 2nd Edition, 1963. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, India.

3. >Ldåfue6lj/lrt …ci6fËXbod \Ú M 6Lssf/– slj/fh clqb]j u'Kt, ;Dkfbs– j}b ob'gGbg pkfWofo . bzf}+ ;+:s/0f, @)$$ -lj=;+=_, rf}vDaf ;+:s[t ;+:yfg, ef/t .

4. ;f}>'tlg306'M ;Dkfbsf}– 8f= sfzL/fh ;'j]bL, 8f= g/]Gb|gfy ltjf/L . k|sfzg @)%&, dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno, bfª, g]kfn .

5. efjk|sfzlg306' M ljdz{sf/– 8f= s[i0frGb| r'g]s/, ;Dkfbs– 8f= u+uf;xfo kf08]o . rf}vDaf ef/tL Psf8]dL .

6. dbgkfnlg306' M ;Dkfbs, u+uflji0f' >Ls[i0fbf; . 7. /fhlg306';lxtf]wGjGtl/olg306'M ;+zf]wg– ljgfos u0f]z cfk6] . cfgGbf>d ;+:s[t

u|GyfjnL . 7. dxf}ifwlg306' M ;Dkfbs÷;+sns– cfo{bf;s'dfl;+x leifUj/]0f 8. lg306' cfbz{ M n]vs– >L afkfnfn u= j}B . klxnf] k|sfzg, !(^*, rf}vDaf ef/tL

csfbdL, ef/t . 9. g]kfnL lg306' M sf]ifgfy b]jsf]6f . 10. /;t/lË0fL M ;Dkfbs k+= sfzLgfyzfl:q0ff . !! cf}+ ;+:s/0f, !(&(, df]tLnfn

jgf/;Lbf;, ef/t . 11. jg:klt lj1fg M xg'dfgk|;fb zdf{ . k|sfzg !(() . 12. jgf}iflw lgblz{sf -cfo'j]{bLo kmfdf{sf]lkof_ M 8f= /fd;'zLn l;+x . klxnf] k|sfzg, !(^(,

lxGbL ;ldlt, ;"rgf ljefu pQ/ k|b]z . 13. Plants of Sharangadhar Samhita : Editor- Dr. S.K. Sharma. 1999. Rastriya

Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, National Academy of Ayurveda.

14. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol-I: Lt. Colonel K.R. Kirtikar, Major B.D. Basu. 2nd edition.

15. Medicinal Plants of Nepal, Vol. 3 & 10: Government of Nepal, Ministry of

Forestry & Soil Conservation, Department of Plant Resources. Edition 1999.

16. b|Jou'0f lj1fg M 8f= Zofddl0f clwsf/L . klxnf] k|sfzg, @)^@, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df8f} .


34 | P a g e

17. b|Jo–u'0f–lj1fg M 8f= k|bLk s]=;L=, 8f= hof ;Tofn …;GWofÚ . klxnf] k|sfzg, @))% . dsfn' a'S; P08 :6]gz{, sf7df8f}+ .

18. A Compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal

19. www.himalayahealthcare.com\herbfinder. 20. www.tga.gov.au

21. www.usask.ca 22. www.heralgram.org

ayurveda - · pdf fileand chikitsa (treatment) but is ... the panchabhautik composition of...

Documents