axial skeleton part i: skull - ellensavoini.com ppt notes.pdf · axial skeleton part i: skull bony...

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AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony Features Projections that help form Joints Depressions and Openings Sites of Muscle and Ligament attachment Features Trochanter / Tuberosity Tubercle Crest Spine Condyle Epicondyle Ramus Head Facet Fossa Meatus Foramen Fissure Malleolus Notch Protuberance Naming Features and Bones Feature of the (R or L) Bone Tibial tuberosity of the right tibia Optic foramen of the sphenoid bone Head of the left humerus What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components Axial Skeleton Skull: cranial and facial bones Vertebral Column Rib Cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper and Lower Limbs Attachment girdles: pelvic and pectoral girdles Bones of the Axial Skeleton The skull: 8 cranial bones 14 facial bones Bones associated with the skull: 6 auditory ossicles the hyoid bone The vertebral column: 24 vertebrae the sacrum the coccyx The thoracic cage: 24 ribs the sternum

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Page 1: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL

Bony Features

• Projections that help form Joints • Depressions and Openings • Sites of Muscle and Ligament attachment

Features

• Trochanter / Tuberosity

• Tubercle • Crest • Spine • Condyle

• Epicondyle • Ramus • Head • Facet • Fossa • Meatus

• Foramen • Fissure • Malleolus • Notch • Protuberance

Naming Features and Bones

Feature of the (R or L) Bone – Tibial tuberosity of the right tibia – Optic foramen of the sphenoid bone – Head of the left humerus

What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton?

Skeletal Components

• Axial Skeleton – Skull: cranial and facial bones – Vertebral Column – Rib Cage

• Appendicular Skeleton – Upper and Lower Limbs – Attachment girdles: pelvic and

pectoral girdles

Bones of the Axial Skeleton • The skull:

– 8 cranial bones – 14 facial bones

• Bones associated with the skull: – 6 auditory ossicles – the hyoid bone

• The vertebral column: – 24 vertebrae – the sacrum – the coccyx

• The thoracic cage: – 24 ribs – the sternum

Page 2: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

What are the bones and features of the cranium?

The Cranial Bones

• Occipital bone • Frontal bone

• Parietal bones (2) • Temporal bones (2)

• Sphenoid • Ethmoid

Features of the Occipital Bone

– External occipital protuberance – Occipital condyles – Foramen magnum – Jugular foramen – Hypoglossal canals

Parietal Bones

Features of the Frontal Bone

– Frontal squama (forehead) – Supraorbital margin (protects eye)

Features of the Temporal Bones

– Zygomatic process – Mastoid process – Styloid process – External auditory (acoustic) canal – Mandibular fossa – Carotid canal – Foramen lacerum

Features of the Sphenoid

– Right and Left Optic canal – Sella turcica

• Hypophyseal fossa

Features of the Ethmoid – Cribriform plate

• Olfactory foramina – Crista galli – Superior nasal conchae – Middle nasal conchae

Page 3: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

What are the other features of the skull, as a whole?

Sinuses • Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull:

– lined with mucus membranes – protect the entrances of the respiratory system

Sutures

Immovable joints of the skull: • Lambdoid suture • Coronal suture • Sagittal suture • Squamous suture

What are the differences between the skulls of infants and adults?

The Infant Skull • Has many ossification centers • Fusion is not complete at birth:

– 2 frontal bones – 4 occipital bones – several sphenoid and temporal elements

• Fontanels: – Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots) – Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull – Allow the skull to flex during birth

The 4 Fontanels

• Anterior fontanel: – frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures

• Occipital fontanel: – lambdoid and sagittal sutures

• Sphenoidal fontanels: – squamous and coronal sutures

• Mastoid fontanel: – squamous and lambdoid sutures

Page 4: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

What are the bones and features of the face?

Features of the Mandible

– Body – Alveolar margin

• processes – Ramus – Mandibular condyle – Mental foramen – Mandibular foramen – Angle – Coronoid process

Features of the Maxillae

– Alveolar margin • processes

– Palatine processes – Maxillary sinuses – Nasolacrimal canal

Palatine Bones

Small Facial Bones • Nasal bone • Vomer • Lacrimal bone

– Lacrimal fossa (sulcus) • Inferior nasal conchae

Features of the Zygomatic Bones

– Temporal process

Functions of the Hyoid Bone • Supports the larynx • Attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

Page 5: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

AXIAL SKELETON PART II: VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What are the bones of the vertebral column?

Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column

• Cervical Vertebrae – 7 • Thoracic Vertebrae - 12 • Lumbar Vertebrae - 5 • Sacrum • Coccyx

What are the common features of all vertebrae?

Features on all Vertebra

– Body – Spinous process – Transverse process – Vertebral canal – Superior articulating process – Inferior articulating process

– Vertebral arch – Pedicles – Laminae

What are the specialized features and functions of each vertebral group?

Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae

C1–C7 – Atlas (C1) – Axis (C2)

• Specialized features: – Bifid spinous process (C2–C7) – Transverse foramen (C1–C7)

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae

T1–T12 • Specialized features:

– Costal facets

Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae L1–L5 • Specialized features:

– Large body – Stumpy spinous process

Page 6: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

Characteristics of the Sacrum and Coccyx • Females curvature is more ‘shallow’ • The adult sacrum:

– consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae – fuses between puberty and ages 25–30 – leaving transverse lines

• Mature coccyx: – consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

AXIAL SKELETON PART II: VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What are the components of the thoracic cage?

Axial Skeleton: Thorax

• 12 pair of ribs – True Ribs (7) – False Ribs (3) – Floating Ribs (2)

• Sternum

Features of the Sternum • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process

Page 7: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

APPENDICULAR SKELETON PART I: PECTORAL GIRDLE

Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle – Clavicle and Scapula

• Upper Extremity – Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals,

Metacarpals, Phalanges

• Pelvic Girdle – Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

• Lower Extremity – Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals,

Metatarsals, Phalanges

The Pectoral Girdle • Connects arms to the body • Consists of:

– 2 clavicles – 2 scapulae

Clavicle • Look for the tapered, wide end

– That part goes toward the shoulder (lateral) • Look for the side (top/bottom) that is ‘rougher’ for muscle attachment

– That is the inferior part

Features of the Clavicle – sternal end – acromial end

Scapula

(shoulder blade) • Look for the side that has a ‘handle

– That part is the most posterior and superficial – The featureless side is deep

• Look for the circular, smooth fossa or cavity – That is the cup of the shoulder joint, it points laterally

Features of the Scapula

– Glenoid cavity – Coracoid process – Acromion – Spine – Medial border – Lateral border – Inferior angle – Subscapular fossa

Page 8: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

APPENDICULAR SKELETON PART II: UPPER LIMBS

What are the bones and features of the arm?

The Upper Limbs

• Arm – humerus

• Forearm – radius – ulna

• Wrist – carpal bones

• Hand – metacarpals – phalanges

Humerus

(upper arm bone) • Look for the rounded ‘head’

– That part is superior, and medial (shoulder joint) • On the bottom (distal end), look for the big dip (like a soup ladle)

– That is posterior

Features of the Humerus – Head – Anatomical neck – Greater tubercle – Lesser tubercle – Intertubecular groove – Deltoid tuberosity

– Medial epicondyle – Lateral epicondyle – Trochlea – Capitulum – Olecranon fossa

Ulna

(medial forearm bone) • Look for the ratchet ‘head’

– That part is proximal (part of the elbow joint) • On the side of the lower part of the ratchet, find the groove that drops

downward – That surface faces laterally (toward the radius)

Features of the Ulna

• Olecranon process • Coronoid process • Trochlear notch • Radial notch • Styloid process

Page 9: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

Radius (lateral forearm bone) • Look for the golf tee ‘head’

– That part is proximal • Lay the bone on the table, look at the distal end (wide part). Turn the bone

so that the end tapers up, like a ski jump – That surface faces anteriorly

Features of the Radius

• Head – Radial tuberosity – Ulnar notch – Styloid process

Carpal Bones

Proximal bones: • Scaphoid bone:

– near styloid process • Lunate bone:

– medial to scaphoid • Triquetrum:

– medial to lunate • Pisiform bone:

– anterior to triquetrum

Distal bones: • Trapezium:

– lateral • Trapezoid bone:

– medial to trapezium • Capitate bone:

– largest • Hamate bone:

– medial, distal

Metacarpal Bones

• The 5 long bones of the hand • Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial • Articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges of the Hands

• Pollex (thumb): – 2 phalange bones

• proximal, distal • Fingers:

– 3 phalange bones • proximal, middle, distal

Page 10: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

APPENDICULAR SKELETON PART III: PELVIC GIRDLE

Inferior Appendicular Skeleton

• Ossa Coxae – Ischium – Ilium – Pubis

• Lower Extremity – Femur – Tibia – Fibula – Ankle and Foot

Ossa Coxa

• Look for the flared fan part – That part is superior

• Find the ‘hip socket’ – That part is lateral

• On the back side of the ‘fan’, find the rough part – That part is posterior

• Find the pointy part by the ‘big hole’ – That part is anterior

Features of the Ilium

– Iliac crest – Anterior superior iliac spine – Anterior inferior iliac spine – Posterior superior iliac spine

– Posterior inferior iliac spine – Greater sciatic notch – Iliac fossa

Features of the Ischium

– Ischial spine – Lesser sciatic notch – Ischial tuberosity – Ischial ramus

Features of the Pubis – Superior ramus – Inferior ramus

Features of the Pelvic Girdle

• Acetabulum: – meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis – articulates with head of the femur

• Obturator foramen: – formed by ischial and pubic rami

• Symphysis Pubis

Page 11: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

• Female pelvis: – Smoother ,lighter – Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments – Broad pubic angle (> 100°) – Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx – Enlarged pelvic outlet, wide inlet, ilia project laterally, not upwards

Page 12: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

PART IV: LOWER LIMBS

What are the bones and features of the lower limbs?

The Lower Limbs • Thigh

– femur • Knee cap

– patella • Leg

– tibia – fibula

• Ankle – tarsal bones

• Foot – metatarsals – phalanges

Femur

(thigh bone) • Look for the rounded ‘head’

– That part is proximal • Look at the distal end with the two smooth surfaces

– That part is distal • Find the large notch between the smooth surfaces

– That faces posteriorly

Features of the Femur – Head – Neck – Greater trochanter – Lesser trochanter – Gluteal tuberosity – Medial epicondyle – Medial condyle – Lateral epicondyle – Lateral condyle – Intercondylar fossa

The Patella

• Base attaches quadriceps femoris tendon • Apex attaches patellar ligament

Page 13: AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL - ellensavoini.com PPT notes.pdf · AXIAL SKELETON PART I: SKULL Bony ... What are the bones and features of the axial skeleton? Skeletal Components •

Tibia (shin bone) • Look for the wide, flat surface with a bump in the middle

– That part is proximal • Look at the distal end with one side extending down medially

– That part is medial

Features of the Tibia – Intercondylar eminence – Tibial tuberosity – Medial malleolus

Fibula

• Look for the more ‘globular’ or rounded head – That part is proximal

• Look at the tapered, pointy end – That part is distal

• On the distal end, find the side that has more articulating surfaces – That faces medial

Features of the Fibula

– Head – Lateral malleolus

Tarsal Bones

– Talus – Calcaneus – Cuboid – Navicular

– Medial cuneiform – Intermediate cuneiform – Lateral cuneiform

Metatarsal Bones

• The 5 long bones of the foot – Numbered I–V from medial (big toe) to lateral – Articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges of the Feet

• Hallux: – big toe, 2 phalanges

• distal, proximal • Other 4 toes:

– 3 phalanges • distal, medial, proximal