axe-10(a)
DESCRIPTION
axe ericssonTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
AXE-10
Contents Page
1.0 Introduction to AXE 1
1.1 What is AXE? 1
1.2 AXE as viewed by the subscriber 3
1.3 AXE as viewed by the telecom administration 5
1.4 Flexibility - the be-all and end-all 8
2.0 AXE system structure 8
2.1 Processors in the AXE system-basic principles 8
2.2 System structure 14
2.3 Internal interworking and hardware in APT 21
2.4 The digital group switch 34
2.5 The digital subscriber stage 44
2.6 APZ 211 and APZ 212-control parts of the AXE system 55
2.7 The I/O (Input/Output) system in AXE 69
2.8 Addressing principles and the operating system 74
2.9 Traffic handling 83
Appendix 97
1
![Page 2: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
1. Introduction to AXE
1.1 What is AXE?
This question may be answered in many different ways. Some would say, “A
telephone exchange”, while others might be more specific and say, “A telephone
system capable of serving all types of telecom networks- national as well as
international”. And many of the answers given would be right.
But if the question reads, “What do the three letters ‘AXE’ stand for?”, there
will usually be no answer.
What, then, does “AXE” mean? - The answer is that it is just a three-letter
code denoting an Ericsson product.
All products, instruments, tools, etc. made or used by Ericsson are identified
by a three-letter code.
The three letters are usually also followed by a number to indicate product
variants.
We will discuss this matter in more detail later on in this book, Section 4.2.
Let us now revert to the first question, “What is AXE?”
To be able to give a comprehensive answer we are going to use a
comparative example: we will compare an AXE exchange installed today with one of
the first AXE exchanges ever installed, that is, the Sodertalje Exchange just south of
Stockholm, which was cut over in 1976.
If we could place these two exchanges side by side, we would find that they
look quite different. And if we take a closer look, the differences will become even
more manifest. The older version uses relay-based technique for some of its
functions, whereas relays are very rare in the newer one. The modern exchange
features a wide range of facilities for clients to choose among, whereas the old one
can offer only a limited number.
2
![Page 3: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Yet both are called AXE. Where is the logic in this?
The answer is as follows: Even though the two versions differ as far as
external characteristics are concerned, they are very similar in terms of internal
structure because the same system structure has been used. Furthermore, the same
type of design aids have been used in designing the two exchanges.
Since this internal structure is in no way dependent on the technology used,
the AXE system is sometimes referred to as “future-proof”.
Another ten years from now new technology will be available, resulting
perhaps in new AXE versions.
1.2 AXE as viewed by the Subscriber
A subscriber will make certain demands on his telephone as well as on the
telecom network as a whole. These demands are usually more or less unreasonable:
“My telephone should function at all times, and it is a must that I should
always be connected to the number I have dialled”.
Of course, such a demand is excessive, but on the other hand reality is not
many steps behind. In most countries, the portion of unsuccessful calls due to
technical faults and congestion, can be far below 1 per cent.
Another demand is that a telephone that is out of service should be quickly
repaired. In these situations, subscribers will receive better service if the exchange
itself can decide whether the telephone or the line is faulty.
These types of demands- together with the demand for quick set-up of
connections- have always been made by subscribers.
The introduction of computer-controlled telephone exchanges also meant the
introduction of a new concept- SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES. An AXE exchange can be
provided with a variety of subscriber facilities, which means that subscribers can be
offered better service.
3
![Page 4: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
We are now going to take a look at some of the facilities offered and see how
they can be used.
Subscriber Facilities in AXE
Wake-up and Reminder Service
The subscriber can dial the hour for automatic wake-up on his telephone.
Call Transfer (“Follow me” or Temporary Call Transfer)
The subscriber can divert calls intended for his number to any other number
within a specified area.
Abbreviated Dialling
A short code replaces a long number or a number used frequently by the
subscriber. The capacity is up to 100 numbers per subscriber.
Non-dialled Connection (“Hot Line”)
The subscriber need only lift the handset (receiver) to be connected to a given
number, either directly or after, say, 5 seconds. If the subscriber dials a digit
during these 5 seconds, he can use his telephone in the usual manner.
Alternation on Inquiry
The subscriber presses a button to alternate between two calls.
Add-on Conference (Three-party Conference)
Three subscribers can converse with each other simultaneously.
Call Waiting
The subscriber hears a weak tone if called by a third party during a conversation
in progress. This facility also includes alternation on inquiry.
Diversion
This facility is available in two variants: diversion on busy and diversion on no
reply. A common characteristic of both variants is that diversion takes place to
some other number programmed by the subscriber.
4
![Page 5: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
These are some of the subscriber facilities offered by the AXE system today.
Future AXE facilities are dealt within section 3.5, ISDN.
1.3 AXE as VIEWED by the TELECOM ADMINISTRATION
Who buys an AXE exchange? In most cases the buyers are national telecom
administrations, but some countries have private telephone companies- Finland and
the USA, for example.
Of course, the buyers also make demands on the telephone systems they are
going to purchase.
The administration usually makes a so-called CHOICE OF SYSTEM, which
means that it decides to buy a large number of exchanges from one and the same
supplier.
In this way, maintenance, spare parts handling, training, etc. will be easier to
organize as compared with a purchase comprising various types of exchanges from
different suppliers.
Considering the fact that the service life of an exchange is very long, we
realize that this kind of decision is a very important one.
It is essential that the administration should choose the “right” system from
the beginning.
We will now mention some of the factors that an administration must take into
account before adopting a new system.
As readers, you should have these factors in mind when studying the system
structure later on in this book.
Does the system include basic functions (coin telephones, private exchange
functions, etc.)?
5
![Page 6: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Can the system handle operator-controlled traffic, for instance, to a local
exchange?
What other facilities does the system offer? Note that subscriber facilities can be
profitable to an administration.
EXAMPLE: The “Call Waiting” facility results in a larger portion of successful
calls, thus increasing the number of charged calls as well as the administration’s
business earnings.
Will future extensions be costly? (Is “spare capacity” for future extensions
available?)
Does the system include concentrators? (Can the administration offer subscriber
facilities to subscribers in rural areas?)
Can the system provide the administration with adequate statistical information?
Such information constitutes a useful tool when dimensioning the network, which
in turn results in a higher grade of service for the subscribers.
Is the system capable of handling digital transmission?
How many alternative routes (number of routes and number of lines per route)
can the system handle?
Will the system be able to satisfy present and future demands as regards
numbering? (A numbering plan often covers a period of 30-50 years into the
future).
Will it be easy to change the numbering of subscriber lines? (A subscriber who
moves to a new address within the same exchange area usually wants to keep
his old number).
Is the system capable of handling present and future call metering methods?
6
![Page 7: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Does the system incorporate facilities for time-differentiated call metering?
(Lower rates in the evening than during office hours).
Can the system handle call metering for coin telephones and special facilities?
Is the system compatible with all existing and planned signalling systems? (For
instance, CCITT’s Signalling System No. 7).
Will the system be easy to operate and maintain?
Operation and maintenance activities are performed by personnel who (1) cost
money and (2) need training. Reduction in the number of personnel and/or
training time will, of course, reduce costs.
Will centralized operation and maintenance be possible? (Unattended local
exchanges are supervised from a central point. This means less personnel and
lower total cost of operation and maintenance).
Is automatic testing of system equipment provided? (Such testing will facilitate
fault tracing, thus reducing repair time).
Is the system easy to communicate with? (Shorter personnel training time).
As we can see, a great many factors influence the purchase of telephone
exchanges. Since today’s systems are beginning to reach a very high degree of
complexity - a fact which makes them difficult to evaluate - some administrations find
it convenient to buy one exchange from each of a number of suppliers. This gives the
administration time to evaluate the different systems and to compare them with one
another before deciding on one or, perhaps, two systems.
Can we then say that AXE satisfies these requirements? YES, INDEED. Its
designers took them into account even at the “drawing board stage”.
Since the development of the system was controlled at all times by the
demands made on its performance, the solutions to the problems resulting from
7
![Page 8: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
these demands form an integral part of the system. Or in other words: there are no
temporary solutions in AXE.
FLEXIBILITY- The Be-all and End-all
Does a telephone system have to be flexible? Yes, a telephone system must
be flexible from two different points of view.
First, flexibility is a prerequisite when producing and selling the system. It
must be possible to use one and the same system in different parts of the world and
to satisfy different requirements with regard to system operation.
Second, the system must be flexible for telecom administrations to operate. In
this context, it is of particular importance to remember that an exchange cannot just
be shut down for extension or repair.
All modifications, repairs or changes must be made while the exchange is in
service, and without disturbing the traffic handling. These factors, too, have been
taken into consideration when designing the AXE system. Only very extensive
changes in the exchange will interfere with the traffic, though still to a very small
degree.
2. AXE SYSTEM STRUCTURE
2.1 PROCESSORS in the AXE SYSTEM- BASIC PRINCIPLES
The AXE system is referred to as an SPC system. Here, SPC stands for
Stored Program Control, which means that programs stored in a computer control the
operation of the exchange. (Note that exchange is used generally to denote either
the plant as a whole - i.e. including the means of control employed - or that part of
the plant which performs the telephony or switching functions).
All operations to be performed by the exchange are stored in the computer
memory. To modify a function we must consequently modify the computer memory.
8
![Page 9: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Figure. 2.1.1An SPC Exchange
The memory contains a large number of instructions which tell the computer
what to do in different situations. To illustrate this, we may compare an AXE
exchange with an old manual exchange.
A manual exchange is controlled by an operator. During the decades
immediately before and after the turn of the century this was the most common type
of exchange, but even today manual exchanges are used (small company PBXs,
hotel PBXs, etc.; PBX = Private Branch Exchange).
Figure 2.1.2 shows a manual exchange used in Vasa (Finland) in 1890.
Figure 2.1.2Manual Exchange in 1890
9
![Page 10: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Putting it somewhat simply, we might say that in AXE the operators have
been replaced by a powerful computer. The computer memory contains all the
information and skills previously possessed by operators.
In those days, “reprogramming” the operator meant telling her how to change
her procedures. Thus, to change something in AXE we must reprogram the
computer, i.e. modify the list of instructions. There are many other similarities
between manual exchanges and AXE.
For instance, what would happen in the manual exchange if the operator was
taken ill? It would, of course, “stop”.
To improve the reliability of a manual exchange we may have two operators,
one of whom is standby. And this is also a principle used in AXE: the switching
equipment is controlled by two computers, one of which is standby. We will revert to
this duplication concept later on.
APT and APZ
As has been said, AXE consists of two main parts: switching equipment for
switching telephone calls, and a computer for controlling the switching equipment.
These two parts have been given designations resembling the AXE letter code. The
switching equipment is called APT, and the computer is called APZ.
But not just what we can see and touch in the exchange is called APT. APT
also has programs, which are stored in the computer (APZ) but which belong to the
exchange (switching) part (APT).
To illustrate this correlation we are going to design a simple system for traffic
signals to be used at an intersection, and these signals will be controlled by a
computer. Let us assume that we buy a computer consisting of a central processing
unit containing the processor and the memory, and that we supplement this computer
with a DISPLAY UNIT, a KEYBOARD and a FLOPPY-DISK UNIT. These last three
units are known under the collective term of INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES.
10
![Page 11: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Figure 2.1.3Personal Computer
We assemble our computer equipment, connect it, and switch on the power.
What will happen?
A beep is heard, and something is printed out on the display. Obviously, the
computer already contains some kind of program. And this is called the operating
program because it handles the work performed in the computer. What we now have
in front of us on the desk corresponds to the APZ part of AXE. Thus, APZ consists of
hardware (the computer, the memory, the input/output devices, etc.) and software for
handling memories and input/output devices, and for administering the work done by
the computer.
We are now going to take a look at the functions to be controlled by our
computer.
The traffic signal system will be of modern type, with dug-in sensors for
detecting motor-cars. In addition, the traffic signal posts will have buttons to be
pressed by pedestrians before crossing the street.
Figure 2.1.4Traffic Signals Controlled by a Computer
11
![Page 12: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
To control these traffic signals we must write a program which tells the
computer how to act in different situations.
And the program that we write must have certain data to work with.
The data in our program will be, for instance, what the signals indicate at any
given moment. The computer must “remember” what the signals indicate to enable
the program to work satisfactorily. We provide the computer with two kinds of
material: a program and data. The program will not change when the system is
started up, but the data will.
We will now compare our traffic signal system with the AXE system and
define some common concepts.
The program we have written is intended for a specific application. Hence, as
opposed to general programs, this type of program is called Application Program.
Our application program consists of program and data, or Software.
The traffic signals, the sensors, the lines and the program that we have written to
control these correspond to APT in AXE.
Consequently, APT in AXE consists of the exchange (printed board
assemblies, lines, etc.) and of software stored in the computer (APZ).
APT = Telephony part of AXEAPZ = Control part of AXE
Figure 2.1.5The Two Parts of an AXE Exchange
12
![Page 13: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Let us now take a closer look at the computer that controls the exchange.
TWO TYPES of PROCESSORS
As you will understand, we cannot use a personal computer like the one used
in our traffic signal system.
The work to be performed in a telephone exchange can be said to fall into two
main groups:
1. Routine scanning of equipment to detect changes. An example is the
checking performed to see if a subscriber has lifted his handset. This is
done several times every second.
2. Complex analyses and diagnostics requiring high computing capacity and
large volumes of data. Examples are the selection of outgoing routes or
traffic measurements.
These two chief tasks have one thing in common: the importance of the TIME
factor.
Here, TIME refers to the moment at which something is done or happens.
(When a subscriber lifts his handset he expects to receive dial tone directly - not
after, say, 10 seconds).
A computer designed to cope with such time requirements is usually called a
real time processor or just processor. The solution is to have two different types of
processor to control the system: one Central Processor (CP) and a number of
Regional Processors (RP). The RPs assist the CP in performing routine tasks and
report important events occurring in the exchange to the CP.
All decisions are made by the central processor.
13
![Page 14: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Figure 2.1.6The Architecture of the Control-system
Figure 2.1.7RP Handles Simple but Frequent Tasks, whereas CP Handles Complex Tasks
This type of configuration permits simple modification of the system capacity
by just increasing or decreasing the number of regional processors. This rule applies
up to the capacity limit of the central processor.
2.2 SYSTEM STRUCTURE
As we have already seen, the AXE system consists of two main parts: APT,
which is the telephony part, and APZ, which is the control part. Both APT and APZ
use hardware (printer board assemblies) and software (programs and data). We will
now take a closer look at the telephony part, APT, and see what it includes. Later on
in this book we will also discuss the control part, APZ.
14
![Page 15: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
APT
To facilitate the handling of a system the size of AXE, APT has also been
divided into a number of Subsystems.
The division into subsystems is function-related, and below we will briefly
discuss some of the many reasons why such a division is necessary.
DESIGN : The responsibility for the design of a subsystem rests with a
department or section at Ericsson.
DOCUMENTATION : The fact that the division into sub-systems is function-
related facilitates the locating of the documents involved.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION : Some subsystems are needed only in certain
applications. The names of the subsystems included in a particular exchange
give a condensed description of the tasks to be performed by the exchange
concerned.
The name of a given subsystem reflects the function of that subsystem. Some
subsystems contain only software whereas others contain both software and
hardware. We will now briefly discuss all the subsystems presently used in APT (the
telephony part). Some of them will be studied in more detail later on.
SUBSYSTEMS in APT
TCS, TRAFFIC CONTROL SUBSYSTEM: Only software. TCS is a central
part of APT and can be said to replace the operator of a manual system.
Examples of the subsystem’s functions are:
– Set-up, supervision and clearing of calls.
– Selection of outgoing routes.
– Analysis of incoming digits.
– Storage of subscriber categories.
TSS TRUNK and SIGNALLING SUBSYSTEM: Software and hardware. The
subsystem handles the signalling over and the supervision of connections to
other exchanges.
15
![Page 16: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
GSS GROUP SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM: Software and hardware. GSS
sets up, supervises and clears connections through the group switch.
Selection of a path through the switch takes place in the software.
OMS OPERATION and MAINTENANCE SUBSYTEMS: Software and
hardware. The subsystem contains various functions related to statistics and
supervision. OMS is one of the largest subsystems in APT.
SSS SUBSCRIBER SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM: Software and hardware.
The subsystem handles traffic to and from subscribers connected to the
exchange.
CHS CHARGING SUBSYSTEM: Only software. The subsystem handles call
metering (call charging) functions. Two call metering methods are available:
pulse metering and toll ticketing.
SUS SUBSCRIBER SERVICES SUBSYSTEM: Only software. Subscriber
facilities (services), such as abbreviated dialling, are implemented in SUS.
OPS OPERATOR SUBSYSTEM: Only software. The subsystem handles the
connection and disconnection of operators. OPS cooperates with OTS
(Operator Terminal System), which includes the operator positions.
CCS COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING SUBSYSTEM: Software and
hardware. Two variants exist: one for CCITT No. 6 and one for CCITT No. 7.
CCS contains functions for signalling, routing, supervision and correction of
messages sent in accordance with CCITT No. 6 or No. 7.
MTS MOBILE TELEPHONY SUBSYSTEM: Software and hardware. The
subsystem handles traffic to and from mobile subscribers.
MNS NETWORK MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM: Only software. The
subsystem contains functions for supervising the traffic flow through the
exchange, and for introducing temporary changes in that flow.
16
![Page 17: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
APT = Telephony Part of AXECCS = Common Channel Signalling SubsystemCHS = Charging SubsystemGSS = Group Switching SubsystemMTS = Mobile Telephony SubsystemNMS = Network Management SubsystemOMS = Operation and Maintenance SubsystemOPS = Operator SubsystemSSS = Subscriber Switching SubsystemSUS = Subscriber Services SubsystemTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.2.1Subsystems in APT
As has been said, the control part consists of one central processor and a
number of regional processors.
The task of the software allocated to a subsystem is to control the hardware
of that subsystem.
Since the hardware (the telephony devices) is controlled by the regional
processors, these must, of course, also contain programs belonging to the
subsystem concerned. Consequently, the software for a subsystem can be divided
into one central part (programs + data which are stored in the central processor) and
one regional part (programs + data which are stored in the regional processors).
Naturally, this applies only to subsystems containing hardware.
17
![Page 18: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
APT = Telephony Part of AXECCS = Common Channel Signalling SubsystemCHS = Charging SubsystemGSS = Group Switching SubsystemMTS = Mobile Telephony SubsystemNMS = Network Management SubsystemOMS = Operation and Maintenance SubsystemOPS = Operator SubsystemSSS = Subscriber Switching SubsystemSUS = Subscriber Services SubsystemTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.2.2The Structure of Subsystems in APT
Structuring of Subsystems
Each subsystem is in turn divided into a number of parts called FUNCTION
BLOCKS. At this level, too, the division is function-related.
To illustrate this we are going to study the Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
(TSS).
TSS contains a function block called BT (Both-way Trunk). The function of the
BT function block is to handle both-way digital links between exchanges. (A both-way
trunk is a trunk that can carry traffic in both directions). Of course, there is hardware
to which the digital link is connected. In this case, the hardware consists of a printed
board assembly containing circuits and logic for clocking the digital signals.
A regional processor contains software to control and supervise the
hardware. The software belongs to the BT function block. If a change occurs in the
18
![Page 19: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
hardware, this will be detected by the regional software, which scans the hardware at
regular intervals.
The regional software (BTR) will then inform the central software (BTU) in the
BT function block.
After that, the central software can interwork with other function blocks in the
central processor. The interworking between function blocks always takes place at
the central level, i.e. in the central processor. See Figure 2.2.3.
BT = Bothway trunkBTR = Regional software of block BTBTU = Central software of block BT
Figure 2.2.3Examples of Function Blocks
As shown in the figure, function block Y has neither hardware nor regional
software, and this is just as frequent a solution as any other combination, taking into
account that entire subsystems may consist exclusively of central software.
The data belonging to a function block can only be addressed by the block’s
own programs. If a block needs data from some other block, it must make a
“request”.
19
![Page 20: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
WHY FUNCTION BLOCKS?
The basic idea of function blocks can be explained as follows:
– Well-defined processes with data of their “own”.
– Borders between function blocks where the exchange of information is
least frequent.
– A function block need not know what other blocks do.
– Standardized signals between the function blocks.
To summarize this section we are going to study Figure 2.2.4, which shows
the structure of the AXE system.
Remember: The division into different units at different levels is always function-
related.
APT = Telephony Part of AXEAPZ = Control Part of AXEBT = Bothway TrunkBTR = Regional software of block BTBTU = Central software of block BTCPS = Central Processor SubsystemCS = Code SenderFMS = File Management SubsystemHW = HardwareMCS = Man-machine Communication SubsystemOMS = Operation and Maintenance SubsystemOT = Outgoing TrunkSUS = Subscriber Services SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.2.4The Structure of the AXE System
20
![Page 21: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
2.3 INTERNAL INTERWORKING and HARDWARE in APT
We are now going to have a closer look at some central system parts. To
describe the operation of an AXE exchange we will study how TCS (Traffic Control
Subsystem) interworks with the other subsystems.
As has been said TCS is the central part from the traffic-handling point of
view. TCS in AXE corresponds to the operators in a manual system.
Remember that TCS consists only of central software.
TCS = Traffic Control SubsystemFigure 2.3.1
A Comparison
The TCS subsystem consists of 9 important function blocks; see Figure 2.3.2.
CL = Call supervisionCOF = Coordination of Flash servicesDA = Digit AnalysisRA = Route AnalysisRE = Register functionsSC = Subscriber CategoriesTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTOD = Trunk Offering DataTOM = Trunk Offering ManagementSECA = Semi-permanent Connections
Figure 2.3.2Some of the TCS Function Blocks
21
![Page 22: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
RE REGISTER FUNCTION
This block stores the incoming digits and handles the set-up of calls.
CL CALL SUPERVISION
This block supervises calls in progress and clears them.
DA DIGIT ANALYSIS
This block contains tables for digit analysis. Such analysis is ordered by RE.
RA ROUTE ANALYSIS
This block contains tables for selecting outgoing routes (including alternative
routes). Such selection is ordered by RE.
SC SUBSCRIBER CATEGORIES
This block stores subscriber categories for all subscribers connected to the
exchange.
TOM TRUNK OFFERING MANAGEMENT
This block takes over the functions of RE or CL when a busy subscriber is to be
supervised by an operator.
TOD TRUNK OFFERING DATA
Like TOM, this block takes over the functions of RE or CL when a busy
subscriber is to be supervised by an operator.
COF COORDINATION OF FLASH SERVICES
This block takes over the functions of CL when more than two subscribers are to
take part in one and the same speech connection. (This applies to certain
subscriber facilities).
22
![Page 23: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
SECA SEMI-PERMANENT CONNECTIONS
This block permits the setting-up of semi-permanent connections through the
group switch.
As we can see, the TCS subsystem occupies a central position in the AXE
system. As its name indicates (Traffic Control Subsystem), TCS’s tasks
include controlling the set-up and clearing phases. Figure 2.3.3 shows where
in the system TCS is positioned.
CCS = Common Channel Signalling SubsystemGSS = Group Switching SubsystemMTS = Mobile Telephony SubsystemSSS = Subscriber Services SubsystemTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Traffic and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.3.3A Central Part of APT (The figure does not include all subsystems)
SIGNALLING
To set up a call to another exchange, the operator of an old-type manual
system exchanged verbal information (“signals”) with other operators. When
automatic exchanges were introduced, these, too, needed to exchange signals.
Different electrical signals were given different meanings. Signalling can be divided
into two main groups: line signalling and register signalling.
Line signals control the set-up and clearing of a speech connection. Register
signals contain information such as the number to which a call is to be connected.
Register signals are only used in the set-up phase. Let us compare automatic
signalling with the operator’s way of communicating.
23
![Page 24: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
To set-up a call to another exchange the operator sends a current through the
line by turning the handle of a generator. The current causes an indicator to react at
the receiving operator’s desk, thus indicating that a call is coming. This is a line
signal. The receiving operator connects her headset to the line and says, “Hello”. The
other operator hears this and says, “Please connect me to number 1234”. These are
examples of register signals.
This was one of the first procedures for interexchange signalling. During the
hundred years of telephony history, a great many signalling systems have been
developed. These systems have naturally been dependent on the technology
available, and consequently the “history of signalling” covers a wide range of means -
from uncomplicated currents and tones to today’s high-capacity digital signalling
systems.
This development process has resulted in a mixture of new and old
technology in telecom networks. An exchange must often be capable of handling
many different signalling systems simultaneously.
In the AXE system, this problem has been solved by letting the TSS
subsystem (Trunk and Signalling Subsystem) adapt different signalling systems to
TCS. In other words, TCS can be said to be unchanging.
GSS = Group Switching SubsystemRP = Regional ProcessorTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subystem
Figure 2.3.4Adaptation to Different Signalling Systems is made in TSS
24
![Page 25: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
To see how TCS works we will study a small portion of an incoming call to an
AXE exchange.
A STUDY CASE
The register signalling system used in our example is MFC (Multi Frequency
Code). MFC sends register signals by combining two tones. A special piece of
equipment is required to handle these tones. This equipment is called the CR (Code
Receiver) and is connected via the group switch.
CR = Code ReceiverDA = Digit AnalysisGSS = Group Switching SubsystemIT = Incoming TrunkRE = Register FunctionRP = Regional ProcessorTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.3.5Hardware and Software for an Incoming Call
The sequence of events is as follows:
(i) The other exchange wants to set–up a call to “our” exchange, and
selects a free line to interconnect the two exchanges.
(ii) The other exchange sends a line signal to our exchange simultaneously
with the sending of the first digit by means of MFC signals.
(iii) The line signal is detected by the regional processor scanning the
incoming line (IT, Incoming Trunk). The regional processor sends a
25
![Page 26: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
message to the central software of the IT block, telling it that a call
attempt is in progress.
(iv) As IT’s central software (ITU) receives the message, it consults its data
and finds that the line concerned uses MFC signalling. ITU now
requests a CR from the central software (CRU) of the CR block.
(v) CRU selects a free CR device and orders GSS (Group Switching
Subsystem) to connect the CR device to the IT device.
(vi) ITU informs the RE block in TCS that a call is coming. RE reserves a
data area in the memory to be used exclusively for this call.
(At this point, all arrangements have been made for the reception of
digits from the other exchange).
(vii) The first digit is received by the CR device. The regional processor
scans the CR device and sends the digit to CRU. CRU sends the digit
on to ITU, which forwards it to the register, RE.
(viii) RE sends the digit to the DA block for analysis. The DA block contains a
number of tables for digit analysis. The result of the analysis is stored in
RE. Depending on the result of the analysis, the register can now take
different kinds of action.
CR = Code ReceiverDA = Digit AnalysisGSS = Group Switching SubsystemIT = Incoming TrunkRE = Register FunctionRP = Regional ProcessorTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSS = Trunk and Signalling Subsystem
Figure 2.3.6The Digit is Transferred from the CR Device to the Register
26
![Page 27: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
As has been said, it is the register that controls the set-up phase. This control
is based on the result obtained in the digit analysis.
The following data may come from the DA block on completion of the digit
analysis (one digit at a time is analysed - not the whole B-number in one go).
– Send the next digit.– Routing case (the analysis in the Route Analysis Block, RA, indicates an
outgoing route). – Charging case.– Number length.– Terminating Call.– Modification of B-number.– End of analysis.
We have now studied the processing of a call in AXE, and we will revert to
this subject later on in this book.
HARDWARE in TSS and CCS
We will now study some of the TSS and CCS hardware in APT. It is important
to remember that all hardware is controlled by its own software both in the central
processor and in the regional processors.
INCOMING and OUTGOING TRUNKS (TSS)
ETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitGSS = Group Switching SubsystemIT = Incoming TrunkOT = Outgoing TrunkPCD = Pulse Code Modulation Device~ = Analog Signal
= Digital Signal
Figure 2.3.7Hardware for Incoming and Outgoing Trunks
27
![Page 28: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
ETC (Exchange Terminal Circuit) is the hardware of the BT blocks. An ETC
consists of a printed board assembly housed in a magazine. For examples of
magazines, see Section 2.10, “Construction Practice”.
The printed board assembly is illustrated in Figure 2.3.8.
Figure 2.3.8Exchange Terminal Circuit (ETC)
Each channel in the digital connection is regarded as a BT device. If a 32-
channel system is used, only 30 of the channels can be utilized for speech. Channel
0 is always used for synchronization and alarm information while channel 16 is used
for signalling (Channel 16 is primarily used for line signalling, but some signalling
systems can also use it for register signals).
The USA and South Korea are examples of countries using 24-channel
systems. In these systems, all 24 channels can be used for speech (Line signals are
sent by “stealing” one bit from every six samples).
OT (Outgoing Trunk) is the block used to handle outgoing analog
connections.
The hardware consists of a magazine containing 32 devices, and an analog-
to-digital converter. The converter, which is called PCD (Pulse-Code Modulation
Device), has no software and no signalling function.
28
![Page 29: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
IT (Incoming Trunk) is the block used to handle incoming analog connections.
The hardware is almost identical with that of OT.
To distinguish between different variants, the “trunk blocks” are given
numbers: BT1, BT2 …. Here the term “variant” refers to different signalling systems.
Exchanges installed today are almost exclusively equipped with ETCs. In
applications with analog transmission, the digital signals sent by ETCs are converted
into analog signals.
The equipment used to do the conversion is called a Multiplexer (MUX). A
multiplexer thus converts signals from digital to analog form, but it can also multiplex
several analog signals on one and the same line (FDM, Frequency Division
Multiplex). Note that the MUX does not belong to the AXE system; it is transmission
equipment.
ETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitGSS = Group Switching SubsystemMUX = Multiplexer
~ = Analog signal= Digital signal
Figure 2.3.9A Multiplexer (MUX)
29
![Page 30: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
CODE SENDERS and CODE RECEIVERS (TSS)
CR = Code ReceiverCS = Code SenderCSR = Code Sender/ReceiverETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitGSS = Group Switching SubsystemMUX = Multiplexer~ = Analog Signal
= Digital Signal
Figure 2.3.10Analog and Digital Code Senders/Receivers
Code Senders (CS) and Code Receivers (CR) are used for sending MFC
register signals.
CR/CS are connected by means of the group switch when a device (IT, OT or
BT) needs to send register signals by MFC.
AXE has two types of CR/CS:
(i) Analog Devices: 4 CR or 4 CS in each magazine. Analog-to-digital
conversion takes place in the PCD (Pulse Code Modulation Device).
(ii) Digital Devices: 16 devices in a magazine, CSR, that can be used on
both CR and CS.
ANNOUNCING MACHINE (TSS)
30
![Page 31: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
ASD = Auxilliary Service DeviceDAM = Digital Announcing MachineGSS = Group Switching SubsystemPCD = Pulse Code Modulation DeviceRD = Recorder Device
Figure 2.3.11Analog and Digital Announcing Machines (DAM)
The announcing machine is a subscriber facility which uses recorded
messages to inform calling subscribers why they cannot reach dialled numbers.
Announcing machines are also necessary in combination with certain
subscriber facilities where the subscriber can control the facility by dialling
predetermined codes (The announcing machines inform subscribers whether they
have used the right or wrong procedure).
Two different types of announcing machine can be connected to AXE: a
digital machine of recent design, or a “conventional” analog machine.
As its name indicates, the Digital Announcing Machine (DAM) is fully digital.
Recorded verbal messages and tones are stored in digital form on two types of
storage boards: one with PROMs and one with RAMs. The messages stored in
PROMs are seldom changed and special external recording equipment is required to
make changes in them. But no external equipment is needed to change messages
stored in RAMs. In fact, uses can change them by dialling procedures on an ordinary
telephone. Consequently, these messages are best suited for the Weather Line,
sports results, news, etc.
31
![Page 32: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
The maximum message length is 32 seconds for “permanent” messages and
64 seconds for information that is frequently changed. Verbal messages from an
external analog announcing machine can be connected to DAM, and external
messages can be combined with messages stored in DAM. An example of how this
type of message is used is the subscriber facility “automatic wake-up service”. When
woken up by the ringing signal, the called subscriber hears a message, for example:
“You have ordered automatic wake-up. The time is ………”. (Here a speaking clock
can be activated to give the hour).
Verbal messages can also be combined with various types of tones.
As appears from Figure 2.3.11, the analog machine requires a great deal of
peripheral equipment.
Announcing machine messages are recorded on magnetic disks, which
repeat the message as the disk rotates. To prevent subscribers from being
connected up in the middle of a message, the announcing machines send
synchronizing pulses when a message starts. These pulses are sent to a magazine
called RD (Recording Device). RD sees to it that ASD (Auxiliary Service Device)
connects the subscriber at the right moment. The ASD magazine also operates as a
“mini-switch”, as each input from the group switch must be connectable to any of the
recorded messages.
SIGNALLING TERMINALS in CCS
Signalling terminals (ST) for signalling according to CCITT No. 7 are
connected to the group switch via a PCD-D. Since the signalling terminals are digital
devices, the PCD-D equipment includes no conversion function but merely serves as
an adaptation device towards the group switch.
The signalling information from a signalling terminal is sent through the group
switch to a certain channel in an ETC.
32
![Page 33: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
This channel is then used exclusively for signalling. The advantage of
connecting the signalling terminals via the group switch is that some devices can be
kept in reserve and automatically replace inoperative devices.
ETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitGSS = Group Switching SubsystemPCD-D = Pulse Code Device - DigitalST-7 = Signalling Terminal for CCITT No. 7
Figure 2.3.12Signalling Terminals for CCITT No. 7
Figure 2.3.13Signalling Terminal for CCITT No. 7
CCITT No. 6 is a signalling system used for international connections. The
basic principle is the same as for CCITT No. 7, but the system design is adapted to
suit analog signalling links. This means that the transmission rate is somewhat lower
(2400 bit/s), that is in comparison to 56 or 64 kbit/s when CCITT No.7 is used.
33
![Page 34: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Figure 2.3.14 shows the hardware used for CCITT No. 6.
GSS = Group Switching SubsystemPCD = Pulse Code Modulation DeviceST-6 = Signalling Terminal for CCITT No. 6
Figure 2.3.14Signalling Terminals for CCITT No. 6
2.4 The Digital Group Switch
Before studying the structure of the digital group switch in AXE we will touch
upon some of the basic principles of digital switching.
The introduction of digital switching gave birth to a new concept:
TIME SWITCH
Let us first see what a time switch is made up of and how it operates.
A/D = Analog/Digital converter~ = Analog signal
= Digital signal
Figure 2.4.1A Simplified Time Switch
34
![Page 35: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
A time switch is made up of:
a Speech Store for temporary storage of the speech samples. Each
channel in the time switch has a position of its own in the Speech
Store.
a Control Store which controls the read-out from the Speech Store.
This means that we can change the sequence of speech samples in a time
switch.
Assume that we are going to read out samples from the speech store in the
following order: 3, 2, 1, 4 (the read-in order is 1, 2, 3, 4). The control store would then
have the following contents (see Figure 2.4.2).
A/D = Analog/Digital ConverterD/A = Digital/Analog Converter~ = Analog Signal
= Digital Signal
Figure 2.4.2Control Information in the Control Store
This small-size time switch has only 4 inputs. How, then, do we go about
designing a digital group switch with tens of thousands of inputs?
In theory we could use a single time switch having the required number of
inputs. But then the following question arises: “How often would we have to ‘empty’ a
given position in the speech store?” The answer is 8,000 times every second for
each position (the sampling frequency is 8,000 Hz). Consequently, for a 20,000 input
switch the read-in/read-out rate would be 20,000 x 8,000 Hz = 160 MHz.
35
![Page 36: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Today’s market does not offer any circuits that can cope with these speeds.
The solution to the problem is to divide the time switch into suitable sub-units. To set-
up connections from one time switch to another we use a SPACE SWITCH.
The capacity of each time switch in AXE is 512 inputs. A maximum of 32 time
switches can be connected to one space switch.
Terminology : Time Switch Module (TSM)
Space Switch Module (SPM)
PCM = Pulse Code ModulationSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
Figure 2.4.3The Fundamental Parts of the Digital Group Switch
A connection will pass through a TSM - via SPM - to the same or another
TSM.
All calls are set-up via SPM, including those which return to the original TSM.
We say that the switch has a T-S-T (Time-Space-Time) structure.
TIME SWITCH MODULE (TSM)
Since a TSM handles samples in both directions, we need two speech stores:
one for samples entering the TSM [Speech Store A (SSA)] and another for samples
36
![Page 37: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
leaving the TSM [Speech Store B (SSB)]. Each speech store has a separate control
store: CSA and CSB, respectively (in this case, CS stands for Control Store).
TSM also has a control store for SPM called CSC.
CSA = Control Store A CSB = Control Store BCSC = Control Store CSPM = Space Switch ModuleSSA = Speech Store ASSB = Speech Store BTSM = Time Switch Module
Figure 2.4.4Speech Stores and Control Stores in TSM
SPACE SWITCH MODULE (SPM)
The SPM structure is very simple and can be drawn as an ordinary matrix
with cross points.
Of course, in reality, the cross points represent logic gates that open and
close very rapidly.
37
![Page 38: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
CSC = Control Store CSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
Figure 2.4.5Space Switch Module (SPM)
As appears from Figure 2.4.5, the CSC of each TSM controls a row of “cross
points”. Thus, CSC in TSM-0 controls all “cross points” leading to TSM-0.
When a call is to be set-up in the switch, it is the central software of the GS
block (Group Switch) that selects the path through the switch. In this case, path
selection refers to the moment when a sample is to be transferred. This is called
“selection of an internal time slot”.
After the central software (GSU) of the GS block has selected a path, the
regional software (GSR) is ordered to write information to this effect in the control
stores of the TSMs concerned.
From now on, GSU will not pay any attention to the connection until the call is
to be cleared.
64K GROUP SWITCH
As we know, 32 TSMs can be connected to each SPM, providing a total
capacity of 32 x 512 = 16,384 inputs (This type of group switch is often called 16K).
38
![Page 39: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
What can we do, then, to build a larger switch?
We can interconnect several SPMs to form a large matrix as illustrated in
Figure 2.4.6.
PCM = Pulse Code ModulationSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
Figure 2.4.6A Fully Equipped Group Switch
This gives a total switch capacity of 128 x 512 = 65,536 inputs (This type is
often called 64K).
SYNCHRONIZATION
All types of digital equipment require some form of clocking. The clock rate
determines the rate at which samples are read from or written into the speech stores.
The accuracy of this clock is of great importance in networks containing
several interconnected digital exchanges. The whole network must be synchronized.
It is also important that the clock does not stop, as this would stop the whole
group switch.
39
![Page 40: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
To prevent this happening, the group switch has three clocks, or Clock
Modules (CLM).
CLM = Clock ModuleETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
= Digital Signal
Figure 2.4.7Clock Modules to Synchronize the Group Switch
The operation of the group switch will be trouble-free even if only one clock is
used, i.e. in emergency situations.
As has been said, the whole network must be synchronized if it contains
several digital exchanges.
There are various ways of doing this. The simplest method is perhaps the
MASTER-SLAVE configuration, which means that one of the exchanges has a
control (master) function, while the others (the slave exchanges) try to follow the
operating pattern of the master.
Figure 2.4.8The Master-slave Principle
40
![Page 41: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
The master exchange has a number (usually 3) of more sophisticated and
accurate clocks called Reference Clock Modules (RCM). Figure 2.4.9 shows the
hardware included in the master and slave exchanges.
CLM = Clock ModuleETC = Exchange Terminal CircuitRCM = Reference Clock ModuleSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
= Digital Signal
Figure 2.4.9Hardware in Master and Slave Exchanges
The photograph in Figure 2.4.10 shows an RCM magazine (left) and a CLM
magazine.
The CLM magazine has hardware for operating a switch containing 8 TSMs
(4,000 inputs, often written as 4K). For larger switches, a larger version of the CLM
magazine is available.
CLM = Clock ModuleRCM = Reference Clock Module
Figure 2.4.10RCM and CLM for 4K Switch
41
![Page 42: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
There is also another way of synchronizing a network, Mutual
Synchronization. This method is to be preferred in national transit networks.
The basic principle of mutual synchronization is that one of the exchanges
operates according to a mean value based on all incoming frequencies.
Consequently, the network has no “master”. In order to prevent the whole network
from “drifting” as a result of frequency displacement, one of the exchanges is locked
to a fixed frequency value. This reference exchange is called a SINK and has three
highly stable clocks called CCMs (Cesium Clock Modules) which are connected in
the same way as RCM in Figure 2.4.9.
It is thus common practice to use two types of synchronization in a network. A
fully built-up digital network may use the configuration shown in Figure 2.4.11.
Figure 2.4.11Network Synchronization
EQUIPMENT for THREE-PARTY CALLS
Since the digital group switch is only capable of interconnecting two inputs,
external equipment must be used to set up a three-party call (for example operator
intervention or “Add-on conference”). This equipment is called Multi-Junctor Circuit
(MJC).
An MJC magazine can handle 10 simultaneous three-party calls.
42
![Page 43: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
MJC, which also has regional and central software, forms part of the GSS
subsystem.
MJC = Multi-Junctor CircuitSPM = Space Switch ModuleTSM = Time Switch Module
Figure 2.4.12A Multi-Junctor Circuit (MJC)
RELIABILITY
Since the group switch forms a vital part of an AXE exchange, exacting
demands are, of course, made on its functional reliability.
What would happen if, for instance, an SPM broke down? Well, as many as
16,000 calls would “collapse”. And, of course, this must not happen.
To solve this problem, AXE is equipped with two complete group switches:
one called the A-plane and the other the B-plane.
A speech sample is always sent through both planes but it is only fetched
from one of them, usually the A-plane.
To supervise the hardware, a number of parity check functions are provided
for checking the speech samples sent through the switch. A hardware fault will
immediately be detected by these functions. The faulty equipment is blocked, and
43
![Page 44: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
corresponding equipment in the other plane takes over the traffic handling. All these
measures are taken without disturbing calls in progress.
2.5 THE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER STAGE
As mentioned before, there is a subsystem for handling the traffic between
subscribers: the Subscriber Switching Subsystem (SSS). The subscriber stage in
AXE is digital, which means that the analog signal from the subscriber line is
converted into digital form. This is done in the subscriber’s Line Interface Circuit (LIC)
and all switching is digital. To be able to understand the structure of the subscriber
stage we will first discuss its tasks.
BASIC FUNCTIONSA subscriber stage includes the following functions:
– Feed current to the subscriber line.
– Concentrate the traffic towards the group switch.
– Receive digits from dial telephones (pulses).
– Receive digits from keyset telephones (tones).
– Send ring signals to the subscriber.
– Send different tones to the subscriber.
– Carry out measurements on the subscriber line.
Some of the above mentioned functions are common to many subscribers,
others are individual. All individual functions are concentrated in the subscriber’s line
interface circuit.
These functions are: current feed, polarity reversal, reception of dial pulses,
relay for connecting ring signals, relay for connecting test equipment, and analog-to-
digital conversion.
Each printed board assembly has 8 line interface circuits; see Figure 2.5.1.
44
![Page 45: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
Figure 2.5.1Board with 8 Line Interface Circuits (LIC)
The board is equipped with components of special Ericsson design called
SLIC and SLAC (Subscriber Line Interface Circuit and Subscriber Line Audio
processing Circuit, respectively).
The flexibility of the circuits makes it easy to adapt them to varying
requirements in different countries. This goes in particular for power supply, speech
levels and balance.
As we have seen, the line interface circuit has no equipment for the reception
of digits from keyset telephones (tones). The equipment, for this receiving function is
common to several subscribers and is called Keyset code Reception Circuit (KRC).
This device is digital, and each printed board assembly can accommodate 8
KRCs. To connect the KRCs to calling subscribers we need a switch- the Extension
Module Time Switch (EMTS).
All three equipment units dealt with above (LIC, KRC and EMTS) have both
regional and central software; see Figure 2.5.2.
45
![Page 46: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
EMTS = Extension Module Time SwitchKRC = Keyset Code Reception CircuitKRR = Regional software of block KRKRU = Central software of block KRLIC = Line Interface CircuitLIR = Regional software of block LILIU = Central software of block LITSR = Regional software of block TSTSU = Central software of block TS
Figure 2.5.2The Basic Part of the Subscriber Switch
Additional equipment is required to connect subscribers to the group switch.
This equipment, which handles the 32 digital channels to the group switch, is called
the Exchange Terminal Board (ETB).
ETB is the hardware of a function block called the Remote Terminal (RT). It is
the central software of the RT block which reserves channels to the exchange.
CJ, A CO-ORDINATING FUNCTION BLOCK
A function block called Combined Junctor (CJ) is provided to co-ordinate all
functions in the SSS subsystem.
In addition to co-ordinating the set-up and clearing phases, CJ serves as an
interface with TCS and, in particular, with the RE block. See Figure 2.5.3.
46
![Page 47: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
CJU = Central software of block CJEMTS = Extension Module Time SwitchETB = Exchange Terminal BoardKRC = Keyset Code Reception CircuitKRR = Regional software of block KRKRU = Central software of block KRLIC = Line Interface CircuitLIR = Regional software of block LILIU = Central software of block LIRTR = Regional software of block RTRTU = Central software of block RTTCS = Traffic Control SubsystemTSR = Regional software of block TSTSU = Central software of block TS
Figure 2.5.3CJ - The Central Block of SSS
How many subscribers can be connected to an EMTS?
The answer is 128 subscribers, 8 KRCs and one 32-channel ETB. All this is
referred to as an Extension Module (EM) or an LSM (Line and Switch Module).
REGIONAL SOFTWAREThe regional software for the subscriber stage is stored and executed in a
processor incorporated in the magazine: the Extension Module Regional Processor
(EMRP).
The routine scanning of the hardware is done by small, simple
microprocessors located in different parts of the hardware. These are called Device
Processors (DP) and are in their turn scanned by an EMRP.
47
![Page 48: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
The program in DP has no decision-making functions; it just reports hardware
changes to EMRP.
DP = Device ProcessorEM = Extension ModuleEMRP = Extension Module Regional ProcessorGSS = Group Switching SubsystemKRC = Keyset Code Reception CircuitLIC = Line Interface CircuitLSM = Line Switch Module
Figure 2.5.4EMRP - DP Interwork
LSM is illustrated in Figure 2.5.5.
EMRP = Extension Module Regional ProcessorEMTS = Extension Module Time SwitchETB = Exchange Terminal BoardKRC = Keyset Code Reception CircuitLIC = Line Interface CircuitRG = Ringing GeneratorSLCT = Subscriber Line Circuit Tester
Figure 2.5.5An LSM Magazine
48
![Page 49: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
The primary advantage of using a digital subscriber stage is that it can be
detached from the exchange and installed closer to the subscribers. This will imply
less cost and less maintenance.
REMOTE SUBSCRIBER SWITCH (RSS)
But before this can be done, two problems must be solved:
(i) The 128-subscriber capacity is too small. It must be possible to combine
several LSMs to obtain the required size.
(ii) How can EMRP communicate with the central processor over distances of
tens of kilometres?
Let us see how a subscriber stage for 512 subscribers is designed.
EMRP = Extension Module Regional ProcessorEMTS = Extension Module Time SwitchETB = Exchange Terminal BoardGSS = Group Switching SubsystemKRC = Keyset Code Reception CircuitLIC = Line Interface CircuitTSB-A = Time Switch Bus, plane ATSB-B = Time Switch Bus, plane B
Figure 2.5.6Remote Subscriber Stage for 512 Subscribers
49
![Page 50: axe-10(a)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/55cf98f6550346d0339ab699/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
J.T.O. Phase II (Switching Specialisation) : AXE-10
As appears from the figure, the topmost LSM has no direct contact with the
parent exchange, and calls coming from this LSM must therefore use the bus which
interconnects all the LSMs. This bus is called Time Switch Bus (TSB) and is thus
used for speech data. The bus is duplicated for reliability reasons.
At first sight, TSB may seem “unnecessary”, but a closer study will reveal
three very important advantages:
(a) The number of PCM links to the parent exchange can be adapted to the
traffic volume. Thus, all LSMs do not need a separate PCM link.
(b) If the “own” PCM link has no free channels, another PCM link can be used
instead. This makes the subscriber stage immune to situations with
unbalanced traffic load (full availability).
(c) If the contact with the parent exchange is broken, this will not affect the
internal traffic within the subscriber stage.
How many simultaneous calls can be handled by a detached subscriber
stage?
Let us study the example in Figure 2.5.6. Obviously, the traffic is handled by 3
PCM links, and channel 16 of the first two links is used for signalling. For reasons of
reliability, we normally have two signalling channels, which means that channels 0
and 16 cannot be used for speech transmission over these two links. In the third link,
on the other hand, channel 16 is available for speech. Consequently, a maximum of
91 simultaneous calls are possible in this example.
Up to 16 LSMs can be interconnected.
In this way, the number of subscribers served by a detached unit can be
varied between 128 and 2048.
The second task to solve is the communication between one or more EMRPs
and the central processor of the parent exchange.
50