avila@chem.columbia.eduRoom: Chandler 455Phone #: (212)854-8587Columbia UniversityDepartment of Chemistry

Tentative Class Schedule:

WEEK DATET - R

READING MATERIAL ACTIVITIES / TOPIC

1 1/20 - 1/22 Chapters 1 and 2 Course introduction / Measurement2 1/27 - 1/29 Chapters 3 and 4 Matter and energy. Atoms and elements3 2/03 - 2/05 Chapters 5 and 6 Atomic Theory. Nomenclature

4 2/10 - 2/12 Chapter 7 and 8 Chemical composition. Chemical reactions5 2/17 - 2/19 Chapters 9 and 10 Stoichiometry. Atoms and the Periodic Table6 2/24 - 2/26 Chapters 11 Periodic Table. Chemical bonding

7 3/02 - 3/04 Chapter 12 Gases8 3/09 - 3/11 Chapters 1 through 11. Midterm review / MIDTERM

3/16 - 3/18 SPRING BREAK9 3/23 - 3/25 Chapter 13 Water, liquids and intermolecular forces

10 3/30 - 4/01 Chapter 14 Solutions11 4/06 - 4/08 Chapter 16 Chemical equilibrium12 4/13 - 4/15 Chapters 15 Acids, bases, and salts

13 4/20 - 4/22 Chapters 17 Oxidation and reduction14 4/27 - 4/29 Chapter 12 through 17 Oxidation and reduction. Final Review

5/04 Final Examination

What Does a Chemist Do?

• Studies the atomic composition and structural architecture of substances

• Investigates the varied interactions among substances • Utilizes natural substances and creates artificial ones

• Comprehends the marvelous and complex chemistry of living organisms

• Provides a molecular interpretation of health and disease

Main Divisions of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Industrial Chemistry(Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry)

Biochemistry

How Does S(He) do it?

Materials Chemistry

Environmental Chemistry

Forensic Chemistry

What is Organic Chemistry?

Physical Organic Chemistry

Largest area of specialization among the various fields of chemistry

Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Pulp and Paper Chemistry

Dye and Textile Chemistry

Formulation Chemistry (paint, food, petroleum products, adhesives, etc.)

Agricultural Chemistry

Polymer Chemistry

Concerned with the correlation of the physical and chemical properties of compounds with their structural features.

We are primarily engaged in the invention and

development of stereoselective catalytic reactions and the total

synthesis of biologically active and structurally complex

natural products

Synthetic Organic Chemist: Professor James Leighton

Among our areas of current interest in the anticancer field are epothilone and eleutherobin. While structurally diverse, these two compounds seem to function by a taxol-like mechanism in their ability to inhibit microtubule disassembly.Several projects are addressed to goal systems with immunochemical implications. Here we areparticularly concerned with the construction of a carbohydrate-based tumor antigen vaccine.Synthetic Organic Chemist /

Bioorganic Chemist: Professor Samuel Danishefsky

In most cases this involves investigating the interaction of small molecules with their biopolymeric receptors. The recent dramatic advancement in isolation, purification andmicrospectroscopic methods has made it possible for chemists to become involved in such studies on a molecular structural basis

Natural Products’ Chemist : Professor Koji Nakanishi

We deal with structural aspects of bioactive compounds and elucidation of their mode of action.

We view the photon as a reagent for initiating photoreactions and as a product of the deactivation of electronically excited molecules.

Physical Organic Chemist / PhotochemistMaterial Chemist:

Professor Nicholas Turro

Our group is developing a novel field termed "supramolecular" photochemistry, or photochemistry beyond the conventional intellectual and scientific constraints implied by the term "molecule". In supramolecular processes non-covalent bonds between molecules play a role analogous to that of covalent bonds between atoms.

What is Inorganic Chemistry?Deals with the properties of elements ranging from metals to non metals

• Organometallic Chemistry

• Bioinorganic Chemistry

• Ceramics and Glass

• Semiconductors

Organometallic Chemist / X-ray Spectroscopist:

Professor Gerard Parkin

Zinc is a constituent of more than 300 enzymes. The active sites of these enzymes feature a zinc center attached to the protein backbone bythree or four amino acid residues, the nature of which influences thespecific function of the enzyme. In order to understand why differentzinc enzymes utilize different amino acid residues at the active site, it isnecessary to understand how and why the chemistry of zinc ismodulated by its coordination environment. Answers to these questions are being provided by a study of small molecules that resemble the enzyme-active sites.

Bio-organic Chemist : Professor Ronald Breslow

http://www.oit.doe.gov/cfm/fullarticle.cfm/id=743

In our major effort we are trying to prepare artificial enzymes that can imitate the function of natural enzymes.

A related study involves the synthesis of mimics of antibodies or of biological receptor sites, constructing molecules that will bind to polypeptides with sequence selectivity in water, using mainly hydrophobic interactions. These couldbe very useful in modulating the activity of peptide hormones, for instance.

Measures, correlates, and explains the quantitative aspects of chemical processes

What is Physical Chemistry?

• Theoretical Chemistry Devoted to Quantum and Statistical Mechanics. Theoretical chemists use

computers to solve complicated mathematical equations that simulate specific chemical processes.

• Chemical Thermodynamics Deals with the relationship between heat, work, temperature,

and energy of Chemical systems.

• Chemical Kinetics Seeks to measure and understand the rates of chemical reactions.

Physical Chemistry

•Electrochemistry

Investigates the interrelationship between electric current and chemical change.

•Photochemistry, Spectroscopy

Uses radiation energy to probe and induce change within matter.

•Surface Chemistry Examines the properties of chemical surfaces, using

instruments that can provide a chemical profile of such surfaces.

My research is concerned with structural and dynamic processes in condensed phase systems and biomacromolecular systems.

Theoretical Chemist: Professor Bruce Berne

Because the systems studied are often complex many-body systems, it is necessary to utilize the powerful analytical methods of statistical mechanics as well as state-of-the-art methods of computer simulation involving molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques.

My research is materials, surfaces and nanocrystals, especially in relation to optical and electronic properties. This work can include theoretical modeling, experimental chemical physics, and synthetic chemistry. We try to understand the evolution of solid state properties from molecular properties, and to create new materials with nanoscale structure by both kinetic and thermodynamic self-assembly methods.

Materials Chemist: Professor Louis Brus

We investigate molecularcollisions that lead either to chemical reaction or to the exchange of energy betweenmolecules. In particular, we have developed the infrared diode laser absorption probetechnique to investigate collisions between molecules.

Experimental Physical Chemist: Professor George Flynn

We also study the structure of molecules adsorbed on surfaces by using the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM).

What is Analytical Chemistry?QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Deals with the detection of elements or compounds (analytes) in different materials.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Refers to the measurement of the actual amounts of the analyte present in the material investigated.

Chemical and Biochemical Methods•Gravimetry

•Titrimetric Analysis

•Enzymic Analysis

•Inmunochemical Analysis

Analytical Chemistry

•Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

•Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

•Mass Spectrometry (MS)

•Vibrational Spectroscopy (IR, RAMAN)

•X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XPS)

•Electronic Spectroscopy (UV, VIS, Luminiscence)

•Atomic Spectroscopy (AA, ICP)

•Rotational Spectroscopy (Microwave, FIR)

• Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopic Methods

Analytical ChemistryChromatographic Methods (Partition equilibrium)

•Gas Chromatography (GC)

•High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

•Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)

•Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

•Ion Chromatography

Analytical Chemistry

•Electrogravimetry

•Electrophoresis

•Conductimetry, Potentiometry

•Polarography

•Voltammetry

• Electrochemical Methods

• Thermal Methods•Thermogravimetry (TG)

•Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

•Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

•Thermomechanic Analysis (TMA)

We study enzyme mechanisms using NMR. A variety of experiments allow us to probe structural details,dynamics or chemical details such as protonation states.

Biophysical Chemist / NMR Spectroscopist: Professor Ann McDermott

In photosynthetic reaction centers, light energy is converted to chemical potential energy through long-range electron transfer events. A wealth of crystallographic, mutagenic, and spectroscopic work on these centers still leaves important mechanistic questions unanswered.

The Tools of the Trade

Periodic Table of the Elements

Ag

Na

Li

Fr

Cs

Rb

K

Be

Ca

Mg

Ra

Ba

Sr

Sc

La

Y

Ac

Ti

Hf

Zr

Rf

V

Ta

Nb

Ha

Cr

W

Mo

Sg

Mn

Re

Tc

Bh

Fe

Os

Ru

Hs

Co

Ir

Rh

Mt

Ni

Pt

Pd

Cu

Au

Zn

Hg

Cd

Ga

Al

Tl

In

Pb

Sn

Bi Po

B

Ge

Si

As

Sb Te

At

H

C N

P

O

Se

S

F

Br

Cl

I

Ne

Kr

Ar

Rn

Xe

He

Ce

Th

Pr

Pa

Nd

U

Pm

Np

Sm

Pu

Eu

Am

Gd

Cm

Tb

Bk

Dy

Cf

Ho

Es

Er

Fm

Tmi

Md

Yb

No

Lu

Lr

47

11

3

87

55

37

19

4

20

12

88

56

38

21

57

39

89

22

72

40

104

23

73

41

105

24

74

42

106

25

75

43

107

26

76

44

108

27

77

45

109

28

78

46

29

79

30

80

48

31

13

8l

49

82

50

83 84

5

32

14

33

51 52

85

1

6 7

15

8

34

16

9

35

17

53

10

36

18

86

54

2

58

90

59

91

60

92

61

93

62

94

63

95

64

96

65

97

66

98

67

99

68

100

69

101

70

102

71

103

The Tools of the Trade

Periodic Table of the Elementshttp://www.spectroscopynow.com/Spy/tools/periodic.html

Interesting Applications

The KSC-ALS Breadboard Project

• Uses biological systems to recycle material through a ALS (Advanced Life Support) system. Humans take in oxygen, food and water, and expel carbon dioxide and organic waste. Plants utilize carbon dioxide, produce food, release oxygen, and purify water. Inedible plant material and human waste are degraded by microorganisms to recycle nutrients for plants in a

process termed resource recovery.

• produce food

• purify their water supply and

• create oxygen from the carbon dioxide they expel.

When humans establish permanent bases on the Lunar surface or travel to Space for exploration, they need to develop systems to:

Physico-chemical processes can perform the two latter tasks, but only biological processes can perform all three.

• A life support system that would perform these regenerative

functions, whether strictly by biological means or by a

combination of biological and physico-chemical methods, has

been called a Controlled Ecological Life Support System

(CELSS).

• Biological systems utilize plants and microorganisms to perform these life support tasks in a process termed bioregeneration.

A CELSS is a tightly controlled system, using crops to perform life support functions, under the restrictions of minimizing volume, mass, energy, and labor.