Kadircan KESKINBORAKadircan KESKINBORA Prof.Dr., Professor of OphthalmologyProf.Dr., Professor of OphthalmologyPh.D., Medical Ethics and History of Ph.D., Medical Ethics and History of

Medicine Medicine Bahcesehir Univ. School of MedicineBahcesehir Univ. School of Medicine

Istanbul-TURKEYIstanbul-TURKEY

Ibn Sina's contributions to medicine include

the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases,

the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases,

the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases

some stomach ulcers were from physical causes and others from mental worry and depression

urged surgery to remove cancer used music to help heal his patients

The most conspicuous features of Ibn Sina’s Medicine 

In his medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (c. 1025), which was also the first book dealing with• the introduction of experimental

medicine, • evidence-based medicine • randomized controlled trials• efficacy tests• clinical pharmacology

The most conspicuous features of Ibn Sina’s Medicine  2

In outline, the work consists of five

books: I. a general discussion of the scientific

background to medicine and anatomy, II. an account of the therapeutic properties of

substances used in medicine,III. a book devoted to specific or localized

ailments, IV. another book to more general diseases, such

as fever, that affect the whole body, V. a treatise on pharmacology

El-Kânûn fi’t-Tıbb

He did not write a book on pharmacology, but the second and fifth volumes of his book,

El Kânûn fi’t-Tıbb (Qanon) which consisted of 5 books are on pharmacology

2nd book: simple drugs 5th book: he gave prescriptions But Ibn Sina did not give only medical

knowledge in his work; we can find his medical philosophy in it

El Kânûn fi’t-Tıbb (Qanon)

In the second book at first he explained the temperaments of simple drugs determination of their temperaments through

the experiments tried to define their temperaments through the

analogies  (Briefly, to evaluate the effects of simple drugs)

He also gave definition of different simple drugs, depending on their actions and properties as a physician

2nd book

Ibn Sina begins the second book

(on simple drugs, or materia medica) with a discussion on the nature and quality of drugs (they were each assigned a pair of qualities, cold or warm, dry or moist), and the way that mixing them influences their effectiveness.

The second chapter (maqalah) of Book 2 is ‘On knowledge of the potency of drugs through experimentation (tajribah)’.

Section One- On the natural Cannons to be known (learned about) regarding drugs used in the science of medicineSection Two – On enumeration of the specific drugs (taken seriatim)Six treatises

Contents of Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine vol. 2 

1 – On recognizing the temperaments or constitution of specific drugs2 – On recognizing the temperaments or constitution of specific drugs by experiment3 – On recognizing the temperament or constitution of specific drugs by deduction or comparison4 – On recognizing actions which specific drugs may possess5 – On recognizing consequences (changes) on drugs, due to external factors6 – Collection and preservation of (fauna and flora and others) remedies

Contents of Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine vol. 2 (Six treatises) 

Here, let’s choose a simple drug and show how explain it. e.g., Melilot (Melilous officinalis, Linn.) drug is explained in Ibn Sina’s Canon as follows:

Nature: it is the flower of a plant, which is of straw-color.

It is crescent shaped, had some hardness with porosity and is of two kinds- white and yellow.

According to Dioscorides some people call it alsayfiyun which is dry grass with many blades having four angles and whitish in color.

The blades are similar to the leaves of quince, though they are little longer. It has some roughness which is covered by white fibers. It grows in rough places. http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/saab/avicenna/contents-eng.html

Contents of the complete Arabic book of 1593

حندقوقي

Meliotus officinalis, Melilotus

  17

7

 

Avicenna also gave which kinds of melilot was good quality; its temperament actions properties usage

In the explanation of its usage he gave at first whether it could be used for wounds and ulcer pimples and inflammation including in its usage for the treatment of the systems of the body, like the organs of the head, the ocular system and excretory organs.

e.g. Melilot

1) The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality.

2) It must be used on a simple, not a composite disease.

3) The drug must be tested with two contrary types of diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by its essential qualities and another by its accidental ones.

4) The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they would have no effect on them.

Seven Rules of Testing Drugs of Ibn Sina

5) The time of action must be observed, so that

essence and accident are not confused.6) The effect of the drug must be seen to occur

constantly or in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental effect.

7) The experimentation must be done with the human body, for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove anything about its effect on man.

Seven Rules of Testing Drugs of Ibn Sina 2

However closely one may identify modern notions about testing drugs in each of Ibn Sina’s seven points, his seventh point remains very relevant.

One of the few systematic comparisons of drug studies done in animals and humans showed substantial discordance, which the authors of the study attributed either to bias or to the failure of animal models to mimic clinical disease adequately.

• Nasser M, Tibi A, Savage-Smith E. Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs. J R Soc Med 2009: 102: 78.

• Bracken MB. Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure. The James Lind Library; 2008

• Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, et al. Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 2007;334:197.

Avicenna invented the

method of steam distillation to manufacture essential oils.

Steam distillation works by bubbling steam through a heated mixture of raw materials.

The steam will cause some of the compound within the raw material to vaporize with the steam

When the steam is condensed the compound within the steam condenses to a liquid state which results in a oily layer above the water

Steam Distillation

Steam Distillation of Essential Oils Process

İbn Sina'nın Küçük Tıp

Kanunu Ciltli Kitap İbn Sina'nın Küçük Tıp

Kanunu H. Kadircan

Keskinbora Bahçeşehir

Üni.Yayınları / Özel Dizi Tükendi

http://www.idefix.com/kitap/ibn-sinanin-kucuk-tip-kanunu-h-kadircan-keskinbora/tanim.asp?

sid=L3BEQ6ZSPS4SJHSH4C3H