avian anatomy and physiology - wtc supplemental...
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Avian Anatomy and Physiology
Christine Fiorello, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACZM
Some slides from Heather Wilson, DVM, Dipl. ABVP Avian
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Integument 2 layers: Dermis and epidermisEpidermis thin except for certain areasKeratinization produces special structures: beak, nails, scales, feathersLacks glands
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Feathers-7 typesContour
wing & tail (flight)
SemiplumeDown
fluffy, no barbules
Bristle“eyelashes”
Powder downHypopennaFiloplume
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Uropygial Gland“Preen gland”Bilobed holocrine glandConditions feathersNot all species have one
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Purpose of Feathers
FlightCourtshipDefenseInsulationWaterproofing
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Contour Feathers
Rows (pterylae) in most speciesApteryla=feather-less tractsRemiges=Wing flight feathersRetrices=Tail flight feathers
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Primaries attach to metacarpalsSecondaries attach to ulna
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WaterproofingPreen gland secretions are not necessaryInterlocking of feather barbules creates watertight barrier
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Musculoskeletal System
Synsacrum
Notarium
Coccygeal
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Avian wingsUnique structureFlight feathers attached to ulnaand metacarpalsUlna > radius Bat
Pterodactyl
Superman
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Pectoral girdle
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Clinical skeletal anatomySpinal fractures at juncture of notarium and synsacrumSee with birds who flew into a window
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FracturesBones are more brittle compared to mammalsBones heal more rapidly• 4 weeks
Fibrocartilagenous healing first• may not be visible
radiographically
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Pectoral Muscle
Highly vascularized muscleIM injections here are absorbed rapidlyNonflighted birds have soft, “flabby” pectoral muscles
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Lower limbsFemurTibiotarsusTarsometatarsus
“Hock” is tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint
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Each digit has +1 phalanx
Digit one has 2 phalangesDigit two has 3, etc
Parrots are zygodactylus
Digits 1 & 4 face backDigits 2 & 3 face forward
Feet
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Cardiovascular system4 chambered heartEncircled by liverRight jugular vein larger than left (which may be absent)
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Lymphatic SystemNo lymph nodesLymph vessels follow veinsLymph plexuses (rete)Bursa of Fabricius
B-cells
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KidneysAdhered to dorsal body wallRetroperitoneal3 lobesExcrete uric acid and some urine
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Renal Portal System
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Nervous SystemBrain: 3 meniges & 12 CN as in mammalsIn contrast, birds have no neocortexSurface of cerebrum almost smoothOlfactory bulb relatively small
Mammal
Bird
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Bird Brain
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EyesMost birds have excellent visionMore cones than rods (in general)No blind spot (no optic disk)
Pecten, unique to birds, provides nutrientsIris contains striated muscle--can’t use atropine to dilate
Need curariform drugs
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Coelomic Cavities16 separate cavities within body8 air sacs5 peritoneal2 pleural1 pericardial
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Upper Respiratory Tract
NaresCere
OperculumSinusesConchaeChoanaOropharynx
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Upper respiratory tract
choana
Nasal cavityCommunicates with oral cavity
Choanaexceptions
No soft palate
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Respiratory anatomyTrachea
Relatively largeGlottis at base of tongueComplete rings
No diaphragmSyrinx (no larynx)
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Clinical anatomyChoanal swabsChlamydiophila testingBacterial culture
Sinusitis
Complete tracheal ringsUse extreme care with
intubated birds
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Infraorbital sinusAccess: between medial canthus and oral commissure
Diagnositc samplesTherapeutic flushing
Easier than trephining a horse!
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Infraorbital sinus
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Air sacsNo gas exchange9 air sacs in parrotsCan ventilate via air sac cannulaPoorly vascularized
Bad place for infectionAir sacculitis difficult to treat
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Air sacsPneumatic bones
humerus, femurDon’t put intraosseous catheters here
Must move sternum to breathe
Don’t smush little birds during restraintDon’t lean on chests of anesthetized birds
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Avian lungsUnidirectional air flow
Extremely efficient compared to mammalsGas exchange occurs in air capillaries of parabronchiRigid lung
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GI Tract
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GI Tract
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Oral cavityRamphotheca-upper sheathGnathotheca-lower sheath
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Cervical Esophagus
Thoracic Esophagus
No gallbladder in parrots or pigeons
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Upper GI TractCrop not present in all speciesProventriculus is glandular stomachVentriculus (gizzard) is muscular
Lined with koilin
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IntestinesPaired cecae mark the junction between small and large intestineDuodenum, jejunum, ileum as in mammals
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Cloaca and Vent
GI and Urogenital tracts end in cloacaCoprodeumUrodeumProctodeumVent is opening into cloaca
C
U
P
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Male Reproductive
Tract 2 testisRudimentary phallus (may or may not be intromittant)Parrots non-intromittant
Iliac
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Female Reproductive
TractLeft ovary InfundibulumMagnumIsthmusUterus (shell gland or oviduct)
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Adrenal GlandsPairedMedial and cranial to kidneys and gonadsFunction similar to mammalian adrenals
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Thyroid,Parathyroid &
Thymus
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