aversive conditioning. reinforcementpunishment positive contingency negative contingency chocolate...
TRANSCRIPT
Aversive Conditioning
Reinforcement Punishment
Positive contingency
Negative contingency
Chocolate Bar Electric Shock
Excused from Chores
No TV privileges – omission training
Effect on Behavior
(passive avoidance)
(active avoidance)
Some potential problems with punishment
• Moral issues
• Side effects
• Only shows subject what NOT to do.
• Timing of punishment
Punishment on a VR schedule
Cumulative record of pecking in birds Pecking reinforced on a VI 3-min schedulePecking punished on a FR schedule
When there is a discriminative stimulus for punishment
Student #1
Student #2
Sreward Only Sreward & Spunishment
Negative reinforcement – Active Avoidance
Negative Reinforcement - Escape
Avoidance: Experimental Paradigm
The shuttle box
Light = CS
Light Shock
Shuttling stops shock
Two-Process Theory of Avoidance
Light Shock ( = Pavlovian Conditioning)
-Light elicits fear
Shuttling Reduction of Fear (= negative reinforcement)
Is the termination of a shock-associated CS reinforcing?
Pavlovian Conditioning
ToneShock
Phase 1 Phase2
Escape (no shocks)
Shuttling turns off Tone
Fear in Active Avoidance
Phase 1 Phase 2
Active avoidance training
Does avoidance CS suppress lever pressing?
Fear of the CS declines with extensive avoidance training
Two-Process Theory of Avoidance
Light Shock ( = Pavlovian Conditioning)
-Light elicits fear
Shuttling Reduction of Fear (= negative reinforcement)
What should happen with extensive training?
Learned Helplessness Paradigm“Triadic” Design
Group A: Escapable Shock
Group B: Yoked Inescapable Shock
Group C: Exposure to apparatus only
Phase 1 Phase 2
Escape/Avoidance training
(For Group A shock can be terminated by rotating a wheel.)
Phase 2 Results
Inescapable shock
escapable shock
Possible Explanations• Learned Helplessness: Organisms learn that their
behavior is ineffectual
• Poverty of activity: inescapable shock reduces the variability in behavior that is so crucial for operant conditioning
• Inattention: animals stop attending to their own behavior
Effects of Marking
Inescapable shock
escapable shock
Marking group
Learned Helplessness in the Spinal Cord?
Grau and Colleagues
Operant Procedure: Shock administered whenever leg is extended. Spinal cord learns to keep leg flexed to avoid shock.
Learned Helplessness: Experience of uncontrollable legshock (yoked group) prevents subsequent avoidance learning with controllable shock
LH in Humans
LH produced by…
insoluble math or logic problems
living in a crowded dorm